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Zoric A, Bagheri M, von Kohout M, Fardoust T, Fuchs PC, Schiefer JL, Opländer C. High-Intensity Blue Light (450-460 nm) Phototherapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Infected Wounds. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2024; 42:356-365. [PMID: 38776546 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2023.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Nosocomial wound infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a serious complication often responsible for the septic mortality of burn patients. Objective: High-intensity antimicrobial blue light (aBL) treatment may represent an alternative therapy for PA infections and will be investigated in this study. Methods: Antibacterial effects of a light-emitting diode array (450-460 nm; 300 mW/cm2; 15/30 min; 270/540 J/cm2) against PA were determined by suspension assay, biofilm assay, and a human skin wound model and compared with 15-min topically applied 3% citric acid (CA) and wound irrigation solution (Prontosan®; PRT). Results: aBL reduced the bacterial number [2.51-3.56 log10 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL], whereas PRT or CA treatment achieved a 4.64 or 6.60 log10 CFU/mL reduction in suspension assays. aBL reduced biofilm formation by 60-66%. PRT or CA treatment showed reductions by 25% or 13%. Here, aBL reduced bacterial number in biofilms (1.30-1.64 log10 CFU), but to a lower extend than PRT (2.41 log10 CFU) or CA (2.48 log10 CFU). In the wound skin model, aBL (2.21-2.33 log10 CFU) showed a bacterial reduction of the same magnitude as PRT (2.26 log10 CFU) and CA (2.30 log10 CFU). Conclusions: aBL showed a significant antibacterial efficacy against PA and biofilm formation in a short time. However, a clinical application of aBL in wound therapy requires effective active skin cooling and eye protection, which in turn may limit clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zoric
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, RKH Hospital Bietigheim-Vaihingen, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany
| | - Mahsa Bagheri
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, HELIOS Hospital Emil von Behring, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria von Kohout
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Cologne-Merheim Hospital, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tara Fardoust
- Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul C Fuchs
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Cologne-Merheim Hospital, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Schiefer
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Cologne-Merheim Hospital, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Opländer
- Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
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Lundberg AT, Hathcock T, Kennis RA, White AG. In vitro evaluation of bactericidal effects of fluorescent light energy on Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and S. aureus. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:166-174. [PMID: 38177510 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and S. aureus are bacterial species of importance in veterinary medicine. The increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance necessitates the implementation of novel treatment modalities. Fluorescent light energy (FLE) is used as an adjunctive and primary treatment for canine pyoderma. However, no in vitro studies exist investigating its bactericidal effects against S. pseudintermedius or S. aureus. OBJECTIVES To determine the bactericidal effects of FLE on S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two meticillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) isolates, three meticillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates and one meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolate were studied. A commercially available blue light-emitting diode (bLED) lamp and photoconverting hydrogel FLE system was used. All bacteria were exposed to five conditions following inoculation: (i) no treatment (control); (ii) blue light (bLED) once; (iii) bLED twice consecutively; (iv) FLE (bLED and photoconverting hydrogel) once; and (v) FLE (bLED and photoconverting hydrogel) twice consecutively. Each individual exposure was 2 min long. RESULTS No statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for any treatment group when each bacterial isolate was evaluated individually, MSSP isolates were grouped, MRSP isolates were grouped, when all S. pseudintermedius isolates were combined, or when all isolates of both Staphylococcus species were combined. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE While clinical success is reported when using FLE to treat Staphylococcus infections in animals, no in vitro antibacterial efficacy was identified for S. pseudintermedius or S. aureus under experimental conditions. The clinical success observed with FLE may be the result of a more complex in vivo response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette T Lundberg
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Terri Hathcock
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert A Kennis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Amelia G White
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Weng Z, Zeng F, Wang M, Guo S, Tang Z, Itagaki K, Lin Y, Shen X, Cao Y, Duan JA, Wang F. Antimicrobial activities of lavandulylated flavonoids in Sophora flavences against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via membrane disruption. J Adv Res 2024; 57:197-212. [PMID: 37137428 PMCID: PMC10918359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The continuous emergence and rapid spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria have accelerated the demand for the discovery of alternative antibiotics. Natural plants contain a variety of antibacterial components, which is an important source for the discovery of antimicrobial agents. OBJECTIVE To explore the antimicrobial activities and related mechanisms of two lavandulylated flavonoids, sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone in Sophora flavescens against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS The effects of sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were comprehensively investigated by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics studies. Bacterial morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Membrane fluidity, membrane potential, and