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Kumar G P, Panda R, Sharma K, Adarsh A, Annen J, Martial C, Faymonville ME, Laureys S, Sombrun C, Ganesan RA, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Gosseries O. Changes in high-order interaction measures of synergy and redundancy during non-ordinary states of consciousness induced by meditation, hypnosis, and auto-induced cognitive trance. Neuroimage 2024; 293:120623. [PMID: 38670442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
High-order interactions are required across brain regions to accomplish specific cognitive functions. These functional interdependencies are reflected by synergistic information that can be obtained by combining the information from all the sources considered and redundant information (i.e., common information provided by all the sources). However, electroencephalogram (EEG) functional connectivity is limited to pairwise interactions thereby precluding the estimation of high-order interactions. In this multicentric study, we used measures of synergistic and redundant information to study in parallel the high-order interactions between five EEG electrodes during three non-ordinary states of consciousness (NSCs): Rajyoga meditation (RM), hypnosis, and auto-induced cognitive trance (AICT). We analyzed EEG data from 22 long-term Rajyoga meditators, nine volunteers undergoing hypnosis, and 21 practitioners of AICT. We here report the within-group changes in synergy and redundancy for each NSC in comparison with their respective baseline. During RM, synergy increased at the whole brain level in the delta and theta bands. Redundancy decreased in frontal, right central, and posterior electrodes in delta, and frontal, central, and posterior electrodes in beta1 and beta2 bands. During hypnosis, synergy decreased in mid-frontal, temporal, and mid-centro-parietal electrodes in the delta band. The decrease was also observed in the beta2 band in the left frontal and right parietal electrodes. During AICT, synergy decreased in delta and theta bands in left-frontal, right-frontocentral, and posterior electrodes. The decrease was also observed at the whole brain level in the alpha band. However, redundancy changes during hypnosis and AICT were not significant. The subjective reports of absorption and dissociation during hypnosis and AICT, as well as the mystical experience questionnaires during AICT, showed no correlation with the high-order measures. The proposed study is the first exploratory attempt to utilize the concepts of synergy and redundancy in NSCs. The differences in synergy and redundancy during different NSCs warrant further studies to relate the extracted measures with the phenomenology of the NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar G
- MILE Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rajanikant Panda
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Sensation & Perception Research Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Centre du Cerveau, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Kanishka Sharma
- MILE Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - A Adarsh
- MILE Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jitka Annen
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Centre du Cerveau, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martial
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Centre du Cerveau, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Faymonville
- Sensation & Perception Research Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Arsene Bruny Integrated Oncological Center, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Steven Laureys
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Centre du Cerveau, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Ramakrishnan Angarai Ganesan
- MILE Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India; Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse
- Sensation & Perception Research Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Algology Interdisciplinary Center, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Olivia Gosseries
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Sensation & Perception Research Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Centre du Cerveau, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
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2
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De Pascalis V. Brain Functional Correlates of Resting Hypnosis and Hypnotizability: A Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:115. [PMID: 38391691 PMCID: PMC10886478 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis and variations in hypnotizability by examining research employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG) methods. Key focus areas include functional brain imaging correlations in hypnosis, EEG band oscillations as indicators of hypnotic states, alterations in EEG functional connectivity during hypnosis and wakefulness, drawing critical conclusions, and suggesting future research directions. The reviewed functional connectivity findings support the notion that disruptions in the available integration between different components of the executive control network during hypnosis may correspond to altered subjective appraisals of the agency during the hypnotic response, as per dissociated and cold control theories of hypnosis. A promising exploration avenue involves investigating how frontal lobes' neurochemical and aperiodic components of the EEG activity at waking-rest are linked to individual differences in hypnotizability. Future studies investigating the effects of hypnosis on brain function should prioritize examining distinctive activation patterns across various neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilfredo De Pascalis
- Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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3
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Ghibellini R, Meier B. Hypnagogic states are quite common: Self-reported prevalence, modalities, and gender differences. Conscious Cogn 2023; 115:103582. [PMID: 37812995 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The hypnagogic state refers to the transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep during which vivid experiences occur. In this questionnaire study, we assessed the self-reported prevalence of hypnagogic states considering the frequency of experiences in different modalities. We also assessed the emotional quality and the vividness of the experiences. Moreover, we compared hypnagogic states to other phenomena, such as dreams, sleep paralysis, imagination, and extra-sensory perception in these measures. Hypnagogic states were reported by 80.2 % of 4456 participants and were more prevalent in women than men. Experiences were most often kinaesthetic and visual, and less often auditory, tactile, and olfactory or gustatory. Hypnagogic states were less prevalent than dreams and characterized by different modality profiles. However, they were similar to dreams in their emotional quality, the irritation they caused, and in their vividness. In conclusion, hypnagogic states are quite common.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beat Meier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Oswald V, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Annen J, Martial C, Bicego A, Rousseaux F, Sombrun C, Harel Y, Faymonville ME, Laureys S, Jerbi K, Gosseries O. Autonomic nervous system modulation during self-induced non-ordinary states of consciousness. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15811. [PMID: 37737222 PMCID: PMC10516905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-induced cognitive trance (SICT) is a voluntary non-ordinary state of consciousness characterized by a lucid yet narrowed awareness of the external surroundings. It involves a hyper-focused immersive experience of flow, expanded inner imagery, modified somatosensory processing, and an altered perception of self and time. SICT is gaining attention due to its potential clinical applications. Similar states of non-ordinary state of consciousness, such as meditation, hypnosis, and psychedelic experiences, have been reported to induce changes in the autonomic nervous system. However, the functioning of the autonomic nervous system during SICT remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of SICT on the cardiac and respiratory signals of 25 participants proficient in SICT. To accomplish this, we measured various metrics of heart rate variability (HRV) and respiration rate variability (RRV) in three conditions: resting state, SICT, and a mental imagery task. Subsequently, we employed a machine learning framework utilizing a linear discriminant analysis classifier and a cross-validation scheme to identify the features that exhibited the best discrimination between these three conditions. The results revealed that during SICT, participants experienced an increased heart rate and a decreased level of high-frequency (HF) HRV compared to the control conditions. Additionally, specific increases in respiratory amplitude, phase ratio, and RRV were observed during SICT in comparison to the other conditions. These findings suggest that SICT is associated with a reduction in parasympathetic activity, indicative of a hyperarousal state of the autonomic nervous system during SICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Oswald
- Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B34, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
- Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Département, University of Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse
- Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B34, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
- Interdisciplinary Algology Center, CHU, University Hospital of Liège, B35, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jitka Annen
- Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martial
- Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aminata Bicego
- Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B34, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Floriane Rousseaux
- Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B34, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Yann Harel
- Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Département, University of Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Faymonville
- Interdisciplinary Algology Center, CHU, University Hospital of Liège, B35, Liège, Belgium
- Arsène Burny Center, Hospital of Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Steven Laureys
- Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Centre du Cerveau, Hospital of Liège University, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B34, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- CERVO Research Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karim Jerbi
- Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Département, University of Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Olivia Gosseries
- Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B34, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
- Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
