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Kidd JB, Fiala TA, Swords WB, Park Y, Meyer KA, Sanders KM, Guzei IA, Wright JC, Yoon TP. Enantioselective Paternò-Büchi Reactions: Strategic Application of a Triplet Rebound Mechanism for Asymmetric Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15293-15300. [PMID: 38781687 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The Paternò-Büchi reaction is the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of a carbonyl with an alkene to afford an oxetane. Enantioselective catalysis of this classical photoreaction, however, has proven to be a long-standing challenge. Many of the best-developed strategies for asymmetric photochemistry are not suitable to address this problem because the interaction of carbonyls with Brønsted or Lewis acidic catalysts can alter the electronic structure of their excited state and divert their reactivity toward alternate photoproducts. We show herein that a triplet rebound strategy enables the stereocontrolled reaction of an excited-state carbonyl compound in its native, unbound state. These studies have resulted in the development of the first highly enantioselective catalytic Paternò-Büchi reaction, catalyzed by a novel hydrogen-bonding chiral Ir photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse B Kidd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tahoe A Fiala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yerin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kent A Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kyana M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John C Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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2
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Blasco-Brusola A, Tamarit L, Navarrete-Miguel M, Roca-Sanjuán D, Miranda MA, Vayá I. Photolytic splitting of homodimeric quinone-derived oxetanes studied by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13489-13496. [PMID: 38651219 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00830h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The photoinduced cycloreversion of oxetane derivatives is of considerable biological interest since these compounds are involved in the photochemical formation and repair of the highly mutagenic pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone DNA photoproducts ((6-4)PPs). Previous reports have dealt with the photoreactivity of heterodimeric oxetanes composed mainly of benzophenone (BP) and thymine (Thy) or uracil (Ura) derivatives. However, these models are far from the non-isolable Thy〈º〉Thy dimers, which are the real precursors of (6-4)PPs. Thus, we have synthesized two chemically stable homodimeric oxetanes through the Paternò-Büchi reaction between two identical enone units, i.e. 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ), that led to formation of BQ-Ox and NQ-Ox, respectively. Their photoreactivity has been studied by means of steady-state photolysis and transient absorption spectroscopy from the femtosecond to the microsecond time scale. Thus, photolysis of BQ-Ox and NQ-Ox led to formation of the monomeric BQ or NQ, respectively, through ring opening in a "non-adiabatic" process. Accordingly, the transient absorption spectra of the triplet excited quinones (3BQ* and 3NQ*) were not observed as a result of direct photolysis of the quinone-derived oxetanes. In the case of NQ-Ox, a minor signal corresponding to 3NQ* was detected; its formation was ascribed to minor photodegradation of the oxetane during acquisitions of the spectra during the laser experiments. These results are supported by computational analyses based on density functional theory and multiconfigurational quantum chemistry (CASSCF/CASPT2); here, an accessible conical intersection between the ground and excited singlet states has been characterized as the main structure leading to deactivation of excited BQ-Ox or NQ-Ox. This behavior contrasts with those previously observed for heterodimeric thymine-derived oxetanes, where a certain degree of ring opening into the excited triplet state is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Blasco-Brusola
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, València 46022, Spain.
| | - Lorena Tamarit
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, València 46022, Spain.
| | - Miriam Navarrete-Miguel
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, València 46071, Spain
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, València 46071, Spain
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, València 46022, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Vayá
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, València 46022, Spain.
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3
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Li WW, Zhao JL, Wang ZY, Li PT, Shi ZF, Cao XP, Liu Q. A Paternò-Büchi Reaction of Aromatics with Quinones under Visible Light Irradiation. Molecules 2024; 29:1513. [PMID: 38611793 PMCID: PMC11013315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Reported herein is a Paternò-Büchi reaction of aromatic double bonds with quinones under visible light irradiation. The reactions of aromatics with quinones exposed to blue LED irradiation yielded oxetanes at -78 °C, which was attributed to both the activation of double bonds in aromatics and the stabilization of oxetanes by thiadiazole, oxadiazole, or selenadiazole groups. The addition of Cu(OTf)2 to the reaction system at room temperature resulted in the formation of diaryl ethers via the copper-catalyzed ring opening of oxetanes in situ. Notably, the substrate scope was extended to general aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zi-Fa Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.-W.L.); (J.-L.Z.); (Z.-Y.W.); (P.-T.L.); (X.-P.C.)
| | | | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.-W.L.); (J.-L.Z.); (Z.-Y.W.); (P.-T.L.); (X.-P.C.)
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4
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Chełminiak-Dudkiewicz D, Smolarkiewicz-Wyczachowski A, Ziegler-Borowska M, Kaczmarek H. Photochemical stability of chitosan films doped with cannabis oil. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 251:112850. [PMID: 38277961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The effect of UV radiation from three different sources on chitosan (CS) films containing the addition of 10% by weight of cannabis oil was investigated. Cannabis oil (CBD) alone exposed to UV is unstable, but its photostability significantly increases in the chitosan matrix. The course of photochemical reactions, studied by FTIR spectroscopy, is slow and inefficient in chitosan with CBD, even under high-energy UV sources. The research also included chitosan films with CBD cross-linked with dialdehyde starch (DAS). Using AFM microscopy and contact angle measurements, the morphology and surface properties of prepared chitosan films with CBD were investigated, respectively. It was found that CBD embedded in CS is characterized by the best photostability under the influence of an LED emitting long-wave radiation. Using a monochromatic and polychromatic UV lamp (HPK and UV-C) emitting high-energy radiation, gradual degradation accompanied by oxidation was observed, both in the CS chains and in the CBD additive. Additionally, changes in surface properties are observed during UV irradiation. It was concluded that CS protects CBD against photodegradation, and a further improvement in photochemical stability is achieved after system cross-linking with DAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Halina Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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5
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Chen H, Wong HF, Qiu J, Li B, Yuan D, Kong H, Bao Y, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Tse YS, Xia J. Site-Selective Tyrosine Reaction for Antibody-Cell Conjugation and Targeted Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305012. [PMID: 38044303 PMCID: PMC10837340 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeted immunotherapies capitalize on the exceptional binding capabilities of antibodies to stimulate a host response that effectuates long-lived tumor destruction. One example is the conjugation of immunoglobulins (IgGs) to immune effector cells, which equips the cells with the ability to recognize and accurately kill malignant cells through a process called antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In this study, a chemoenzymatic reaction is developed that specifically functionalizes a single tyrosine (Tyr, Y) residue, Y296, in the Fc domain of therapeutic IgGs. A one-pot reaction that combines the tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of tyrosine to o-quinone with a subsequent [3+2] photoaddition with vinyl ether is employed. This reaction installs fluorescent molecules or bioorthogonal groups at Y296 of IgGs or the C-terminal Y-tag of an engineered nanobody. The Tyr-specific reaction is utilized in constructing monofunctionalized antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and antibody/nanobody-conjugated effector cells, such as natural killer cells or macrophages. These results demonstrate the potential of site-selective antibody reactions for enhancing targeted cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Chen
