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Hydrolyzable Tannins in the Management of Th1, Th2 and Th17 Inflammatory-Related Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217593. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants rich in hydrolyzable tannins were traditionally used all over the world for a variety of chronic inflammatory disorders, including arthritis, colitis, and dermatitis. However, the knowledge of their immunological targets is still limited though fundamental for their rational use in phytotherapy. The recent advances regarding the pathogenesis of inflammatory-based diseases represent an opportunity to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism of plant-derived metabolites with immunomodulatory activity. This review collects recent articles regarding the role of hydrolyzable tannins and their gut metabolites in Th1, Th2, and Th17 inflammatory responses. In line with the traditional use, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (AD), and asthma were the most investigated diseases. A substantial body of in vivo studies suggests that, beside innate response, hydrolyzable tannins may reduce the levels of Th-derived cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-4, following oral administration. The mode of action is multitarget and may involve the impairment of inflammatory transcription factors (NF-κB, NFAT, STAT), enzymes (MAPKs, COX-2, iNOS), and ion channels. However, their potential impact on pathways with renewed interest for inflammation, such as JAK/STAT, or the modulation of the gut microbiota demands dedicate studies.
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Dahchour A. Anxiolytic and antidepressive potentials of rosmarinic acid: A review with a focus on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106421. [PMID: 36096427 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders that have emerged as global health concerns. Anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, such as benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and tricyclics, are the first line used in treating anxiety and depression. Although these drugs lack efficacy and have a delayed response time and numerous side effects, their widespread abuse and market continue to grow. Over time, traditional practices using natural and phytochemicals as alternative therapies to chemical drugs have emerged to treat many pathological conditions, including anxiety and depression. Recent preclinical studies have demonstrated that the phenolic compound, rosmarinic acid, is effective against several neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. In addition, rosmarinic acid showed various pharmacological effects, such as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, lung protective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, the potentialities of the use of rosmarinic acid in the treatment of nervous system-related disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are less or not yet reviewed. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to present several preclinical and clinical studies, when available, from different databases investigating the effects of rosmarinic acid on anxiety and depression. These studies showed that rosmarinic acid produces advantageous effects on anxiety and depression through its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review will examine and discuss the possibility that the anxiolytic and anti-depressive effects of rosmarinic acid could be associated with its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Dahchour
- Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco.
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Tang Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhu P, Li G, Zhang J, Ma Q, Zhao L. Dietary ellagic acid ameliorated Clostridium perfringens-induced subclinical necrotic enteritis in broilers via regulating inflammation and cecal microbiota. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:47. [PMID: 35436978 PMCID: PMC9016943 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subclinical necrotic enteritis (SNE), a common intestinal disease of broiler caused by Clostridium perfringens, could reduce production performance of broilers by chronic intestinal damage and poor absorption of nutrients. Ellagic acid (EA) has been reported to present antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties on human and animals in many aspects. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect and mechanism of EA in relieving SNE in broilers induced by C. perfringens. Results C. perfringens challenge decreased body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), jejunal villi height/crypt depth (V/C) ratio, the activity of catalase (CAT) and the mRNA expression of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) in jejunal mucosa of broilers. While feed conversion ratios (FCR), jejunal crypt depth (CD), the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and diamine oxidase (DAO), as well as the concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) in serum, the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and lysozyme (LZM), the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the mRNA expressions of claudin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR-4, TLR-2, NF-κB, JAK3, STAT6 and iNOS in jejunal mucosa of broilers were increased by C. perfringens challenge. Dietary EA supplement relieved these adverse effects, and heightened jejunal villi height (VH), the concentration of D-xylose in plasma, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the mRNA expression of occludin in jejunal mucosa of broilers. The alpha diversity of cecal microbiota indicated that dietary EA supplement