- Centre du Cerveau, Hospital of Liège University, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B34, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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5
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Panda R, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Piarulli A, Annen J, Demertzi A, Alnagger N, Chennu S, Laureys S, Faymonville ME, Gosseries O. Altered Brain Connectivity and Network Topological Organization in a Non-ordinary State of Consciousness Induced by Hypnosis. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:1394-1409. [PMID: 37315333 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypnosis has been shown to be of clinical utility; however, its underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate altered brain dynamics during the non-ordinary state of consciousness induced by hypnosis. We studied high-density EEG in 9 healthy participants during eyes-closed wakefulness and during hypnosis, induced by a muscle relaxation and eyes fixation procedure. Using hypotheses based on internal and external awareness brain networks, we assessed region-wise brain connectivity between six ROIs (right and left frontal, right and left parietal, upper and lower midline regions) at the scalp level and compared across conditions. Data-driven, graph-theory analyses were also carried out to characterize brain network topology in terms of brain network segregation and integration. During hypnosis, we observed (1) increased delta connectivity between left and right frontal, as well as between right frontal and parietal regions; (2) decreased connectivity for alpha (between right frontal and parietal and between upper and lower midline regions) and beta-2 bands (between upper midline and right frontal, frontal and parietal, also between upper and lower midline regions); and (3) increased network segregation (short-range connections) in delta and alpha bands, and increased integration (long-range connections) in beta-2 band. This higher network integration and segregation was measured bilaterally in frontal and right parietal electrodes, which were identified as central hub regions during hypnosis. This modified connectivity and increased network integration-segregation properties suggest a modification of the internal and external awareness brain networks that may reflect efficient cognitive-processing and lower incidences of mind-wandering during hypnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jitka Annen
- University of Liège, Belgium
- University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Naji Alnagger
- University of Liège, Belgium
- University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Steven Laureys
- University of Liège, Belgium
- University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
- Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Olivia Gosseries
- University of Liège, Belgium
- University Hospital of Liège, Belgium
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Ghibellini R, Meier B. The hypnagogic state: A brief update. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13719. [PMID: 36017720 PMCID: PMC10078162 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hypnagogic state refers to a transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep, in which sensory perceptions can be experienced. In this review, we compile and discuss the recent scientific literature on hypnagogia research regarding the future directions proposed by Schacter (1976; Psychological Bulletin, 83, 452). After a short introduction discussing the terminology used in hypnagogia research and the differentiation of hypnagogic states with other related phenomena, we review the reported prevalence of hypnagogic states. Then, we evaluate the six future directions suggested by Schacter and we propose three further future directions. First, a better understanding of the emotional quality of hypnagogic states is needed. Second, a better understanding of why hypnagogic states occur so frequently in the visual and kinaesthetic modalities is needed. Lastly, a better understanding of the purpose of hypnagogic states is needed. In conclusion, research has made great progress in recent years, and we are one step closer to demystifying the hypnagogic state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beat Meier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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A neurophenomenological approach to non-ordinary states of consciousness: hypnosis, meditation, and psychedelics. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:139-159. [PMID: 36566091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
No contemporary unifying framework has been provided for the study of non-ordinary states of consciousness (NSCs) despite increased interest in hypnosis, meditation, and psychedelics. NSCs induce shifts in experiential contents (what appears to the experiencer) and/or structure (how it appears). This can allow the investigation of the plastic and dynamic nature of experience from a multiscale perspective that includes mind, brain, body, and context. We propose a neurophenomenological (NP) approach to the study of NSCs which highlights their role as catalysts of transformation in clinical practice by refining our understanding of the relationships between experiential (subjective) and neural dynamics. We outline the ethical implications of the NP approach for standard conceptions of health and pathology as well as the crucial role of experience-based know-how in NSC-related research and application.
