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Noguchi S, Kajimoto T, Kumamoto T, Shingai M, Narasaki S, Urabe T, Imamura S, Harada K, Hide I, Tanaka S, Yanase Y, Nakamura SI, Tsutsumi YM, Sakai N. Features and mechanisms of propofol-induced protein kinase C (PKC) translocation and activation in living cells. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1284586. [PMID: 38026993 PMCID: PMC10662334 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1284586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: In this study, we aimed to elucidate the action mechanisms of propofol, particularly those underlying propofol-induced protein kinase C (PKC) translocation. Experimental approach: Various PKCs fused with green fluorescent protein (PKC-GFP) or other GFP-fused proteins were expressed in HeLa cells, and their propofol-induced dynamics were observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Propofol-induced PKC activation in cells was estimated using the C kinase activity receptor (CKAR), an indicator of intracellular PKC activation. We also examined PKC translocation using isomers and derivatives of propofol to identify the crucial structural motifs involved in this process. Key results: Propofol persistently translocated PKCα conventional PKCs and PKCδ from novel PKCs (nPKCs) to the plasma membrane (PM). Propofol translocated PKCδ and PKCη of nPKCs to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. Propofol also induced the nuclear translocation of PKCζ of atypical PKCs or proteins other than PKCs, such that the protein concentration inside and outside the nucleus became uniform. CKAR analysis revealed that propofol activated PKC in the PM and Golgi apparatus. Moreover, tests using isomers and derivatives of propofol predicted that the structural motifs important for the induction of PKC and nuclear translocation are different. Conclusion and implications: Propofol induced the subtype-specific intracellular translocation of PKCs and activated PKCs. Additionally, propofol induced the nuclear translocation of PKCs and other proteins, probably by altering the permeability of the nuclear envelope. Interestingly, propofol-induced PKC and nuclear translocation may occur via different mechanisms. Our findings provide insights into the action mechanisms of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Noguchi
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Kajimoto
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takuya Kumamoto
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masashi Shingai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Soshi Narasaki
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Urabe
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Serika Imamura
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kana Harada
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Izumi Hide
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sigeru Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuhki Yanase
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuo M. Tsutsumi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Narasaki S, Noguchi S, Urabe T, Harada K, Hide I, Tanaka S, Yanase Y, Kajimoto T, Uchida K, Tsutsumi YM, Sakai N. Identification of protein kinase C domains involved in its translocation induced by propofol. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 955:175806. [PMID: 37230321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Propofol is widely used for general anesthesia and sedation; however, the mechanisms of its anesthetic and adverse effects are not fully understood. We have previously shown that propofol activates protein kinase C (PKC) and induces its translocation in a subtype-specific manner. The purpose of this study was to identify the PKC domains involved in propofol-induced PKC translocation. The regulatory domains of PKC consist of C1 and C2 domains, and the C1 domain is subdivided into the C1A and C1B subdomains. Mutant PKCα and PKCδ with each domain deleted were fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expressed in HeLa cells. Propofol-induced PKC translocation was observed by time-lapse imaging using a fluorescence microscope. The results showed that persistent propofol-induced PKC translocation to the plasma membrane was abolished by the deletion of both C1 and C2 domains in PKCα and by the deletion of the C1B domain in PKCδ. Therefore, propofol-induced PKC translocation involves the C1 and C2 domains of PKCα and the C1B domain of PKCδ. We also found that treatment with calphostin C, a C1 domain inhibitor, abolished propofol-induced PKCδ translocation. In addition, calphostin C inhibited the propofol-induced phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). These results suggest that it may be possible to modulate the exertion of propofol effects by regulating the PKC domains involved in propofol-induced PKC translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshi Narasaki
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan; Dept of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Soma Noguchi
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Urabe
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan; Dept of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Kana Harada
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Izumi Hide
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Yuhki Yanase
- Dept of Pharmacotherapy, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Kajimoto
- Div of Biochem, Dept of Biochem and Mol Biol, Kobe Univ Grad Sch of Med, Japan
| | - Kazue Uchida
- Dept of Dermatology, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Yasuo M Tsutsumi
- Dept of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan.
