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Yang H, Zhou J, Fei J, Ci K, Li D, Fan J, Wei C, Liang J, Xia R, Zhou J. Soil ammonium (NH 4+) toxicity thresholds for restoration grass species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120869. [PMID: 36528204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ionic rare earth mining has resulted in large amounts of bare soils, and revegetation success plays an important role in mine site rehabilitation and environmental management. However, the mining soils still maintain high NH4+ concentrations that inhibit plant growth and NH4+ toxicity thresholds for restoration plants have not been established. Here we investigated the NH4+ toxicological effects and provided toxicity thresholds for grasses (Lolium perenne L. and Medicago sativa L.) commonly used in restoration. The results show that high NH4+ concentration not only reduces the plant biomass and soluble sugars in leaves but also increases the H2O2 and MDA content, and SOD, POD, and GPX activities in roots. The SOD activities and root biomass can be adopted as the most NH4+ sensitive biomarkers. Six ecotoxicological endpoints (root biomass, soluble sugars, proline, H2O2, MDA, and GSH) of ryegrass, eight ecotoxicological endpoints (root biomass, soluble sugars, proline, MDA, SOD, POD, GPX, and GSH) of alfalfa were selected to determine the threshold concentrations. The toxicity thresholds of NH4+ concentrations were proposed as 171.9 (EC5), 207.8 (EC10), 286.6 (EC25), 382.3 (EC50) mg kg-1 for ryegrass and 171.9 (EC5), 193.2 (EC10), 234.7 (EC25), 289.6 (EC50) mg kg-1 for alfalfa. The toxicity thresholds and the relation between plant physiological indicators and NH4+ concentrations can be used to assess the suitability of the investigated plants for ecological restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan, 335211, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan, 335211, China.
| | - Jiasai Fei
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan, 335211, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kaidong Ci
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan, 335211, China
| | - Demin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan, 335211, China
| | - Jianbo Fan
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan, 335211, China
| | - Chaoyang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiani Liang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan, 335211, China
| | - Ruizhi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan, 335211, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan, 335211, China
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Urra M, Buezo J, Royo B, Cornejo A, López-Gómez P, Cerdán D, Esteban R, Martínez-Merino V, Gogorcena Y, Tavladoraki P, Moran JF. The importance of the urea cycle and its relationships to polyamine metabolism during ammonium stress in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5581-5595. [PMID: 35608836 PMCID: PMC9467648 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ornithine-urea cycle (urea cycle) makes a significant contribution to the metabolic responses of lower photosynthetic eukaryotes to episodes of high nitrogen availability. In this study, we compared the role of the plant urea cycle and its relationships to polyamine metabolism in ammonium-fed and nitrate-fed Medicago truncatula plants. High ammonium resulted in the accumulation of ammonium and pathway intermediates, particularly glutamine, arginine, ornithine, and putrescine. Arginine decarboxylase activity was decreased in roots, suggesting that the ornithine decarboxylase-dependent production of putrescine was important in situations of ammonium stress. The activity of copper amine oxidase, which releases ammonium from putrescine, was significantly decreased in both shoots and roots. In addition, physiological concentrations of ammonium inhibited copper amine oxidase activity in in vitro assays, supporting the conclusion that high ammonium accumulation favors putrescine synthesis. Moreover, early supplementation of plants with putrescine avoided ammonium toxicity. The levels of transcripts encoding urea-cycle-related proteins were increased and transcripts involved in polyamine catabolism were decreased under high ammonium concentrations. We conclude that the urea cycle and associated polyamine metabolism function as important protective mechanisms limiting ammonium toxicity in M. truncatula. These findings demonstrate the relevance of the urea cycle to polyamine metabolism in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Urra
- Present address: Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, University of Transilvania, 1, Ludwig van Beethoven Str., 500123 Brașov, Romania
| | - Javier Buezo
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Beatriz Royo
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cornejo
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro López-Gómez
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Daniel Cerdán
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Raquel Esteban
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena s/n, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Víctor Martínez-Merino