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8
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Grégoire C, Marie N, Sombrun C, Faymonville ME, Kotsou I, van Nitsen V, de Ribaucourt S, Jerusalem G, Laureys S, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Gosseries O. Hypnosis, Meditation, and Self-Induced Cognitive Trance to Improve Post-treatment Oncological Patients' Quality of Life: Study Protocol. Front Psychol 2022; 13:807741. [PMID: 35222195 PMCID: PMC8866821 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.807741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A symptom cluster is very common among oncological patients: cancer-related fatigue (CRF), emotional distress, sleep difficulties, pain, and cognitive difficulties. Clinical applications of interventions based on non-ordinary states of consciousness, mostly hypnosis and meditation, are starting to be investigated in oncology settings. They revealed encouraging results in terms of improvements of these symptoms. However, these studies often focused on breast cancer patients, with methodological limitations (e.g., small sample size, no control group, and no follow-up). Another non-ordinary state of consciousness may also have therapeutic applications in oncology: self-induced cognitive trance (SICT). It seems to differ from hypnosis and meditation, as it involves the body more directly. Thus, investigating its clinical applications, along with hypnosis and meditation interventions, could improve available therapeutic options in oncology. This article details the study protocol of a preference-based longitudinal controlled superiority trial aiming to assess the effectiveness of 3 group interventions (hypnosis, meditation, and SICT) to improve oncological patients’ quality of life, and more specifically CRF, emotional distress, sleep, pain, and cognitive difficulties (primary outcomes). Methods and analysis A power analysis required a total sample of 160 patients. Main inclusion criteria are: cancer diagnosis, active treatments completed for less than a year, no practice of hypnosis, meditation, or SICT, and presence of at least one of these four symptoms: fatigue, sleep difficulties, depression, or anxiety. Each participant will choose the intervention in which they want to participate (hypnosis, mindful self-compassion meditation, SICT, or no intervention—control group). To test the effectiveness of the interventions, data will be collected by questionnaires and neurobiological measures and directly from the medical record at four time points: before inclusion in the study (baseline); immediately after the intervention; and at 3- and 12-month follow-up. The longitudinal data in each group will then be measured. Discussion In addition to standard cancer therapies, there is a growing interest from patients in complementary approaches, such as hypnosis, meditation, and SICT. The results of this study will be useful to increase knowledge about short- and long-term effectiveness of 3 group interventions for CRF, emotional distress, sleep, pain, and cognitive difficulties in patients with different cancers. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov/ (NCT04873661). Retrospectively registered on the 29th of April 2021. url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04873661
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grégoire
- Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nolwenn Marie
- Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Marie-Elisabeth Faymonville
- Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Arsène Burny Cancerology Institute, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ilios Kotsou
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Free University of Brussels and Emergences Association, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie van Nitsen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Free University of Brussels and Emergences Association, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sybille de Ribaucourt
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Free University of Brussels and Emergences Association, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Jerusalem
- Medical Oncology Department, CHU Liège and University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Steven Laureys
- Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau2, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse
- Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Algology Interdisciplinary Center, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivia Gosseries
- Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Centre du Cerveau2, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
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9
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Rostami S, Borjali A, Eskandari H, Rostami R, Scalabrini A, Northoff G. Slow and Powerless Thought Dynamic Relates to Brooding in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression. Psychopathology 2022; 55:258-272. [PMID: 35504254 DOI: 10.1159/000523944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression can be characterized by rumination that is featured by spontaneity and perseveration of internally oriented thoughts. At the same time, depressed subjects complain about abnormal slowness and lack of power/energy in their thoughts, suggesting abnormal "thought dynamics." The relationship between rumination and thought dynamics in depression remains unclear, though. METHOD We investigated thought dynamics and rumination in healthy control, major depressive disorder (MDD), and depressed bipolar disorder (BD) subjects. The dynamics in the spontaneous shift between internally and externally oriented thoughts were measured by a novel method of continuous experience sampling whose time series was subjected to power and frequency analyses. Subjects filled out the Beck Depression Inventory-II and Ruminative Response Scale questionnaires to evaluate current depressive symptoms and ruminative responses to negative affect. The methods used to analyze data included χ2, Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and partial correlation. RESULTS Our main findings are: (i) increased number and longer duration of internally oriented thought contents in MDD and BD; (ii) reduced thought dynamics with slower frequency (calculated in Hz) and decreased power (power spectral density) in shifting between internally and externally oriented thoughts, especially in MDD and, less strongly, in BD subjects; and (iii) power spectral density as a dimension of thought dynamics is related to brooding rumination with depression severity explaining high degrees of their variance. CONCLUSION Our results show slow frequency and low power in the internal-external thought dynamic of acute MDD and depressed BD. Together with its close relation to depression severity and rumination, our findings highlight the key importance of abnormal dynamics on the cognitive level of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Rostami
- Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabatabae'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahamad Borjali
- Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabatabae'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Eskandari
- Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabatabae'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences (DiSPuTer), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Georg Northoff
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Császár N, Scholkmann F, Bókkon I. Implications on hypnotherapy: Neuroplasticity, epigenetics and pain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:755-764. [PMID: 34619172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We provide a brief review about the significance of hypnosis with respect to applications and physiological processes in hypnotherapy. Our review concludes that hypnosis is a promising method to manage acute and chronic pain. In addition, we discuss indications pointing toward the view that hypnosis can induce changes in neuroplasticity possibly involving epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Császár
- National University of Public Services, Budapest, Hungary; Psychosomatic Outpatient Clinics, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - F Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - I Bókkon
- Psychosomatic Outpatient Clinics, Budapest, Hungary; Vision Research Institute, Neuroscience and Consciousness Research Department, Lowell, MA, USA.