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Hong‐Chai Fabio Wong
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Jiaming Qiu
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Biquan Li
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Dingdong Yuan
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Hao Kong
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yishu Bao
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Zhiyi Xu
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Ying‐Lung Steve Tse
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
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6
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Hai H, Qin S, Zhang Y, Liu W, Feng J, Guo H, Kühn FE, Liu Y. Visible Light-Induced Regioselective Intermolecular [2 + 2]-Cycloaddition of Alkyne and 2(1 H)-Quinolone Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38190649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a visible light-induced intermolecular [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction between alkenes and alkynes using thioxanthone and Cu(OTf)2 as cocatalysts. Various quinolin-2(1H)-ones, featuring diverse substituted groups, were successfully employed in this reaction, resulting in the synthesis of a series of 4,8b-dihydrocyclobuta[c]quinolin-3(2aH)-ones. Our methodology presents a novel synthetic approach for alkene-alkyne [2 + 2]-cycloaddition, delivering cyclobutene derivatives with exceptional regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hai
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Shaoheng Qin
- Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Yanzhi Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jin Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Hao Guo
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Fritz E Kühn
- Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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7
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Scaiano JC. A beginners guide to understanding the mechanisms of photochemical reactions: things you should know if light is one of your reagents. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6330-6343. [PMID: 37606534 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00453h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The increasing popularity of applied photochemistry has changed the composition of the practitioners of photochemistry, from traditional specialists, to users whose expertise lies elsewhere, yet they find light as a useful and powerful reagent. I introduce Kasha's rule very early in this tutorial; this unconventional approach allows me to bypass information about high electronic states in favor of the lowest singlet and triplet excited states. Doing this I try to provide a fast entry enabling newcomers in the field of applied photochemistry to have a taste of what the field has to offer, in the hope that they will like what they see, and venture further into the many resources available to go deeper into the fascinating field of organic photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Scaiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5N5, Canada.
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8
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Mateos J, Rigodanza F, Costa P, Natali M, Vega-Peñaloza A, Fresch E, Collini E, Bonchio M, Sartorel A, Dell'Amico L. Unveiling the impact of the light-source and steric factors on [2+2] heterocycloaddition reactions. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2023; 962:26-36. [PMID: 37325160 PMCID: PMC7614650 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-022-00191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Information gained from in-depth mechanistic investigations can be used to control the selectivity of reactions, leading to the expansion of the generality of synthetic processes and the discovery of new reactivity. Here, we investigate the mechanism of light-driven [2+2] heterocycloadditions (Paternò-Büchi reactions) between indoles and ketones to develop insight into these processes. Using ground-state UV-Vis absorption and transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), together with DFT calculations, we found that the reactions can proceed via an exciplex or electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex, which are key intermediates in determining the stereoselectivity of the reactions. We used this discovery to control the diastereoselectivity of the reactions, gaining access to previously inaccessible diastereoisomeric variants. When moving from 370 to 456 nm irradiation, the EDA complex is increasingly favoured, and the diastereomeric ratio (d.r.) of the product moves from >99:<1 to 47:53. In contrast, switching from methyl to ipropyl substitution favours the exciplex intermediate, reversing the d.r. from 89:11 to 16:84. Our study shows how light and steric parameters can be rationally used to control the diastereoselectivity of photoreactions, creating mechanistic pathways to previously inaccessible stereochemical variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mateos
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Rigodanza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Costa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Vega-Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Fresch
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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9
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Ma L, Worland R, Tran T, Anastasio C. Evaluation of Probes to Measure Oxidizing Organic Triplet Excited States in Aerosol Liquid Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6052-6062. [PMID: 37011016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidizing triplet excited states of organic matter (3C*) drive numerous reactions in fog/cloud drops and aerosol liquid water (ALW). Quantifying oxidizing triplet concentrations in ALW is difficult because 3C* probe loss can be inhibited by the high levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and copper in particle water, leading to an underestimate of triplet concentrations. In addition, illuminated ALW contains high concentrations of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*), which can interfere with 3C* probes. Our overarching goal is to find a triplet probe that has low inhibition by DOM and Cu(II) and low sensitivity to 1O2*. To this end, we tested 12 potential probes from a variety of compound classes. Some probes are strongly inhibited by DOM, while others react rapidly with 1O2*. One of the probe candidates, (phenylthiol)acetic acid (PTA), seems well suited for ALW conditions, with mild inhibition and fast rate constants with triplets, but it also has weaknesses, including a pH-dependent reactivity. We evaluated the performance of both PTA and syringol (SYR) as triplet probes in aqueous extracts of particulate matter. While PTA is less sensitive to inhibition than SYR, it results in lower triplet concentrations, possibly because it is less reactive with weakly oxidizing triplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Reed Worland
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Theo Tran
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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10