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gogorcena
- Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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González-Moro MB, González-Moro I, de la Peña M, Estavillo JM, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Marino D, González-Murua C, Vega-Mas I. A Multi-Species Analysis Defines Anaplerotic Enzymes and Amides as Metabolic Markers for Ammonium Nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:632285. [PMID: 33584765 PMCID: PMC7873483 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.632285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and ammonium are the main nitrogen sources in agricultural soils. In the last decade, ammonium (NH4 +), a double-sided metabolite, has attracted considerable attention by researchers. Its ubiquitous presence in plant metabolism and its metabolic energy economy for being assimilated contrast with its toxicity when present in high amounts in the external medium. Plant species can adopt different strategies to maintain NH4 + homeostasis, as the maximization of its compartmentalization and assimilation in organic compounds, primarily as amino acids and proteins. In the present study, we report an integrative metabolic response to ammonium nutrition of seven plant species, belonging to four different families: Gramineae (ryegrass, wheat, Brachypodium distachyon), Leguminosae (clover), Solanaceae (tomato), and Brassicaceae (oilseed rape, Arabidopsis thaliana). We use principal component analysis (PCA) and correlations among metabolic and biochemical data from 40 experimental conditions to understand the whole-plant response. The nature of main amino acids is analyzed among species, under the hypothesis that those Asn-accumulating species will show a better response to ammonium nutrition. Given the provision of carbon (C) skeletons is crucial for promotion of the nitrogen assimilation, the role of different anaplerotic enzymes is discussed in relation to ammonium nutrition at a whole-plant level. Among these enzymes, isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) shows to be a good candidate to increase nitrogen assimilation in plants. Overall, metabolic adaptation of different carbon anaplerotic activities is linked with the preference to synthesize Asn or Gln in their organs. Lastly, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) reveals as an important enzyme to surpass C limitation during ammonium assimilation in roots, with a disparate collaboration of glutamine synthetase (GS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Itziar González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marlon de la Peña
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - José María Estavillo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro M. Aparicio-Tejo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar de Biología Aplicada (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Izargi Vega-Mas
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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Coleto I, Bejarano I, Marín-Peña AJ, Medina J, Rioja C, Burow M, Marino D. Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors MYB28 and MYB29 shape ammonium stress responses by regulating Fe homeostasis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1021-1035. [PMID: 32901916 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although ammonium (NH4+ ) is a key intermediate of plant nitrogen metabolism, high concentrations of NH4+ in the soil provoke physiological disorders that lead to the development of stress symptoms. Ammonium nutrition was shown to induce the accumulation of glucosinolates (GSLs) in leaves of different Brassicaceae species. To further understand the link between ammonium nutrition and GSLs, we analysed the ammonium stress response of Arabidopsis mutants impaired in GSL metabolic pathway. We showed that the MYB28 and MYB29 double mutant (myb28myb29), which is almost deprived of aliphatic GSLs, is highly hypersensitive to ammonium nutrition. Moreover, we evidenced that the stress symptoms developed were not a consequence of the lack of aliphatic GSLs. Transcriptomic analysis highlighted the induction of an iron (Fe) deficiency response in myb28myb29 under ammonium nutrition. Consistently, ammonium-grown myb28myb29 plants showed altered Fe accumulation and homeostasis. Interestingly, we showed overall that growing Arabidopsis with increased Fe availability relieved ammonium stress symptoms and that this was associated with MYB28 and MYB29 expression. Taken together, our data indicated that the control of Fe homeostasis was crucial for the Arabidopsis response to ammonium nutrition and evidenced that MYB28 and MYB29 play a role in this control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Coleto
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, Bilbao, E-48080, Spain
| | - Iraide Bejarano
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, Bilbao, E-48080, Spain
| | - Agustín Javier Marín-Peña
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, Bilbao, E-48080, Spain
| | - Joaquín Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Cristina Rioja