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11
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Sakly EH, Grissa MH, Zoghlami S, Khayati A, Zokkar N. Assessment of Hypnosis Knowledge Among Dentists: A Cross-Sectional Study. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2021.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabri Zoghlami
- Quebec School of Professional Training in Hypnosis (EFPHQ Tunisia), Tunisia
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12
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He R, Fan J, Wang H, Zhong Y, Ma J. Differentiating Responders and Non-responders to rTMS Treatment for Disorder of Consciousness Using EEG After-Effects. Front Neurol 2020; 11:583268. [PMID: 33329325 PMCID: PMC7714935 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.583268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is controversial whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has potential benefits in improving the awareness of patients with disorder of consciousness (DOC). We hypothesized that rTMS could improve consciousness only in DOC patients who have measurable brain responses to rTMS. Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the EEG after-effects induced by rTMS in DOC patients and attempted to propose a prediction algorithm to discriminate between DOC patients who would respond to rTMS treatment from those who would not. Methods: Twenty-five DOC patients were enrolled in this study. Over 4 weeks, each patient received 20 sessions of 20 Hz rTMS that was applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). For each patient, resting-state EEG was recorded before and immediately after one session of rTMS to assess the neurophysiologic modification induced by rTMS. The coma recovery scale revised (CRS-R) was used to define responders with improved consciousness. Results: Of the 25 DOC patients, 10 patients regained improved consciousness and were classified as responders. The responders were characterized by more preserved alpha power and a significant reduction of delta power induced by rTMS. The analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed that the algorithm calculated from the relative alpha power and the relative delta power had a high accuracy in identifying DOC patients who were responders. Conclusions: DOC patients who had more preserved alpha power and a significant reduction in the delta band that was induced by rTMS are likely to regain improved consciousness, which provides a tool to identify DOC patients who may benefit in terms of therapeutic consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhong He
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Williamson
- Hollybank House, Lees Road, Mossley, Lancashire OL5 0PL, UK
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14
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Trujillo-Rodríguez D, Faymonville ME, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A. Hypnosis for cingulate-mediated analgesia and disease treatment. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 166:327-339. [PMID: 31731920 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64196-0.00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypnosis is a technique that induces changes in perceptual experience through response to specific suggestions. By means of functional neuroimaging, a large body of clinical and experimental studies has shown that hypnotic processes modify internal (self-awareness) as well as external (environmental awareness) brain networks. Objective quantifications of this kind permit the characterization of cerebral changes after hypnotic induction and its uses in the clinical setting. Hypnosedation is one such application, as it combines hypnosis with local anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery. The power of this technique lies in the avoidance of general anesthesia and its potential complications that emerge during and after surgery. Hypnosedation is associated with improved intraoperative comfort and reduced perioperative anxiety and pain. It ensures a faster recovery of the patient and diminishes the intraoperative requirements for sedative or analgesic drugs. Mechanisms underlying the modulation of pain perception under hypnotic conditions involve cortical and subcortical areas, mainly the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices as well as the basal ganglia and thalami. In that respect, hypnosis-induced analgesia is an effective and highly cost-effective alternative to sedation during surgery and symptom management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Trujillo-Rodríguez