membrane integrity were determined using the fluorescent probes Laurdan, DiSC3(5), and propidium iodide, respectively. Adenosine triphosphate and reactive oxygen species levels were determined using the adenosine triphosphate kit and reactive oxygen species kit, respectively. The affinity activity of sophoraflavanone G to the cell membrane was determined by isothermal titration calorimetry assays. RESULTS Sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone showed significant antibacterial activity and anti-multidrug resistance properties. Mechanistic studies mainly showed that they could target the bacterial membrane and cause the destruction of the membrane integrity and biosynthesis. They could inhibit cell wall synthesis, induce hydrolysis and prevent bacteria from synthesizing biofilms. In addition, they can interfere with the energy metabolism of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and disrupt the normal physiological activities of the bacteria. In vivo studies have shown that they can significantly improve wound infection and promote wound healing. CONCLUSION Kurarinone and sophoraflavanone G showed promising antimicrobial properties against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting that they may be potential candidates for the development of new antibiotic agents against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Weng
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fei Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Minxin Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhijuan Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kiyoshi Itagaki
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yajuan Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinchun Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yaqi Cao
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Huang S, Qin H, Liu M. Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli by 405 nm and 450 nm light-emitting diodes: Comparison of continuous wave and pulsed light. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 248:112799. [PMID: 37832394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial blue light (ABL) therapy is one of the novel non-antibiotic approaches and recent studies showed the potential of pulsed ABL. PURPOSE Comparing photoinactivation effect of continuous wave (CW) and pulsed blue light and investigating the impact of varying light parameters. METHODS E. coli cells in planktonic were treated with CW and pulsed light (405 nm and 450 nm) at 60 mW/cm2, and the samples were taken to assess survival, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, damage of cell membrane and metabolic activity. Further, a ROS scavenger was used to find the role of ROS played in ABL therapy. RESULTS E. coli was more sensitive to 405 nm light and the photoinactivation was dose-dependent. Pulsed 405 nm light showed the better antimicrobial effect on E. coli and caused increasing damage of cell membrane. It might be attributed to the ROS production in bacteria. CONCLUSION Pulsed light has a potential of improving the efficacy of ABL therapy and is worth to be explored deeply further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Huang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 2005th Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haokuan Qin
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220th Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Muqing Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 2005th Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China; Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, 6th Xiangxing Rd, Zhongshan City 528403, China.
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Huang S, Lin S, Qin H, Jiang H, Liu M. The Parameters Affecting Antimicrobial Efficiency of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy: A Review and Prospect. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041197. [PMID: 37189815 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) therapy is a novel non-antibiotic antimicrobial approach which works by generating reactive oxygen species. It has shown excellent antimicrobial ability to various microbial pathogens in many studies. However, due to the variability of aBL parameters (e.g., wavelength, dose), there are differences in the antimicrobial effect across different studies, which makes it difficult to form treatment plans for clinical and industrial application. In this review, we summarize research on aBL from the last six years to provide suggestions for clinical and industrial settings. Furthermore, we discuss the damage mechanism and protection mechanism of aBL therapy, and provide a prospect about valuable research fields related to aBL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Huang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 2005th Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shangfei Lin
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220th Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, 6th Xiangxing Road, Zhongshan 528403, China
| | - Haokuan Qin
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220th Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220th Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Muqing Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 2005th Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, 6th Xiangxing Road, Zhongshan 528403, China
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Antimicrobial Activity of Sertraline on Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054678. [PMID: 36902108 PMCID: PMC10002541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the antimicrobial activity of sertraline on Listeria monocytogenes and further investigated the effects of sertraline on biofilm formation and the virulence gene expression of L. monocytogenes. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration for sertraline against L. monocytogenes were in the range of 16-32 μg/mL and 64 μg/mL, respectively. Sertraline-dependent damage of the cell membrane and a decrease in intracellular ATP and pHin in L. monocytogenes were observed. In addition, sertraline reduced the biofilm formation efficiency of the L. monocytogenes strains. Importantly, low concentrations (0.1 μg/mL and 1 μg/mL) of sertraline significantly down-regulated the expression levels of various L. monocytogens virulence genes (prfA, actA, degU, flaA, sigB, ltrC and sufS). These results collectively suggest a role of sertraline for the control of L. monocytogenes in the food industry.