increased observed species and Shannon index. C. perfringens challenge increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and decreased the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota in cecal microbiota. EA increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in cecal microbiota. LEfSe analysis showed that C. perfringens challenge triggered the imbalance of cecal microbiota in broilers, dietary EA supplementation led to a small beneficial effect on microbiota, while the simultaneous effect of them seemed to stimulate the immune function of broilers by improving the microbiota balance. Conclusions Dietary EA ameliorated C. perfringens-induced SNE in broilers via regulating jejunal inflammation signaling pathways TLR/NF-κB and JAK3/STAT6, relieving jejunal oxidative stress and balancing cecal microbiota to inhibit intestinal barrier damage, prevent systemic inflammatory response and improve nutrient absorption capacity, finally protect and enhance growth performance of broilers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-022-00694-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqi Zhu
- Jiangsu Lihua animal husbandry Co., Ltd. No. 500, Hexi Village, Luxi Village Committee, Niutang Town, Wujin District, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 213168, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiguan Li
- COFCO feed Co., Ltd, 4th Floor, No. 6, Nandaan Hutong, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Souza HI, Pereira ABM, Oliveira JR, Silva PR, Teixeira DNS, Silva-Vergara ML, Rogério AP. Cryptococcus neoformans in Association with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus has Pro- (IL-6/STAT3 Overproduction) and Anti-inflammatory (CCL2/ERK1/2 Downregulation) Effects on Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Inflammation 2022; 45:1269-1280. [PMID: 35015189 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis (caused, for example, by Cryptococcus neoformans) and allergic asthma (caused, for example, by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) target the respiratory tract (the lung and bronchial epithelium). C. neoformans and D. pteronyssinus can coexist in the same indoor environment, and exposure to both can cause alterations in the local airway inflammatory milieu and exacerbation of airway inflammatory diseases. Here, we evaluated the effects of the association between C. neoformans and D. pteronyssinus in the modulation of airway inflammatory responses in an in vitro experimental model using human bronchial epithelial cells. BEAS-2B cells were cultivated and stimulated with D. pteronyssinus (10 μg/mL) and/or C. neoformans (MOI 100) for 24 h. No cytotoxic effect was observed in cells stimulated by C. neoformans and/or D. pteronyssinus. The production of IL-8, IL-6, and/or CCL2, but not IL-10, as well as the activation of NF-kB, STAT3, STAT6, and/or ERK1/2 were increased in cells stimulated by C. neoformans or D. pteronyssinus compared to controls. C. neoformans in association with D. pteronyssinus inhibited the CCL2‑ERK1/2 signaling pathway in cells treated with both pathogens compared to cells stimulated by D. pteronyssinus alone. In addition, their association induced an additive effect on the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in cells compared to cells stimulated with D. pteronyssinus or C. neoformans only. D. pteronyssinus increased the internalization and growth of C. neoformans in BEAS-2B cells. D. pteronyssinus in association with C. neoformans promoted pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, which can modulate cryptococcal infection and asthmaticus status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Ismarsi Souza
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Beatriz Mahler Pereira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jhony Robison Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Silva
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David Nascimento Silva Teixeira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mario Leon Silva-Vergara
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Paula Rogério
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Momtaz S, Sathyapalan T, Abdolghaffari AH, Sahebkar A. The involvement of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 361:577758. [PMID: 34739911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which inflammation and oxidative stress play key etiopathological role. The pathology of PD brain is characterized by inclusions of aggregated α-synuclein (α-SYN) in the cytoplasmic region of neurons. Clinical evidence suggests that stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines leads to neuroinflammation in the affected brain regions. Upon neuroinflammation, the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway, and other transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are upregulated and induce the microglial activation, contributing to PD via dopaminergic neuron autophagy. Aberrant activation or phosphorylation of the components of JAK/STAT signaling pathway has been implicated in increased transcription of the inflammation-associated genes and many neurodegenerative disorders such as PD. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukine (IL)-6 are two of the most potent activators of the JAK/STAT pathway, and it was shown to be elevated in PD. Stimulation of microglial cell with aggregated α-SYN results in production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β in PD. Dysregulation of the JAK/STAT in PD and its involvement in various inflammatory pathways make it a promising PD therapy approach. So far, a variety of synthetic or natural small-molecule JAK inhibitors (Jakinibs) have been found promising in managing a spectrum of ailments, many of which are in preclinical research or clinical trials. Herein, we provided a perspective on the function of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in PD progression and gathered data that describe the rationale evidence on the potential application of Jakinibs to improve neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Balkrishna A, Lochab S, Joshi M, Srivastava J, Varshney A. Divya-Herbal-Peya Decoction Harmonizes the Inflammatory Response in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Zebrafish Model. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:937-955. [PMID: 34880683 PMCID: PMC8648330 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s328864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Divya-Herbal-Peya (DHP) is a plant-based decoction containing fourteen herbs in precise quantities; usually prescribed by the practitioners in Ayurveda to alleviate stress and minimize the exasperating symptoms of recurring infections. Our study aims to provide an experimental validation to the immunomodulatory properties of DHP. Methods Physico-chemical analysis of DHP was performed to evaluate the presence of secondary metabolites. The phytochemicals were then identified and quantitated through HPTLC, UHPLC, and GC-MS techniques. To address the scientific rationale behind DHP, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intraperitoneally injected in adult zebrafish to develop inflammatory response. Following LPS-induction, abnormality in locomotory behaviour was determined by evaluating the relative swim velocity and the rate of turning in experimental zebrafish. Pathophysiological effects were determined through opercular frequency, behavioural fever, and caudal fin damage. LPS-mediated inflammation was measured of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β expression in the serum of study animals, by RT-PCR. Results Our study phytochemically characterized and ascertained the presence of glycyrrhizin, rosmarinic acid, gingerol, cinnamic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, piperine and cinnamaldehyde in DHP decoction. LPS induced aberrant locomotory patterns, behavioural fever and caudal fin damage in zebrafish. A significant increase in gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β was also determined. However, these locomotory deviations and behavioural fever were negligible in zebrafish groups pre-administered either with DHP in a dose dependent manner or dexamethasone (DEX). The altered opercular rate, caudal fin damage and elevated transcription levels of pro-inflammatory genes upon LPS-induction were averted in groups pre-treated with DHP and DEX. Conclusion DHP prophylactically prevented the LPS-induced abnormal behaviour and inflammation-related pathophysiology in zebrafish. Immunomodulatory properties of DHP may not have therapeutic intervention, but do confer nutraceutical health benefits against mild infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India.,Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India.,Patanjali Yog Peeth (UK) Trust, Glasgow, G41 1AU, UK
| | - Savita Lochab
- Department of Biology, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Monali Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jyotish Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India.,Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India.,Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Wang J, Wu Q, Ding L, Song S, Li Y, Shi L, Wang T, Zhao D, Wang Z, Li X. Therapeutic Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds Against Respiratory Diseases: Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory and High-Frequency Use. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:734450. [PMID: 34512360 PMCID: PMC8429615 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases, especially the pandemic of respiratory infectious diseases and refractory chronic lung diseases, remain a key clinical issue and research hot spot due to their high prevalence rates and poor prognosis. In this review, we aimed to summarize the recent advances in the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of key common bioactive compounds from Chinese herbal medicine. Based on the theories of traditional Chinese medicine related to lung diseases, we searched several electronic databases to determine the high-frequency Chinese medicines in clinical application. The active compounds and metabolites from the selected medicines were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP) by analyzing oral bioavailability and drug similarity index. Then, the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of the selected bioactive compounds in the viral and bacterial infections, inflammation, acute lung injury (ALI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and lung cancer were summarized. We found that 31 bioactive compounds from the selected 10 common Chinese herbs, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, and β-sitosterol, can mainly regulate NF-κB, Nrf2/HO-1, NLRP3, TGF-β/Smad, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways to inhibit infection, inflammation, extracellular matrix deposition, and tumor growth in a series of lung-related diseases. This review provides novel perspectives on the preclinical study and clinical application of Chinese herbal medicines and their bioactive compounds against respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Lu Ding
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Siyu Song
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Respiratory, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tan Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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