- Physiology of Cognition Research Lab, GIGA-Consciousness, GIGA Institute B34, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M-E Faymonville
- Algology Department, Liège University Hospital and Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - A Vanhaudenhuyse
- Algology Department, Liège University Hospital and Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A Demertzi
- Physiology of Cognition Research Lab, GIGA-Consciousness, GIGA Institute B34, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Vanhaudenhuyse A, Ledoux D, Gosseries O, Demertzi A, Laureys S, Faymonville ME. CAN SUBJECTIVE RATINGS OF ABSORPTION, DISSOCIATION, AND TIME PERCEPTION DURING "NEUTRAL HYPNOSIS" PREDICT HYPNOTIZABILITY?: An exploratory study. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2019; 67:28-38. [PMID: 30702397 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2019.1553765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study explored absorption, dissociation, and time perception on visual analogue scales (VAS) after a neutral hypnosis session to predict hypnotizability. Sixty-two subjects completed the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C) and, during a neutral hypnosis session, VAS ratings of absorption, dissociation, and time perception. The findings indicated that 44% of subjects scored high, 35% medium, and 21% low on hypnotizability, as determined by scores on the SHSS:C. Dissociation VAS ratings significantly differed when comparing low to high and medium to high hypnotizable subjects. However, ratings were not significantly different between medium and low subjects. Significant positive correlation was found between dissociation VAS ratings and SHSS:C total scores. Future research is needed to validate this proof-of-concept study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Ledoux
- a University Hospital of Liege and University of Liege , Belgium
| | - Olivia Gosseries
- a University Hospital of Liege and University of Liege , Belgium
| | - Athena Demertzi
- a University Hospital of Liege and University of Liege , Belgium
| | - Steven Laureys
- a University Hospital of Liege and University of Liege , Belgium
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16
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Intestinal Microbiome in Irritable Bowel Syndrome before and after Gut-Directed Hypnotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113619. [PMID: 30453528 PMCID: PMC6274728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder with brain-gut-microbiome alterations. Gut-directed hypnotherapy (GHT) has been shown to improve quality of life and symptoms in IBS. This therapy targets psychological coping, central nervous processing and brain-gut interaction. Studies have also demonstrated effects of hypnosis on intestinal transit and the mucosal immune system. So far, no study has examined the effect of GHT on the intestinal microbiome. This study aimed at examining microbial composition, IBS symptoms, and psychological distress before and after GHT. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 38 IBS patients (Rome-III criteria, mean age 44 years, 27 female, 11 male, 22 diarrhea-dominant, 12 alternating-type and 4 constipation-dominant IBS) before and after 10 weekly group sessions of GHT. Assessments in psychological (perceived stress, PSQ; psychological distress, HADS-D; quality of life, visual analogue scales) and IBS symptom-related variables (IBS severity, IBS-SSS; single symptoms, visual analogue scales) were performed with validated questionnaires. Fecal samples underwent microbial 16S rRNA analyses (regions V1–2). Results: Microbial alpha diversity was stable before and after GHT (chao1 2591 ± 548 vs. 2581 ± 539, p = 0.92). No significant differences were found in relative bacterial abundances but trends of reduced abundance of Lachnospiraceae 32.18 (4.14–39.89) Median (Q1–Q3) vs. 28.11 (22.85; 35.55) and Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes ratio after GHT were observable. Significant reductions in symptom severity (323 (266–371) vs. 264 (191–331), p = 0.001) and psychological distress 17.0 (12.6–21.8) vs. 12.0 (8.3–18.0), p = 0.001, and increased well-being were found after GHT. Adequate relief after therapy was reported by 32 (84%) patients. Conclusion: Reductions in IBS symptoms and psychological burden were observed after gut-directed hypnotherapy, but only small changes were found in intestinal microbiota composition. The findings suggest that hypnosis may act by central nervous impact and other factors largely independent from microbiota composition modulating the brain-gut axis, possibly alterations in vagus nerve functioning and microbiota metabolism.