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El-Gendy AO, Nawaf KT, Ahmed E, Samir A, Hamblin MR, Hassan M, Mohamed T. Preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles using laser-ablation technique: Retinal epithelial cell (ARPE-19) biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity when activated with femtosecond laser. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 234:112540. [PMID: 35973287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The unusual physical, chemical, and biological features of nanoparticles have sparked considerable attention in the ophthalmological applications. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using laser-ablation at 100 mJ with different ablation times. The synthesized ZnONPs were spherical with an average size of 10.2 nm or 9.8 nm for laser ablation times of 20 and 30 min, respectively. The ZnONPs were screened for their antimicrobial activity against ophthalmological bacteria, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The significant decrease in bacterial growth was observed after treatment with ZnONPs in combination with 400 nm femtosecond laser irradiation. ZnONPs were investigated for their antioxidant activity and biocompatibility towards retinal epithelial cells (ARPE-19). ZnONPs showed moderate antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. ZnONPs prepared with an ablation time of 20 min were safer and more biocompatible than those prepared with an ablation time of 30 min, which were toxic to ARPE-19 cells with LC50 (11.3 μg/mL) and LC90 (18.3 μg/mL). In this study, laser ablation technique was used to create ZnONPs, and it was proposed that ZnONPs could have laser-activated antimicrobial activity for ophthalmological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O El-Gendy
- Laser Institute for Research and Applications LIRA, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Khalid T Nawaf
- Laser Institute for Research and Applications LIRA, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; Anbar Health Department, Anbar province, Ministry of Health, Iraq
| | - Esraa Ahmed
- Laser Institute for Research and Applications LIRA, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samir
- Laser Institute for Research and Applications LIRA, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Mansour Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Tarek Mohamed
- Laser Institute for Research and Applications LIRA, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
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Leanse LG, Dos Anjos C, Mushtaq S, Dai T. Antimicrobial blue light: A 'Magic Bullet' for the 21st century and beyond? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114057. [PMID: 34800566 PMCID: PMC8728809 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, antimicrobial blue light (aBL) at 400 - 470 nm wavelength has demonstrated immense promise as an alternative approach for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. Since our last review was published in 2017, there have been numerous studies that have investigated aBL in terms of its, efficacy, safety, mechanism, and propensity for resistance development. In addition, researchers have looked at combinatorial approaches that exploit aBL and other traditional and non-traditional therapeutics. To that end, this review aims to update the findings from numerous studies that capitalize on the antimicrobial effects of aBL, with a focus on: efficacy of aBL against different microbes, identifying endogenous chromophores and targets of aBL, Resistance development to aBL, Safety of aBL against host cells, and Synergism of aBL with other agents. We will also discuss our perspective on the future of aBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Carolina Dos Anjos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sana Mushtaq
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, Pakistan
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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The role of UV and blue light in photo-eradication of microorganisms. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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10
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El-Gendy AO, Samir A, Ahmed E, Enwemeka CS, Mohamed T. The antimicrobial effect of 400 nm femtosecond laser and silver nanoparticles on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 223:112300. [PMID: 34455353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles are well-known for their antimicrobial effect. However, they are potentially toxic in high doses. We explored the possibility of enhancing the bactericidal effect of low concentrations of silver nanoparticles with blue light femtosecond laser irradiation, since such concentrations are less toxic. The growth dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus grown in pre-synthesized silver nanoparticles were measured with or without pre-irradiation with 50 mW and 400 nm femtosecond laser irradiation. With each bacterium, combined treatment with laser and silver nanoparticles significantly reduced bacterial growth, indicating that this form of treatment could be beneficial in the ongoing efforts to reduce the deleterious effects of antibiotic resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The combined treatment was more antimicrobial than treatment with silver nanoparticles alone or photo-irradiation alone. P. aeruginosa and L. monocytogenes were more susceptible to the bactericidal effects of silver nanoparticles, and the combination of laser treatment and silver nanoparticles than MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O El-Gendy
- Laser Institute for Research and Applications LIRA, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samir
- Laser Institute for Research and Applications LIRA, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Esraa Ahmed
- Laser Institute for Research and Applications LIRA, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Chukuka S Enwemeka
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Tarek Mohamed
- Laser Institute for Research and Applications LIRA, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
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