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, Bilbao, E-48080, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, E-48011, Spain
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Nitrogen Regulating the Expression and Localization of Four Glutamine Synthetase Isoforms in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176299. [PMID: 32878133 PMCID: PMC7504200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS), the key enzyme in plant nitrogen assimilation, is strictly regulated at multiple levels, but the most relevant reports focus on the mRNA level. Using specific antibodies as probes, the effects of nitrogen on the expression and localization of individual wheat GS (TaGS) isoforms were studied. In addition to TaGS2, TaGS1;1 with high affinity to substrate and TaGS1;3 with high catalytic activity were also localized in mesophyll, and may participate in cytoplasmic assimilation of ammonium (NH4+) released from photorespiration or absorbed by roots; TaGS1;2 was localized in xylem of leaves. In roots, although there were hundreds of times more TaGS1;1 than TaGS1;2 transcripts, the amount of TaGS1;1 subunit was not higher than that of TaGS1;2; NH4+ inhibited TaGS1;1 expression but stimulated TaGS1;3 expression. In root tips, nitrate stimulated TaGS1;1, TaGS1;3, and TaGS2 expression in meristem, while NH4+ promoted tissue differentiation and TaGS1;2 expression in endodermis and vascular tissue. Only TaGS1;2 was located in vascular tissue of leaves and roots, and was activated by glutamine, suggesting a role in nitrogen transport. TaGS1;3 was induced by NH4+ in root endodermis and mesophyll, suggesting a function in relieving NH4+ toxicity. Thus, TaGS isoforms play distinct roles in nitrogen assimilation for their different kinetic properties, tissue locations, and response to nitrogen regimes.
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de la Peña M, González-Moro MB, Marino D. Providing carbon skeletons to sustain amide synthesis in roots underlines the suitability of Brachypodium distachyon for the study of ammonium stress in cereals. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz029. [PMID: 31139336 PMCID: PMC6534281 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants mainly acquire N from the soil in the form of nitrate (NO3 -) or ammonium (NH4 +). Ammonium-based nutrition is gaining interest because it helps to avoid the environmental pollution associated with nitrate fertilization. However, in general, plants prefer NO3 - and indeed, when growing only with NH4 + they can encounter so-called ammonium stress. Since Brachypodium distachyon is a useful model species for the study of monocot physiology and genetics, we chose it to characterize performance under ammonium nutrition. Brachypodium distachyon Bd21 plants were grown hydroponically in 1 or 2.5 mM NO3 - or NH4 +. Nitrogen and carbon metabolism associated with NH4 + assimilation was evaluated in terms of tissue contents of NO3 -, NH4 +, K, Mg, Ca, amino acids and organic acids together with tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and NH4 +-assimilating enzyme activities and RNA transcript levels. The roots behaved as a physiological barrier preventing NH4 + translocation to aerial parts, as indicated by a sizeable accumulation of NH4 +, Asn and Gln in the roots. A continuing high NH4 + assimilation rate was made possible by a tuning of the TCA cycle and its associated anaplerotic pathways to match 2-oxoglutarate and oxaloacetate demand for Gln and Asn synthesis. These results show B. distachyon to be a highly suitable tool for the study of the physiological, molecular and genetic basis of ammonium nutrition in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon de la Peña
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) Reduces N2O Emissions from a Tilled Grassland in the Bogotá Savanna. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Grasslands are subject to a wide range of land management practices that influence the exchange of the three main agricultural greenhouse gases (GHGs) that are related to agriculture: carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4). Improving nitrogen fertilization management practices through the use of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) can reduce GHGs emissions. We conducted a field experiment at the Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation with four fertilization treatments: urea (typical fertilizer used in this region), ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN), ASN plus the NI 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (ASN+DMPP), and an unfertilized control. The highest grassland yields (1956 and 2057 kg DM ha−1, respectively) and apparent fertilizer nitrogen recoveries (34% and 33%, respectively) were generated by the conventional urea fertilizer and ASN+DMPP. Furthermore, the use of ASN+DMPP reduced the N2O emissions that were related to N fertilization to the level of the unfertilized treatment (ca. 1.5 g N2O-N ha−1), with a significant reduction of N-yield-scaled N2O emissions (ca. 20 g N2O-N kg N uptake−1). These results support the application of DMPP as an alternative strategy to increase grassland yield while simultaneously reducing the environmental impact of N fertilization.