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Ramos LD, Gomes TMV, Stevani CV, Bechara EJH. Mining reactive triplet carbonyls in biological systems. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 243:112712. [PMID: 37116363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic triplet carbonyls can be treated as short-lived radicals, since both species share similar reactions such as hydrogen atom abstraction, cyclization, addition, and isomerization. Importantly, enzyme-generated triplet carbonyls excite triplet molecular oxygen to the highly reactive, electrophilic singlet state by resonance energy transfer, which can react with proteins, lipids, and DNA. Carbonyl triplets, singlet oxygen, and radicals are endowed with the potential to trigger both normal and pathological responses. In this paper, we present a short review of easy, fast, and inexpensive preliminary tests for the detection of transient triplet carbonyls in chemical and biological systems. This paper covers direct and indirect methods to look for triplet carbonyls based on their spectral distribution of chemiluminescence, photoproduct analysis, quenching of light emission by conjugated dienes, and enhancement of light emission by the sensitizer 9,10-dibromoanthracence-2-sulfonate ion (DBAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz D Ramos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago M V Gomes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassius V Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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11
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Shi H, Tan Z, Guo X, Ren H, Wang S, Xia Y. Visible-Light Paternò-Büchi Reaction for Lipidomic Profiling at Detailed Structure Levels. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5117-5125. [PMID: 36898165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The Paternò-Büchi (PB) derivatization of carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) has been increasingly employed with tandem mass spectrometry to analyze unsaturated lipids. It enables the discovery of altered or uncanonical lipid desaturation metabolism, which would be otherwise undetected by conventional methods. Although highly useful, the reported PB reactions only provide moderate yield (∼30%). Herein, we aim to determine the key factors that affect the PB reactions and develop a system with improved capabilities for lipidomic analysis. An Ir(III) photocatalyst is chosen as the triplet energy donor for the PB reagent under 405 nm light irradiation, while phenylglyoxalate and its charge-tagging version, pyridylglyoxalate, are developed as the most efficient PB reagents. The above visible-light PB reaction system provides higher PB conversions than all previously reported PB reactions. Around 90% conversion can be achieved at high concentrations (>0.5 mM) for different classes of lipids but drops as the lipid concentration decreases. The visible-light PB reaction has then been integrated with shotgun and liquid chromatography-based workflows. The limits of detection for locating C═C in standard lipids of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) and triacylglycerides (TGs) are in the sub-nM to nM range. More than 600 distinct GPLs and TGs have been profiled at the C═C location level or the sn-position level from the total lipid extract of bovine liver, demonstrating that the developed method is capable of large-scale lipidomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxue Shi
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Zhenshu Tan
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Hanlin Ren
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Shengzhuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
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12
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Charpe VP, Ragupathi A, Sagadevan A, Ho YS, Cheng MJ, Hwang KC. Copper (I) Chloride-Catalyzed Photoredox Synthesis of Multifunctionalized Compounds at Room Temperature and Their Antifungal Activities. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300110. [PMID: 36892141 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple visible-light-induced CuCl-catalyzed synthesis was developed for highly functionalized carbon-centered compounds (α-alk/aryloxy-α-diaryl/alkylaryl-acetaldehydes/ketones) at room temperature using benzoquinone, alkyl/aryl alcohol, and alkyl/aryl terminal/internal alkynes. Late-stage functionalized compounds show good antifungal activities, especially against Candida krusei fungal strain, in in vitro experiments (the Broth microdilution method). Moreover, toxicity tests (zebrafish egg model experiments) indicated that these compounds had negligible cytotoxicity. The green chemistry metrics (E-factor value is 7.3) and eco-scale (eco-scale value is 58.8) evaluations show that the method is simple, mild, highly efficient, eco-friendly, and environmentally feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayyakkannu Ragupathi
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, R. O. C., Taiwan
| | | | - Yeu-Shiuan Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, R. O. C., Taiwan
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13
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Franceschi P, Cuadros S, Goti G, Dell'Amico L. Mechanisms and Synthetic Strategies in Visible Light-Driven [2+2]-Heterocycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217210. [PMID: 36576751 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of four membered heterocycles usually requires multi-step procedures and prefunctionalized reactants. A straightforward alternative is the photochemical [2+2]-heterocycloaddition between an alkene and a carbonyl derivative, conventionally based on the photoexcitation of this latter. However, this approach is limited by the absorption profile of the carbonyl, requiring in most of the cases the use of high-energy UV-light, that often results in undesired side reactions and/or the degradation of the reaction components. The development of new and milder visible light-driven [2+2]-heterocycloadditions is, therefore, highly desirable. In this Review, we highlight the most relevant achievements in the development of [2+2]-heterocycloadditions promoted by visible light, with a particular emphasis on the involved reaction mechanisms. The open challenges will also be discussed, suggesting new possible evolutions, and stimulating new methodological developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Franceschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Cuadros
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulio Goti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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14
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Schulte R, Löcker M, Ihmels H, Heide M, Engelhard C. Pushing Photochemistry into Water: Acceleration of the Di-π-Methane Rearrangement and the Paternó-Büchi Reaction "On-Water". Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203203. [PMID: 36398899 PMCID: PMC10107481 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two representative organic photoreactions, namely a bimolecular photocycloaddition and a monomolecular photorearrangement, are presented that are accelerated when the reaction is performed "on-water", that is, at the water-substrate interface with no solvation of the reaction components. According to the established models of ground-state reactions "on-water", the enhanced efficiency of the photoreactions is explained by hydrophobic effects (Paternó-Büchi reaction) or specific hydrogen bonding (di-π-methane rearrangement) at the water-substrate interface that decrease the energy of the respective transition state. These results point to the potential of this approach to conduct photoreactions more efficiently in an ecologically favorable medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schulte
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Marco Löcker
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Heide
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Carsten Engelhard
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
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15
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Michalska WZ, Halcovitch NR, Coote SC. Synthesis of functionalized spirocyclic oxetanes through Paternò-Büchi reactions of cyclic ketones and maleic acid derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:784-787. [PMID: 36562323 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06459f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A telescoped three-step sequence to functionalised spirocyclic oxetanes is reported, involving Paternò-Büchi reactions between maleic acid derivatives and cyclic ketones. p-Xylene suppresses the competing alkene dimerization that has plagued previous work, allowing access to 35 novel spirocyclic oxetanes that cannot be prepared using existing methodologies, and which represent versatile intermediates for further elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susannah C Coote
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, LA1 4YB, UK.
