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Espinoza Ballesteros M, Schöneich C. Near UV and Visible Light Photodegradation in Solid Formulations: Generation of Carbon Dioxide Radical Anions from Citrate Buffer and Fe(III). Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4618-4633. [PMID: 39110953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Near UV and visible light photodegradation can target therapeutic proteins during manufacturing and storage. While the underlying photodegradation pathways are frequently not well-understood, one important aspect of consideration is the formulation, specifically the formulation buffer. Citrate is a common buffer for biopharmaceutical formulations, which can complex with transition metals, such as Fe(III). In an aqueous solution, the exposure of such complexes to light leads to the formation of the carbon dioxide radical anion (•CO2-), a powerful reductant. However, few studies have characterized such processes in solid formulations. Here, we show that solid citrate formulations containing Fe(III) lead to the photochemical formation of •CO2-, identified through DMPO spin trapping and HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Factors such as buffers, the availability of oxygen, excipients, and manufacturing processes of solid formulations were evaluated for their effect on the formation of •CO2- and other radicals such as •OH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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2
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Diniz LF, Carvalho PS, Souza MAC, Diniz R, Fernandes C. Highly Soluble Dacarbazine Multicomponent Crystals Less Prone to Photodegradation. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3661-3673. [PMID: 38858241 PMCID: PMC11220790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Dacarbazine (DTIC) is a widely prescribed oncolytic agent to treat advanced malignant melanomas. Nevertheless, the drug is known for exhibiting low and pH-dependent solubility, in addition to being photosensitive. These features imply the formation of the inactive photodegradation product 2-azahypoxanthine (2-AZA) during pharmaceutical manufacturing and even drug administration. We have focused on developing novel DTIC salt/cocrystal forms with enhanced solubility and dissolution behaviors to overcome or minimize this undesirable biopharmaceutical profile. By cocrystallization techniques, two salts, two cocrystals, and one salt-cocrystal have been successfully prepared through reactions with aliphatic carboxylic acids. A detailed structural study of these new multicomponent crystals was conducted using X-ray diffraction (SCXRD, PXRD), spectroscopic (FT-IR and 1H NMR), and thermal (TG and DSC) analyses. Most DTIC crystal forms reported display substantial enhancements in solubility (up to 19-fold), with faster intrinsic dissolution rates (from 1.3 to 22-fold), contributing positively to reducing the photodegradation of DTIC in solution. These findings reinforce the potential of these new solid forms to enhance the limited DTIC biopharmaceutical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan F. Diniz
- Laboratório
de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento
de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. Carvalho
- Instituto
de Física, Universidade Federal do
Mato Grosso do Sul, 79074-460 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Mateus A. C. Souza
- Laboratório
de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento
de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Diniz
- Departamento
de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas (ICEx), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Laboratório
de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento
de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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3
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Galata DL, Sinka Lázárné M, Kiss-Kovács D, Fülöp G, Dávid B, Bogáti B, Ficzere M, Péterfi O, Nagy B, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. Effects of omitting titanium dioxide from the film coating of a pharmaceutical tablet - An industrial case study of attempting to comply with EU regulation 2022/63. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 196:106750. [PMID: 38490522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Recently, concerns have been raised about the safety of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a commonly used component of pharmaceutical film coatings. The European Union has recently prohibited the application of this material in the food industry, and it is anticipated that the same will happen in the pharmaceutical industry. For this reason, pharmaceutical manufacturers have to consider the possible impact of removing TiO2 from the film coating of tablets. In this paper, we present a case study of a commercially produced tablet where the film coating containing TiO2 was replaced with a coating using calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or with a transparent coating. The performance of the coatings was compared by measuring the moisture absorption rate and the dissolution profile of the tablets. In these regards, there were negligible differences between the coating types. The tablets contained a highly photosensitive drug, the ability of the coatings to protect the drug was evaluated through environmental stability and photostability measurements. The HPLC results showed that the inclusion of TiO2 does not provide additional benefits, when humidity and thermal stress is applied, however its role was vital in protecting the drug from external light. There were several decomposition products which appeared in large quantities when TiO2 was missing from the coating. These results imply that photosensitivity is an issue, replacing TiO2 will be challenging, though its absence can be tolerated when the drug does not need to be protected from light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorián László Galata
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | | | - Dorottya Kiss-Kovács
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Formulation R&D, Gyömrői u. 19-21, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Gergő Fülöp
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Formulation R&D, Gyömrői u. 19-21, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Dávid
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Formulation R&D, Gyömrői u. 19-21, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Botond Bogáti
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Formulation R&D, Gyömrői u. 19-21, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Máté Ficzere
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Péterfi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary.