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Vega-Mas I, Marino D, Sánchez-Zabala J, González-Murua C, Estavillo JM, González-Moro MB. CO2 enrichment modulates ammonium nutrition in tomato adjusting carbon and nitrogen metabolism to stomatal conductance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:32-44. [PMID: 26706056 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4(+)) toxicity typically occurs in plants exposed to high environmental NH4(+) concentration. NH4(+) assimilating capacity may act as a biochemical mechanism avoiding its toxic accumulation but requires a fine tuning between nitrogen assimilating enzymes and carbon anaplerotic routes. In this work, we hypothesized that extra C supply, exposing tomato plants cv. Agora Hybrid F1 to elevated atmospheric CO2, could improve photosynthetic process and thus ameliorate NH4(+) assimilation and tolerance. Plants were grown under nitrate (NO3(-)) or NH4(+) as N source (5-15mM), under two atmospheric CO2 levels, 400 and 800ppm. Growth and gas exchange parameters, (15)N isotopic signature, C and N metabolites and enzymatic activities were determined. Plants under 7.5mM N equally grew independently of the N source, while higher ammonium supply resulted toxic for growth. However, specific stomatal closure occurred in 7.5mM NH4(+)-fed plants under elevated CO2 improving water use efficiency (WUE) but compromising plant N status. Elevated CO2 annulled the induction of TCA anaplerotic enzymes observed at non-toxic NH4(+) nutrition under ambient CO2. Finally, CO2 enrichment benefited tomato growth under both nutritions, and although it did not alleviate tomato NH4(+) tolerance it did differentially regulate plant metabolism in N-source and -dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izargi Vega-Mas
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Joseba Sánchez-Zabala
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jose María Estavillo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - María Begoña González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Setién I, Vega-Mas I, Celestino N, Calleja-Cervantes ME, González-Murua C, Estavillo JM, González-Moro MB. Root phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NAD-malic enzymes activity increase the ammonium-assimilating capacity in tomato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:49-63. [PMID: 24484958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant ammonium tolerance has been associated with the capacity to accumulate large amounts of ammonium in the root vacuoles, to maintain carbohydrate synthesis and especially with the capacity of maintaining high levels of inorganic nitrogen assimilation in the roots. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) is considered a cornerstone in nitrogen metabolism, since it provides carbon skeletons for nitrogen assimilation. The hypothesis of this work was that the induction of anaplerotic routes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and malic enzyme (NAD-ME) would enhance tolerance to ammonium nutrition. An experiment was established with tomato plants (Agora Hybrid F1) grown under different ammonium concentrations. Growth parameters, metabolite contents and enzymatic activities related to nitrogen and carbon metabolism were determined. Unlike other tomato cultivars, tomato Agora Hybrid F1 proved to be tolerant to ammonium nutrition. Ammonium was assimilated as a biochemical detoxification mechanism, thus leading to the accumulation of Gln and Asn as free amino acids in both leaves and roots as an innocuous and transitory store of nitrogen, in addition to protein synthesis. When the concentration of ammonium in the nutrient solution was high, the cyclic operation of the TCA cycle seemed to be interrupted and would operate in two interconnected branches to provide α-ketoglutarate for ammonium assimilation: one branch supported by malate accumulation and by the induction of anaplerotic PEPC and NAD-ME in roots and MDH in leaves, and the other branch supported by stored citrate in the precedent dark period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Setién
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Izargi Vega-Mas
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Natalia Celestino
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - María Eréndira Calleja-Cervantes
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, IdAB-CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - José María Estavillo