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16
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Qiu ZW, Long L, Zhu ZQ, Liu HF, Pan HP, Ma AJ, Peng JB, Wang YH, Gao H, Zhang XZ. Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction to Assemble the Acyclic All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenter via Visible Light and Phosphoric Acid Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Wang Qiu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Long
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China (MOE), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Fu Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Han-Peng Pan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Ai-Jun Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Bao Peng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Heng Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China (MOE), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China (MOE), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiang-Zhi Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
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17
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Abstract
Herein, we report the enantioselective total synthesis of dysiherbols A, C, and D, a unique group of 6/6/5/6/6 pentacyclic quinone/hydroquinone sesquiterpenes, featuring a photo-induced quinone-alkene [2 + 2] cycloaddition and a tandem [1,2]-anionic rearrangement/cyclopropane fragmentation as key elements. Based on our total synthesis, the originally proposed structures of dysiherbols C and D have been revised. Detailed computational studies were carried out to gain deep insight into the unprecedented [1,2]-anionic rearrangement, which revealed that the transformation, albeit a symmetry-forbidden process, proceeded through a concerted manner owing to the release of high ring-strain energy and the evolution of local aromaticity in the transition state. Taking all, the present work offers a mechanistically interesting and synthetically useful approach to accessing dysiherbols and related congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yefeng Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Hoffmann N. Heterocyclic Compounds in Enantioselective Photochemical Reactions. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527832002.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Yu H, Zhan T, Zhou Y, Chen L, Liu X, Feng X. Visible-Light-Activated Asymmetric Addition of Hydrocarbons to Pyridine-Based Ketones. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tangyu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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20
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Budyka MF, Gavrishova TN, Li VM, Potashova NI, Fedulova JA. Emissive and reactive excimers in a covalently-linked supramolecular multi-chromophoric system with a balanced rigid-flexible structure. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120565. [PMID: 34753706 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel multi-chromophoric system, triad, in which two styrylbenzoquinoline (SBQ) photochromes are connected by a balanced rigid-flexible linker comprising 2,3-naphthylene framework (a residue of 3-oxy-2-naphthoic acid) and tetramethylene groups, was designed and synthesized to study an excimer formation in the excited state. The 1H NMR data testified that triad exists in solution as folded conformers with asymmetric parallel-displaced SBQ units. Under light irradiation, in the triad, competitive photoisomerization and [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reactions were observed, both reactions being reversible. The photocycloaddition resulted in a tetrasubstituted cyclobutane. The red-shifted fluorescence spectrum and the appearance of a long-lived component in the triad fluorescence decay indicated formation of an 'emissive' excimer. The photocycloaddition is assumed to occur in a 'reactive' excimer, in which the ethylene groups of the SBQ photochromes are located at a distance sufficient for the formation of the σ-bonds between them. Quantum-chemical density functional theory (DFT) calculations at M06-2X/6-31G* level predicted the existence of the triad conformers with π-stacking interaction of SBQ photochromes, the structure of which is pre-organized for the excimer formation and photocycloaddition. For the first time, both emissive and reactive excimers were experimentally observed in the multi-chromophoric system with two diarylethylene photochromes undergoing [2 + 2] photocycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail F Budyka
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
| | - Tatiana N Gavrishova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalii M Li
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia I Potashova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Julia A Fedulova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation; Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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21
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Nakatani K, Sato H, Fukuda R. A catalyzed E/ Z isomerization mechanism of stilbene using para-benzoquinone as a triplet sensitizer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1712-1721. [PMID: 34984427 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensitizer molecules affect not only the quantum yield but also the selectivity of photochemical reactions. For an appropriate design of sensitized photochemical processes, we need to elucidate the reaction mechanism in detail. Here we investigated the mechanism of photoisomerization of stilbene via the triplet state with a para-benzoquinone sensitizer using density functional theory. In general, the isomerization of stilbene via the triplet state exhibits (Z)-selectivity (cis-selectivity); however, the para-benzoquinone sensitizer changes it to (E)-selectivity (trans-selectivity). The calculations showed that stilbene and para-benzoquinone form stable exciplexes having a preoxetane structure. The E/Z isomerization occurred via this exciplex, in which para-benzoquinone acted as a photocatalyst rather than a sensitizer only providing excitation energy. The spin-density distribution of the exciplex differed from the isolated stilbene in the triplet state. Therefore, the stilbene moiety could take (E)-conformation in the exciplex. The intermolecular charge-transfer drove the exciplex formation. This specific reaction mechanism originated from the electron-accepting ability of para-benzoquinone in the triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Nakatani
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry (FIFC), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Fukuda
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan.
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22
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Lin Q, Li P, Fang M, Zhang D, Xia Y. Deep Profiling of Aminophospholipids Reveals a Dysregulated Desaturation Pattern in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Anal Chem 2021; 94:820-828. [PMID: 34931817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), ether-PEs, and phosphatidylserines (PSs) are glycerophospholipids harboring a primary amino group in their headgroups. They are key components of mammalian cell membranes and play pivotal roles in cell signaling and apoptosis. In this study, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) workflow for deep profiling of PEs, ether-PEs, and PSs has been developed by integrating two orthogonal derivatizations: (1) derivatization of the primary amino group by 4-trimethylammoniumbutyryl-N-hydroxysuccinimide (TMAB-NHS) for enhanced LC separation and MS detection and (2) the Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction for carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) derivatization and localization. Significant improvement of the limit of identification down to the C═C location has been achieved for the standards of PSs (3 nM) and ether-PEs (20 nM). This workflow facilitates an identification of more than 200 molecular species of aminophospholipids in the porcine brain, two times more than those identified without TMAB-NHS derivatization. Importantly, we discovered that the n-10 isomers in C16:1 and C18:1 of aminophospholipids showed elevated contribution among other isomers, which correlated well with an increased transcription of the corresponding desaturase (FADS2) in the human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) relative to that in the normal cell line (HMEC). The abovementioned data suggest that lipid reprograming via forming different C═C location isomers might be an alternative mechanism in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Lin
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Pengyun Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mengxuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
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23
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Enantioselective synthesis of heterocyclic compounds using photochemical reactions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1657-1674. [PMID: 34822126 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Different methods for the direct enantioselective photochemical synthesis of heterocycles are presented. Currently, asymmetric catalysis with templates involving hydrogen bonds or metal complexes is intensively investigated. Enzyme catalysis can be simplified under photochemical conditions. For example, in multi enzyme systems, one or more enzyme catalytic steps can be replaced by simple photochemical reactions. Chiral induction in photochemical reactions performed with homochiral crystals is highly efficient. Such reactions can also be carried out with crystalline inclusion complexes. Inclusion of a photochemical substrate and an enantiopure compound in zeolites also leads to enantioselective compounds. In all these methods, the conformational mobility of the photochemical substrates is reduced or controlled. Memory of chirality is a particular case in which a chiral information is temporally lost but the rigid conformations stabilize the molecular structure which leads to the formation of enantiopure compounds. Such studies allows a profound understanding on how particular conformations determine the configuration of the final products.Graphical abstract.
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24
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Guerra C, Ayarde-Henríquez L, Duque-Noreña M, Chamorro E. Unraveling the Bonding Nature Along the Photochemically Activated Paterno-Büchi Reaction Mechanism. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2342-2351. [PMID: 34549490 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The photochemically activated Paterno-Büchi reaction mechanism following the singlet excited-state reaction path was analyzed based on a bonding evolution framework. The electronic rearrangements, which describe the mechanism of oxetane formation via carbon-oxygen attack (C-O), comprises of the electronic activation of formaldehyde and accumulation of pairing density on the O once the reaction system is approaching the conical intersection point. Our theoretical evidence based on the ELF topology shows that the C-O bond is formed in the ground-state surface (via C-O attack) returning from the S1 surface accompanied by 1,4-singlet diradical formation. Subsequently, the reaction center is fully activated near the transition state (TS), and the ring-closure (yielding oxetane) involves the C-C bond formation after the TS. For the carbon-carbon attack (C-C), both reactants (formaldehyde and ethylene) are activated, leading to C-C bond formation in the S1 excited state before reaching the conical intersection region. Finally, the C-O formation occurs in the ground-state surface, resulting from the pair density flowing primarily from the C to O atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Guerra
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida, República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Leandro Ayarde-Henríquez
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida, República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida, República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida, República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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25
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Catalyst-free [2 + 2] photocycloadditions between benzils and olefins under visible light. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 21:695-703. [PMID: 34792791 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The catalyst-free [2 + 2] photocycloaddition between benzils and simple olefins is reported. The adoption of visible light proved essential for the transformation, as shorter wavelengths led to uncontrolled decomposition. When cyclic olefins were used, the reaction occurred smoothly to afford the expected oxetanes regio- and stereoselectively after 24 h of irradiation. In contrast, in the case of acyclic olefins, longer reaction times were typically required and small amounts (ca. 20%) of [4 + 2] photocycloadducts and by-products deriving from competitive hydrogen atom abstraction were observed. The selectivity of the transformation could be consistently improved by decreasing the reaction temperature, thus restoring the desired [2 + 2] reactivity. An overall mechanistic picture is also offered based on the chemical and photophysical quenching experiments and the stereochemical output is rationalized based on Griesbeck models.