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Oliveira-Paula GH, Pereira DA, Pinheiro LC, Ferreira GC, Paula-Garcia WN, Garcia LV, Lacchini R, Luizon MR, Tanus-Santos JE. Gene-gene interactions in the protein kinase C/endothelial nitric oxide synthase axis impact the hypotensive effects of propofol. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 130:277-287. [PMID: 34825477 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anaesthesia with propofol is frequently associated with hypotension, which is at least partially attributable to increased nitric oxide (NO) formation derived from the activation of protein kinase C (PKC)/endothelial NO synthase (NOS3) axis. In this cross-sectional study, we tested whether PRKCA (which encodes PKCα) polymorphisms, or haplotypes, and interactions among PRKCA and NOS3 polymorphisms affect the hypotensive responses to propofol. We collected venous blood samples from 164 patients before and 10 min after propofol administration. Genotypes were determined by PCR and haplotype frequencies were estimated. Nitrite and NOx (nitrites+nitrates) levels were measured by using an ozone-based chemiluminescence assay and the Griess reaction, respectively. We used multifactor dimensionality reduction to test interactions among PRKCA and NOS3 polymorphisms. Propofol promoted enhanced blood pressure-lowering effects and increased nitrite levels in subjects carrying GA + AA genotypes for the rs16960228 and TC + CC genotypes for the rs1010544 PRKCA polymorphisms, and the CCG haplotype. Moreover, genotypes for the rs1010544 PRKCA polymorphism were associated with higher or lower blood pressure decreases in response to propofol depending on the genotypes for the rs2070744 NOS3 polymorphism. Our findings suggest that PRKCA genotypes and haplotypes impact the hypotensive responses to propofol, possibly by modifying NO bioavailability, and that PRKCA-NOS3 interactions modify the blood pressure-lowering effects of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H Oliveira-Paula
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniela A Pereira
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Pinheiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Graziele C Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Waynice N Paula-Garcia
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Luis V Garcia
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirao Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Luizon
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jose E Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Bundgaard JS, Jacobsen PK, Grand J, Lindholm MG, Hassager C, Pehrson S, Kjaergaard J, Bundgaard H. Deep sedation as temporary bridge to definitive treatment of ventricular arrhythmia storm. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2020; 9:657-664. [DOI: 10.1177/2048872620903453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Electrical storm and incessant ventricular tachycardia (VT) are characterized by the clustering of episodes of VT or ventricular fibrillation (VF) and are associated with a poor prognosis. Autonomic nervous system activity influences VT threshold, and deep sedation may be useful for the treatment of VT emergencies.
Methods:
We reviewed data from conscious patients admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU) due to monomorphic VT, polymorphic VT or VF at our tertiary center between 2010 and 2018.
Results:
A total of 46 conscious patients with recurrent ventricular arrhythmia, refractory to initial treatment, were referred to the ICU. The majority (n = 31) were stabilized on usual care. The remaining treatment-refractory 15 patients (57 years (range 9–74), 80% males, seven with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators) with VT/VF storm (n = 11) or incessant VT (n = 4) due to ischemic heart disease (n = 10), cardiomyopathy (n = 2), primary arrhythmia (n = 2) and one patient post valve surgery, were deeply sedated and intubated. A complete resolution of VT/VF within minutes to hours was achieved in 12 patients (80%), partial resolution in two (13%) and one (7%) patient died due to ventricular free-wall rupture. One patient with recurrent VT episodes needing repeated deep sedation developed necrotic caecum. No other major complications were seen. Thirteen (87%) patients were alive after a mean follow-up of 3.7 years.
Conclusion:
Deep sedation was effective and safe for the temporary management of malignant VT/VF refractory to usual treatment. In emergencies, deep sedation may be widely accessible at both secondary and tertiary centers and a clinically useful bridge to definitive treatment of VT.
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Propofol induces the elevation of intracellular calcium via morphological changes in intracellular organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 884:173303. [PMID: 32681942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Propofol, most frequently used as a general anesthetic due to its versatility and short-acting characteristics, is thought to exert its anesthetic actions via GABAA receptors; however, the precise mechanisms of its adverse action including angialgia remain unclear. We examined the propofol-induced elevation of intracellular calcium and morphological changes in intracellular organelles using SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells, COS-7 cells, HEK293 cells, and HUVECs loaded with fluorescent dyes for live imaging. Although propofol (>50 μM) increased intracellular calcium in a dose-dependent manner in these cells, it was not influenced by the elimination of extracellular calcium. The calcium elevation was abolished when intracellular or intraendoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium was depleted by BAPTA-AM or thapsigargin, respectively, suggesting that calcium was mobilized from the ER. Studies using U-73122, xestospongin C, and dantrolene revealed that propofol-induced calcium elevation was not mediated by G-protein coupled receptors, IP3 receptors, or ryanodine receptors. We performed live imaging of the ER, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus during propofol stimulation using fluorescent dyes. Concomitant with the calcium elevation, the structure of the ER and mitochondria was fragmented and aggregated, and these changes were not reversed during the observation period, suggesting that propofol-induced calcium elevation occurs due to calcium leakage from these organelles. Although the concentration of propofol used in this experiment was greater than that used clinically (30 μM), it is possible that the concentration exceeds 30 μM at the site where propofol is injected, leading the idea that these phenomena might relate to the various propofol-induced adverse effects including angialgia.
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