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Setién I, Fuertes-Mendizabal T, González A, Aparicio-Tejo PM, González-Murua C, González-Moro MB, Estavillo JM. High irradiance improves ammonium tolerance in wheat plants by increasing N assimilation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:758-71. [PMID: 23485260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium is a paradoxical nutrient ion. Despite being a common intermediate in plant metabolism whose oxidation state eliminates the need for its reduction in the plant cell, as occurs with nitrate, it can also result in toxicity symptoms. Several authors have reported that carbon enrichment in the root zone enhances the synthesis of carbon skeletons and, accordingly, increases the capacity for ammonium assimilation. In this work, we examined the hypothesis that increasing the photosynthetic photon flux density is a way to increase plant ammonium tolerance. Wheat plants were grown in a hydroponic system with two different N sources (10mM nitrate or 10mM ammonium) and with two different light intensity conditions (300 μmol photon m(-2)s(-1) and 700 μmol photon m(-2)s(-1)). The results show that, with respect to biomass yield, photosynthetic rate, shoot:root ratio and the root N isotopic signature, wheat behaves as a sensitive species to ammonium nutrition at the low light intensity, while at the high intensity, its tolerance is improved. This improvement is a consequence of a higher ammonium assimilation rate, as reflected by the higher amounts of amino acids and protein accumulated mainly in the roots, which was supported by higher tricarboxylic acid cycle activity. Glutamate dehydrogenase was a key root enzyme involved in the tolerance to ammonium, while glutamine synthetase activity was low and might not be enough for its assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Setién
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Garnica M, Houdusse F, Zamarreño AM, Garcia-Mina JM. The signal effect of nitrate supply enhances active forms of cytokinins and indole acetic content and reduces abscisic acid in wheat plants grown with ammonium. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:1264-1272. [PMID: 20598773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium can result in toxicity symptoms in many plants when supplied as a sole nitrogen source. Nitrate reduces the negative effects caused by ammonium and promotes plant growth. In order to explore the mechanism responsible of this beneficial effect, we investigated whether nitrate application causes significant changes in the indoleacetic acid (IAA)- and cytokinin-plant distribution and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants grown with ammonium. Two different doses of nitrate were supplied to ammonium-fed plants (100 microM and 5mM), to determine whether the effects of nitrate require significant doses (nutritional character), or can be promoted by very low doses (signal effect). The results showed that the presence of NO(3)(-) was associated with clear increases in the active forms of cytokinins (zeatine (Z), trans-zeatine riboside (tZR), isopentenyl adenosine (IPR)) and reduction of the levels of the lower active forms (cis-zeatine riboside (cZR)), independently of the dose applied. Likewise, the presence of nitrate also enhanced IAA shoot content, which correlated with higher cytokinin levels and a tendency toward lower ABA concentration. This study presents further evidence that the possible signal effect of NO(3)(-) involved in its beneficial effect on the growth of wheat plants fed with NH(4)(+) could be mediated by a coordinated action of the levels of cytokinins, IAA and ABA in the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garnica
- CIPAV-Roullier Group, Poligono Arazuri-Orcoyen, 31160 Orcoyen, Navarra, Spain
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Garnica M, Houdusse F, Claude Yvin J, Garcia-Mina JM. Nitrate supply induces changes in polyamine content and ethylene production in wheat plants grown with ammonium. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:363-74. [PMID: 18790547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the mechanisms of nitrate's beneficial effect on ammonium-grown plants, we investigated the effects of nitrate on free and conjugated polyamine plant content and ethylene biosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants grown with ammonium nutrition. Two different doses of nitrate (100 microM and 5 mM) were supplied to ammonium-fed plants, in order to determine whether the effects of nitrate require significant doses (nutritional character), or can be promoted by very low doses (pseudo-hormonal character). Our results showed that nitrate's effects on putrescine, spermidine and spermine contents of ammonium-grown plants tended to follow the pattern associated with strict nitrate nutrition. Both low (100 microM) and high (5 mM) nitrate doses caused a rapid and significant increase in free spermidine content in roots and shoots, which was well correlated with reduced root ethylene production. In shoots, this increase in free spermidine was correlated with changes in the conjugation pattern, while in roots these changes appear to be due to alternative mechanisms. On the other hand, no clear relationship between the supply of a lower dose of nitrate (100 microM) and a reduction of free putrescine content was observed. With higher doses of nitrate (5 mM) we observed a reduction of free putrescine content that was well correlated with increases in its conjugated forms. In conclusion, nitrate's effects on putrescine, spermidine and spermine contents of ammonium-fed plants tended to follow the pattern associated with strict nitrate nutrition, corroborating its beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garnica
- CIPAV-Timac Agro Int Roullier Group, Poligono Arazuri-Orcoyen, Orcoyen (Navarra), Spain
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