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26
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Gomez Fernandez MA, Lefebvre C, Sudau A, Genix P, Vors JP, Abe M, Hoffmann N. Studies on The Application of The Paternò-Büchi Reaction to The Synthesis of Novel Fluorinated Scaffolds. Chemistry 2021; 27:15722-15729. [PMID: 34523761 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the context of new scaffolds obtained by photochemical reactions, Paternò-Büchi reactions between heteroaromatic, trifluoromethylphenyl ketone and electron rich alkenes to give oxetanes are described. A comprehensive study has then been carried out on the reaction of aromatic ketones with fluorinated alkenes. Depending on the substitution pattern at the oxetane ring, a metathesis reaction is described as a minor side process to give mono fluorinated alkenes. Overall, this last reaction corresponds to a photo-Wittig reaction and yield amid isosteres. In order to explain the uncommon regioselectivity of the Paternò-Büchi reaction with these alkenes, electrostatic-potential derived charges (ESP) have been determined. In a second computational study, the relative stabilities of the typical 1,4-diradical intermediates of the Paternò-Büchi reaction have been determined. The results well explain the regioselectivity. Further transformations of the oxetanes or previous functionalization of the fluoroalkenes open perspectives for oxetanes as core structures for biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Andrés Gomez Fernandez
- ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 1 UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Corentin Lefebvre
- ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 1 UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Alexander Sudau
- Research & Development, Crop Science, Lab 2, Bayer AG, 2 Alfred-Nobel-Str., 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Pierre Genix
- Crop Science Division, Disease Control Chemistry 2, Bayer S.A.S., Building La Dargoire D1 366, 69263, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vors
- Crop Science Division, Disease Control Chemistry 2, Bayer S.A.S., Building La Dargoire D1 366, 69263, Lyon, France
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.,Hiroshima Research Center for Photo-Drug-Delivery Systems (Hi-P-DDS), 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Norbert Hoffmann
- ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 1 UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France
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27
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Griesbeck AG, Bozkus S. Spin Photochemistry: Electron Spin Multiplicity as a Tool for Reactivity and Selectivity Control. Chimia (Aarau) 2021; 75:868-872. [PMID: 34728014 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2021.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin chemistry involving small organic molecules without heavy atoms is highly sensitive to spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) modulating biradical conformation as well as hyperfine coupling (HFC) modulating magnetic isotope interactions. Several easily available reaction properties such as chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselectivity as well as quantum yields serve as analytical tools to follow intersystem crossing (ISC) dynamics and allow titrating spin selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel G Griesbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Greinstr. 4, University of Cologne, 50939 Köln-Cologne, Germany;,
| | - Seyma Bozkus
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Greinstr. 4, University of Cologne, 50939 Köln-Cologne, Germany
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28
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Malarney KP, Kc S, Schmidt VA. Recent strategies used in the synthesis of saturated four-membered heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8425-8441. [PMID: 34546272 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00988e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance and prevalance of O-, N-, and S-atom containing saturated four-membered ring motifs in biologically active molecules and potential therapeutics continues to drive efforts in their efficient synthetic preparation. In this review, general and recent strategies for the synthesis of these heterocycles are presented. Due to the limited potential bond disconnections, retrosynthetic strategies are broadly limited to cyclizations and cycloadditions. Nonetheless, diverse approaches for accessing cyclization precursors have been developed, ranging from nucleophilic substitution to C-H functionalization. Innovative methods for substrate activation have been developed for cycloadditions under photochemical and thermal conditions. Advances in accessing oxetanes, azetidines, and thietanes remain active areas of research with continued breakthroughs anticipated to enable future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien P Malarney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92071, USA.
| | - Shekhar Kc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92071, USA.
| | - Valerie A Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92071, USA.
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29
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Chen JX, Jadhav PD, Chen CN, Liu RS. Development of a [2 + 2]-Nitroso/Alkene Cycloaddition Using Sodium Tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate Catalyst: Controlled Chemoselectivity of Two Equilibrating Isomeric Intermediates. Org Lett 2021; 23:6246-6251. [PMID: 34351170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]borate (NaBArF) catalyzes the [2 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,4-disubstituted cyclopenta-1,3-dien-2-yl esters with nitrsobenzene in toluene, affording two isolable regioisomers of 6-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.2.0] heptanes, which thermally rearrange into the same 4-aminocyclopent-1-en-3-ones. In the case of 4-substituted cyclopenta-1,3-dien-2-yl esters, their initial [2 + 2] cycloaddition intermediates undergo a rapid ring expansion to afford six-membered piperidone derivatives efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xuan Chen
- Frontier Research Center of Matter Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, Republic of China
| | - Prakash D Jadhav
- Frontier Research Center of Matter Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Nung Chen
- Frontier Research Center of Matter Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, Republic of China
| | - Rai-Shung Liu
- Frontier Research Center of Matter Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, Republic of China
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30
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Abstract
The merging of click chemistry with discrete photochemical processes has led to the creation of a new class of click reactions, collectively known as photoclick chemistry. These light-triggered click reactions allow the synthesis of diverse organic structures in a rapid and precise manner under mild conditions. Because light offers unparalleled spatiotemporal control over the generation of the reactive intermediates, photoclick chemistry has become an indispensable tool for a wide range of spatially addressable applications including surface functionalization, polymer conjugation and cross-linking, and biomolecular labeling in the native cellular environment. Over the past decade, a growing number of photoclick reactions have been developed, especially those based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and Diels-Alder reactions owing to their excellent reaction kinetics, selectivity, and biocompatibility. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of photoclick reactions and their applications in chemical biology and materials science. A particular emphasis is placed on the historical contexts and mechanistic insights into each of the selected reactions. The in-depth discussion presented here should stimulate further development of the field, including the design of new photoactivation modalities, the continuous expansion of λ-orthogonal tandem photoclick chemistry, and the innovative use of these unique tools in bioconjugation and nanomaterial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangam Srikanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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31