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Jensen MP, Jamieson GA, Lutz A, Mazzoni G, McGeown WJ, Santarcangelo EL, Demertzi A, De Pascalis V, Bányai ÉI, Rominger C, Vuilleumier P, Faymonville ME, Terhune DB. New directions in hypnosis research: strategies for advancing the cognitive and clinical neuroscience of hypnosis. Neurosci Conscious 2017; 3:nix004. [PMID: 29034102 PMCID: PMC5635845 DOI: 10.1093/nc/nix004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes key advances in hypnosis research during the past two decades, including (i) clinical research supporting the efficacy of hypnosis for managing a number of clinical symptoms and conditions, (ii) research supporting the role of various divisions in the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices in hypnotic responding, and (iii) an emerging finding that high hypnotic suggestibility is associated with atypical brain connectivity profiles. Key recommendations for a research agenda for the next decade include the recommendations that (i) laboratory hypnosis researchers should strongly consider how they assess hypnotic suggestibility in their studies, (ii) inclusion of study participants who score in the middle range of hypnotic suggestibility, and (iii) use of expanding research designs that more clearly delineate the roles of inductions and specific suggestions. Finally, we make two specific suggestions for helping to move the field forward including (i) the use of data sharing and (ii) redirecting resources away from contrasting state and nonstate positions toward studying (a) the efficacy of hypnotic treatments for clinical conditions influenced by central nervous system processes and (b) the neurophysiological underpinnings of hypnotic phenomena. As we learn more about the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying hypnosis and suggestion, we will strengthen our knowledge of both basic brain functions and a host of different psychological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Jensen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Graham A Jamieson
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive, and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | | | | | - William J McGeown
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, UK
| | - Enrica L Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Athena Demertzi
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France and Coma Science Group, GIGA Research, University and University hospital of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Éva I Bányai
- Department of Psychology, University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Devin B Terhune
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
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Charland-Verville V, Faymonville ME, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Raaf M, Grégoire C, Bragard I. Apprentissage de l’autohypnose/autobienveillance en oncologie. Pour qui ? Comment ? Dans quel intérêt ? Une revue de la littérature internationale. PSYCHO-ONCOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11839-017-0614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Konishi M, Smallwood J. Shadowing the wandering mind: how understanding the mind-wandering state can inform our appreciation of conscious experience. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2016; 7:233-46. [PMID: 27187212 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mind-wandering state illustrates two fundamental aspects of consciousness: its generative nature, which is reflected by the stimulus-independent content of thought that occurs when our minds wander; and metacognition, the unique capacity of the mind to reflect and understand itself. Self-generated thought, which allows us to consider people and events that are not present in the immediate environment, and metacognition, allowing us to introspect and report our inner experiences, are both essential to the scientific study of mind-wandering. Nevertheless, they also inevitably lead to specific issues that mirror more general problems in the field of consciousness research. The generative nature of consciousness makes it difficult to have direct control on the phenomenon, and the act of introspecting on inner experience has the potential to influence the state itself. We illustrate how the field of mind-wandering research can overcome these problems. Its generative nature can be understood by triangulating the objective measures (such as neural function) with subjective measures of experience and it can be manipulated indirectly by varying the demands of the external environment. Furthermore, we describe candidate covert markers for the mind-wandering state, which allow the phenomenon to be observed without direct interference, minimizing the concern that instructions to introspect necessarily change conscious experience. WIREs Cogn Sci 2016, 7:233-246. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1392 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahiko Konishi
- Department of Psychology, The University of York, Heslington, UK
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