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4
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Beran GJO. Frontiers of molecular crystal structure prediction for pharmaceuticals and functional organic materials. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13290-13312. [PMID: 38033897 PMCID: PMC10685338 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliability of organic molecular crystal structure prediction has improved tremendously in recent years. Crystal structure predictions for small, mostly rigid molecules are quickly becoming routine. Structure predictions for larger, highly flexible molecules are more challenging, but their crystal structures can also now be predicted with increasing rates of success. These advances are ushering in a new era where crystal structure prediction drives the experimental discovery of new solid forms. After briefly discussing the computational methods that enable successful crystal structure prediction, this perspective presents case studies from the literature that demonstrate how state-of-the-art crystal structure prediction can transform how scientists approach problems involving the organic solid state. Applications to pharmaceuticals, porous organic materials, photomechanical crystals, organic semi-conductors, and nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography are included. Finally, efforts to improve our understanding of which predicted crystal structures can actually be produced experimentally and other outstanding challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
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Türkeş C, Arslan M, Demir Y, Çoçaj L, Nixha AR, Beydemir Ş. N-substituted phthalazine sulfonamide derivatives as non-classical aldose reductase inhibitors. J Mol Recognit 2022; 35:e2991. [PMID: 36073557 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR, AKR1B1; EC 1.1.1.21) is an aldo-keto reductase that has been widely investigated as an enzyme crucially involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic complications, including nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cataracts associated with diabetes mellitus. Although sulfonamides have been reported to possess many other biological activities, in continuation of our interest in designing and discovering potent inhibitors of AR, herein, we have evaluated the AR inhibitory potential of N-substituted phthalazine sulfonamide derivatives 5a-l. The biological studies revealed that all the derivatives show excellent activity against AR, with KI constants ranging from 67.73 to 495.20 nM. Among these agents, 4-(6-nitro-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophthalazine-2-carbonyl)benzenesulfonamide (5e) and 1,4-dioxo-3-(4-sulfamoylbenzoyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophthalazine-6-carboxylic acid (5f) showed prominent inhibitory activity with KI values of 67.73 and 148.20 nM, respectively, vs AR and were found to be more potent than epalrestat (KI = 852.50 nM), the only AR inhibitor currently used in the therapy. Moreover, molecular docking studies were also performed to rationalize binding site interactions of these sulfonamides (5a-l) with the target enzyme AR. According to ADME-Tox, predicts were also determined that these derivatives be ARIs displaying suitable drug-like properties. The sulfonamides identified in this study may be used to develop lead therapeutic agents inhibiting diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Arslan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High School, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
| | - Liridon Çoçaj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Prishtina University, Republic of Kosova, Serbia
| | - Arleta Rifati Nixha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Prishtina University, Republic of Kosova, Serbia
| | - Şükrü Beydemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,The Rectorate of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
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6
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Hua XN, Pan X, Zhu Y, Cai Z, Song Q, Li Y, Feng W, Chen X, Zhang H, Sun B. Novel pharmaceutical salts of cephalexin with organic counterions: structural analysis and properties. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34843-34850. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05565a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three novel hydrated pharmaceutical salts of cephalexin with acidic organic counterions were successfully obtained and thoroughly characterized by various analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ni Hua
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, P. R. China
| | - Xia Pan
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhu
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoer Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Qi Song
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, P. R. China
| | - Yaozhenhui Li
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Feng
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, P. R. China
| | - Baiwang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
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