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Ren H, Triebl A, Muralidharan S, Wenk MR, Xia Y, Torta F. Mapping the distribution of double bond location isomers in lipids across mouse tissues. Analyst 2021; 146:3899-3907. [PMID: 34009216 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are highly diverse and essential biomolecules in all living systems. As lipid homeostasis is often perturbed in metabolic diseases, these molecules can serve as both biomarkers and drug targets. The development of modern mass spectrometry (MS) provided the platform for large-scale lipidomic studies at the level of molecular species. Traditionally, more detailed structural information, such as the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C location, was mostly assumed instead of properly measured, though the specific isomers were indicated as potential biomarkers of cancers or cardiovascular diseases. Recent C[double bond, length as m-dash]C localization methods, including the Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction, have shown the prevalent and heterogeneous distribution of C[double bond, length as m-dash]C location in lipids across tissues. Mapping the lipidome of model animals at the level of C[double bond, length as m-dash]C position would increase the understanding of the metabolism and function of lipid isomers, facilitating clinical research. In this study, we employed an online PB reaction on a liquid chromatography-high resolution MS platform to map C[double bond, length as m-dash]C location isomers in five different murine tissues. We analyzed phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and sphingomyelins; we relatively quantified and mapped the distribution of ∼30 groups of co-existing isomers, characterized by different chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation. More specifically, we performed relative quantitation of four isomers of the C16:1 fatty acyl, which included rarely reported n-10 and n-5 species besides n-9 and n-7 isomers. We showed a small variation of the isomers' relative composition among individual animals (<20%) but significant differences across different lipid species and mouse tissues. Our results provided an initial database to map alternative lipid metabolic pathways at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Alexander Triebl
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. and Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sneha Muralidharan
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. and Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. and Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Sharma A, Dixit V, Kumar S, Jain N. Visible Light-Mediated In Situ Generation of δ,δ-Disubstituted p-Quinone Methides: Construction of a Sterically Congested Quaternary Stereocenter. Org Lett 2021; 23:3409-3414. [PMID: 33844558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented visible light-assisted and zinc triflate-catalyzed construction of a diaryl-substituted quaternary stereocenter is reported. 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-substituted aldehydes and ketones have been prepared in moderate to high yields via multicomponent reaction of acetylene, benzoquinone (BQ), and indole/aniline/thiol. The reaction is believed to proceed via in situ generation of p-quinone methide through a [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization of BQ and acetylene in blue light followed by a zinc triflate-catalyzed vinylogous Michael addition reaction with nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Sharvan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
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33
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Dell’Amico L, Mateos J, Cuadros S, Vega-Peñaloza A. Unlocking the Synthetic Potential of Light-Excited Aryl Ketones: Applications in Direct Photochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1403-4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this Account, we summarize the contributions of our group to the field of photochemistry and photocatalysis. Our work deals with the development of novel synthetic methods based on the exploitation of photoexcited aryl ketones. The application of new technologies, such as microfluidic photoreactors (MFPs), has enhanced the synthetic performance and scalability of several photochemical methods, e.g., Paternò–Büchi and photoenolization/Diels–Alder processes, while opening the way to unprecedented reactivity. In addition, careful mechanistic analysis of the developed methods has been instrumental in disclosing a new family of powerful organic photocatalysts that can mediate several thermodynamically extreme photoredox processes.1 Introduction1.1 Shining Light on Aryl Ketones: From the Historical Background to Recent Synthetic Applications1.2 Preliminary Mechanistic Considerations2 Synthetic Transformations Driven by Triplet State Benzophenones3 Synthetic Transformations Driven by Triplet State o-Alkyl-Substituted Benzophenones4 The Evolution of Aryl-Ketone-Derived Products: Applications in Organophotoredox Catalysis5 Conclusions and Future Directions
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34
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Arslan M, Ceylan O, Arslan R, Tasdelen MA. Facile UV-induced covalent modification and crosslinking of styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer via Paterno-Büchi [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8585-8593. [PMID: 35423409 PMCID: PMC8695305 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00033k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical functionalization or modification of polymers to alter or improve the physical and mechanical properties constitutes an important field in macromolecular research. Fabrication of polymeric materials via structural tailoring of commercial or commodity polymers that are produced in vast quantities especially possess unique advantages in material applications. In the present study, we report on benign chemical modification of unsaturated styrene–isoprene–styrene (SIS) copolymer using available backbone alkene groups. Covalent attachment of aldehyde functional substrates onto reactive isoprene double bond residues was conveniently carried out using UV-induced Paterno–Büchi [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Model organic compounds with different structures were utilized in high efficiency chemical modification of parent polymer chains via oxetane ring formation. Functionalization studies were confirmed via1H NMR, FT-IR and SEC analyses. The methodology was extended to covalent crosslinking of polymer chains to obtain organogels with tailorable crosslinking degrees and physical characteristics. Considering the outstanding elastic properties of unsaturated rubbers and their high commercial availability, abundant reactive double bonds in backbone chains of these polymers offer easy to implement structural modification via proposed Paterno–Büchi photocycloaddition. Paterno–Büchi reaction is reported as a convenient chemical reaction tool to modify unsaturated copolymer elastomers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Arslan
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ceylan
- Central Research Laboratory, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
| | - Rabia Arslan
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
| | - Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
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35
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Schneider T, Heinrich G, Koch R, Maas G. Reactions of a 3‐Phenyl‐1‐trifluoromethyl‐prop‐2‐yne Iminium Salt with Furans, Thiophenes, and Pyrroles. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Georg Heinrich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Raphael Koch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Gerhard Maas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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36
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Kandappa SK, Valloli LK, Ahuja S, Parthiban J, Sivaguru J. Taming the excited state reactivity of imines – from non-radiative decay to aza Paternò–Büchi reaction. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1617-1641. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the excited state characteristics of imines and processes that govern their photochemical and photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Sapna Ahuja
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Jayachandran Parthiban
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - J. Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
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37
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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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38
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Jeck V, Froning M, Tiso T, Blank LM, Hayen H. Double bond localization in unsaturated rhamnolipid precursors 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry applying online Paternò-Büchi reaction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5601-5613. [PMID: 32627084 PMCID: PMC7413879 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are biomolecules with a broad variety of chemical structures, which renders them essential not only for various biological functions but also interestingly for biotechnological applications. Rhamnolipids are microbial glycolipids with surface-active properties and are widely used biosurfactants. They are composed of one or two L-rhamnoses and up to three hydroxy fatty acids. Their biosynthetic precursors are 3-hydroxy(alkanoyloxy)alkanoic acids (HAAs). The latter are also present in cell supernatants as complex mixtures and are extensively studied for their potential to replace synthetically derived surfactants. The carbon chain lengths of HAAs determine their physical properties, such as their abilities to foam and emulsify, and their critical micelle concentration. Despite growing biotechnological interest, methods for structural elucidation are limited and often rely on hydrolysis and analysis of free hydroxy fatty acids losing the connectivity information. Therefore, a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed for comprehensive structural characterization of intact HAAs. Information is provided on chain length and number of double bonds in each hydroxy fatty acid and their linkage by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Post-column photochemical derivatization by online Paternὸ-Büchi reaction and MS/MS fragmentation experiments generated diagnostic fragments allowing structural characterization down to the double bond position level. Furthermore, the presented experiments demonstrate a powerful approach for structure elucidation of complex lipids by tailored fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Jeck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety - LAVES, Martin-Niemöller-Str. 2, 26133, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Matti Froning
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Till Tiso
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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39
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Zhao J, Xie X, Lin Q, Ma X, Su P, Xia Y. Next-Generation Paternò–Büchi Reagents for Lipid Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13470-13477. [PMID: 32840355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaobo Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiaohong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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40
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Zheng J, Dong X, Yoon TP. Divergent Photocatalytic Reactions of α-Ketoesters under Triplet Sensitization and Photoredox Conditions. Org Lett 2020; 22:6520-6525. [PMID: 32806138 PMCID: PMC7470625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The long-lived triplet excited states of transition metal photocatalysts can activate organic substrates via either energy- or electron-transfer pathways, and the rates of these processes can be influenced by rational tuning of the reaction conditions. The characteristic reactive intermediates generated, however, are distinct and can exhibit very different reactivity patterns. This mechanistic diversity available to photocatalytic reactions might thus offer an opportunity to engineer divergent reactions that give markedly different chemical outcomes under superficially similar conditions. Herein, we show that the photocatalytic reactions of benzoylformate esters with alkenes can be directed toward either Paternò-Büchi cycloadditions or allylic functionalization reactions under conditions favoring energy transfer or electron transfer, respectively. These studies provide a framework for designing other divergent photocatalytic methods that produce different sets of reaction outcomes under photoredox and triplet sensitization conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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41
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Pangaribowo DA, Abe M. Photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of carbonyl compounds with Danishefsky diene. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4962-4970. [PMID: 32458869 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00921k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Danishefsky diene, trans-1-methoxy-3-trimethylsilyloxy-buta-1,3-diene, has been utilized in organic synthesis in thermal reactions for a long time. The purpose of this study is to investigate the photochemical reaction of ketones with Danishefsky diene. The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition products, oxetanes, were obtained in 65%-99% yield, along with the E to Z photochemical isomerisation of the diene. A mechanism involving intermediary triplet diradicals was proposed to rationalise the formation of the oxetanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Agung Pangaribowo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan. and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember, Jawa Timur 68121, Indonesia
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan. and Hiroshima Research Center for Photo-Drug-Delivery Systems (Hi-P-DDS), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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42
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Xia T, Ren H, Zhang W, Xia Y. Lipidome-wide characterization of phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidylglycerols on CC location level. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1128:107-115. [PMID: 32825894 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) are two essential classes of glycerophospholipids (GPs), playing versatile roles such as signalling messengers and lipid-protein interaction ligands in cell. Although a majority of PG and PI molecular species contain unsaturated fatty acyl chain(s), conventional tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods cannot discern isomers different in carbon-carbon double bond (CC) locations. In this work, we paired phosphate methylation with acetone Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction, aiming to provide a solution for sensitive and structurally informative analysis of these two important classes of GPs down to the location of CC. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) workflow was established. Offline methylated PG or PI mixtures were subjected to hydrophilic interaction chromatographic separation, online acetone PB reaction, and MS/MS via collision-induced dissociation (CID) for CC location determination in positive ion mode. This method was sensitive, offering limit of identification at 5 nM for both PG and PI standards down to CC locations. On molecular species level, 49 PI and 31 PG were identified from bovine liver, while 61 PIs were identified from human plasma. This workflow also enabled ratiometric comparisons of CC location isomers (C18:1 Δ9 vs. Δ11) of a series of PIs from type 2 diabetes (T2D) plasma to that of normal plasma samples. PI 16:0_18:1 and PI 18:0_18:1 were found to exhibit significant changes in CC isomeric ratios between T2D and normal plasma samples. The above results demonstrate that the developed LC-PB-MS/MS workflow is applicable to different classes of lipids and compatible with other established lipid derivatization methods to achieve comprehensive lipid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hanlin Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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43
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Feng G, Hao Y, Wu L, Chen S. A visible-light activated [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction enables pinpointing carbon-carbon double bonds in lipids. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7244-7251. [PMID: 34123010 PMCID: PMC8159383 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01149e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise location of C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds in bioactive molecules is critical for a deep understanding of the relationship between their structures and biological roles. However, the traditional ultraviolet light-based approaches exhibited great limitations. Here, we discovered a new type of visible-light activated [2 + 2] cycloaddition of carbonyl with C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds. We found that carbonyl in anthraquinone showed great reactivities towards C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds in lipids to form oxetanes under the irradiation of visible-light. Combined with tandem mass spectrometry, this site-specific dissociation of oxetane enabled precisely locating the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds in various kinds of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated lipids. The proof-of-concept applicability of this new type of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition was validated in the global identification of unsaturated lipids in a complex human serum sample. 86 monounsaturated and polyunsaturated lipids were identified with definitive positions of C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds, including phospholipids and fatty acids even with up to 6 C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds. This study provides new insights into both the photocycloaddition reactions and the structural lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Feng
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Yanhong Hao
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Liang Wu
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Suming Chen
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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Xie X, Zhao J, Lin M, Zhang JL, Xia Y. Profiling of Cholesteryl Esters by Coupling Charge-Tagging Paternò-Büchi Reaction and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8487-8496. [PMID: 32412732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The profile of cholesteryl esters (CEs) is increasingly used in metabolic disease monitoring due to the roles of CE in regulating the cholesterol level. While electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry is routinely applied for the identification and quantitation of CE, it has a limitation of not being able to provide the location of carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) within unsaturated fatty acyls. In this study, we paired offline 2-acetylpyridine (2-AP) Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to achieve highly sensitive and structural informative CE analysis from complex mixtures. The 2-AP PB reactions of CE standards provided 20-30% conversion but resulted in enhanced ion signal relative to that of intact CE detected as ammonium adduct ions. MS/MS of 2-AP derivatized CE via collision-induced dissociation produced two abundant diagnostic ions for each C═C in a fatty acyl, leading to both sensitive identification and quantitation of C═C location isomers. Twelve saturated and twenty-seven unsaturated CEs were profiled in pooled human plasma; of the latter group, relative quantitation of 6 groups of C═C location isomers was achieved. A dehydrocholesteryl ester, DHE 18:2 (Δ9,12), was confidently differentiated from coexisting compositional isomers: CE 18:3 (Δ9,12,15) and CE 18:3 (Δ6,9,12). The above results represented improved CE coverage at the C═C location level over those reported by gas chromatography MS or acetone PB-MS/MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Miao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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45
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Li HF, Cao W, Ma X, Xie X, Xia Y, Ouyang Z. Visible-Light-Driven [2 + 2] Photocycloadditions between Benzophenone and C═C Bonds in Unsaturated Lipids. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3499-3505. [PMID: 31994883 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of alkenes and carbonyls is of fundamental interest and practical importance, as this process is extensively involved in oxetane-ring constructions. Although individual carbonyl group or alkene moiety has been utilized as photoactive species for oxetane formations upon ultraviolet photoexcitation, direct excitation of the entire noncovalent complex involving alkene and carbonyl substrates to achieve [2 + 2] photocycloadditions is rarely addressed. Herein, complexes with noncovalent interactions between benzophenone and C═C bonds in unsaturated lipids have been successfully characterized, and for the first time a [2 + 2] cycloaddition leading to the formation of oxetanes has been identified under visible-light irradiation. The mechanism of this reaction is distinctly different from the well-studied Paternò-Büchi reaction. The entire complexes characterized as dimeric proton-bonded alkene and carbonyl substrates can be excited under visible light, leading to electron transfer from the alkene moiety in fatty acyls to the carbonyl group within the complex. These results provide new insight into utilizing noncovalent complexes for the synthesis of oxetanes in which the excitation wavelength becomes independent of each individual substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
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46
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Lokshin V, Clavier H, Khodorkovsky V. Spiro 1,3-indandiones: intramolecular photochemical reactions of carbonyl groups with carbon–carbon double bonds. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02923h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spiro-1,3-indandiones involving a double CC bond undergo photochemical intramolecular reactions affording a variety of polycyclic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lokshin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325
- Campus de Luminy – Case 913
- Marseille
- France
| | - Hervé Clavier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille
- iSm2
- 13397 Marseille
- France
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47
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Lin Q, Zhang D, Xia Y. Analysis of ether glycerophosphocholines at the level of CC locations from human plasma. Analyst 2020; 145:513-522. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Near-complete structural characterization is achieved for ether PCs by coupling offline Paternò–Büchi derivatization with MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Precision Instrument
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
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48
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Esch P, Fischer M, Heiles S, Schäfer M. Olefinic reagents tested for peptide derivatization with switchable properties: Stable upon collision induced dissociation and cleavable by in-source Paternò-Büchi reactions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:976-986. [PMID: 31729095 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This contribution is part of our ongoing efforts to develop innovative cross-linking (XL) reagents and protocols for facilitated peptide mixture analysis and efficient assignment of cross-linked peptide products. In this report, we combine in-source Paternò-Büchi (PB) photo-chemistry with a tandem mass spectrometry approach to selectively address the fragmentation of a tailor-made cross-linking reagent. The PB photochemistry, so far exclusively used for the identification of unsaturation sites in lipids and in lipidomics, is now introduced to the field of chemical cross-linking. Based on trans-3-hexenedioic acid, an olefinic homo bifunctional amine reactive XL reagent was designed and synthesized for this proof-of-principle study. Condensation products of the olefinic reagent with a set of exemplary peptides are used to test the feasibility of the concept. Benzophenone is photochemically reacted in the nano-electrospray ion source and forms oxetane PB reaction products. Subsequent CID-MS triggered retro-PB reaction of the respective isobaric oxetane molecular ions and delivers reliably and predictably two sets of characteristic fragment ions of the cross-linker. Based on these signature ion sets, a straightforward identification of covalently interconnected peptides in complex digests is proposed. Furthermore, CID-MSn experiments of the retro-PB reaction products deliver peptide backbone characteristic fragment ions. Additionally, the olefinic XL reagents exhibit a pronounced robustness upon CID-activation, without previous UV-excitation. These experiments document that a complete backbone fragmentation is possible, while the linker-moiety remains intact. This feature renders the new olefinic linkers switchable between a stable, noncleavable cross-linking mode and an in-source PB cleavable mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Esch
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Moritz Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, D-50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Heiles
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Mathias Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, D-50939, Cologne, Germany
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49
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Britten TK, Kemmitt PD, Halcovitch NR, Coote SC. 4-π-Photocyclization of 1,2-Dihydropyridazines: An Approach to Bicyclic 1,2-Diazetidines with Rich Synthetic Potential. Org Lett 2019; 21:9232-9235. [PMID: 31696716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 4-π-photocyclization of a range of 1,2-dihydropyridazines is described, generating bicyclic 1,2-diazetidines in high yields on multigram scale. The key bicyclic 1,2-diazetidines are versatile synthetic intermediates and were easily converted into a range of novel derivatives, including functionalized 1,2-diazetidines, cyclobutenes, cyclobutanes, and 1,3-dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Britten
- Department of Chemistry , Lancaster University , Bailrigg, Lancaster , LA1 4YB , U.K
| | - Paul D Kemmitt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R & D , AstraZeneca , Cambridge , CB10 1XL , U.K
| | - Nathan R Halcovitch
- Department of Chemistry , Lancaster University , Bailrigg, Lancaster , LA1 4YB , U.K
| | - Susannah C Coote
- Department of Chemistry , Lancaster University , Bailrigg, Lancaster , LA1 4YB , U.K
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50
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Cox B, Booker-Milburn KI, Elliott LD, Robertson-Ralph M, Zdorichenko V. Escaping from Flatland: [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition; Conformationally Constrained sp 3-rich Scaffolds for Lead Generation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1512-1517. [PMID: 31749903 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure on researchers to deliver new medicines to the patient continues to grow. Attrition rates in the research and development process present a significant challenge to the viability of the current model of drug discovery. Analysis shows that increasing the three-dimensionality of potential drug candidates decreases the risk of attrition, and it is for this reason many workers have taken a new look at the power of photochemistry, in particular photocycloadditions, as a means to generate novel sp3-rich scaffolds for use in drug discovery programs. The viability of carrying out photochemical reactions on scale is also being addressed by the introduction of new technical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cox
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Kevin I. Booker-Milburn
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke D. Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Michael Robertson-Ralph
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Victor Zdorichenko
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
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