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Santos M, Diánez F, Sánchez-Montesinos B, Huertas V, Moreno-Gavira A, Esteban García B, Garrido-Cárdenas JA, Gea FJ. Biocontrol of Diseases Caused by Phytophthora capsici and P. parasitica in Pepper Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030360. [PMID: 36983528 PMCID: PMC10051450 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum, T. longibrachiatum, Paecilomyces variotii, and T. saturnisporum as biological control agents (BCAs) against diseases caused by P. capsici and P. parasitica in pepper. For this purpose, their antagonistic activities were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. We analysed the expression patterns of five defence related genes, CaBGLU, CaRGA1, CaBPR1, CaPTI1, and CaSAR8.2, in leaves. All BCAs showed a high in vitro antagonistic activity, significantly reducing the mycelial growth of P. capsici and P. parasitica. The treatments with T. aggressivum f. europaeum, T. longibrachiatum, and P. variotii substantially reduced the severity of the disease caused by P. capsici by 54, 76, and 70%, respectively, and of the disease caused by P. parasitica by 66, 55, and 64%, respectively. T. saturnisporum had the lowest values of disease reduction. Reinoculation with the four BCAs increased the control of both plant pathogens. Markedly different expression patterns were observed in the genes CaBGLU, CaRGA1, and CaSAR8.2. Based on the results, all four BCAs under study could be used as a biological alternative to chemicals for the control of P. capsici and P. parasitica in pepper with a high success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Santos
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-628188339
| | - Fernando Diánez
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos
- Departamento de Agronomía, División Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Victoria Huertas
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Alejandro Moreno-Gavira
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Belén Esteban García
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Edificio CITE IIB, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José A. Garrido-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Edificio CITE IIB, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Gea
- Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES), Quintanar del Rey, 16220 Cuenca, Spain
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Abbey J, Jose S, Percival D, Jaakola L, Asiedu SK. Modulation of defense genes and phenolic compounds in wild blueberry in response to Botrytis cinerea under field conditions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:117. [PMID: 36849912 PMCID: PMC9972761 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis blight is an important disease of wild blueberry [(Vaccinium angustifolium (Va) and V. myrtilloides (Vm))] with variable symptoms in the field due to differences in susceptibility among blueberry phenotypes. Representative blueberry plants of varying phenotypes were inoculated with spores of B. cinerea. The relative expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PR3, PR4), flavonoid biosynthesis genes, and estimation of the concentration of ten phenolic compounds between uninoculated and inoculated samples at different time points were analyzed. Representative plants of six phenotypes (brown stem Va, green stem Va, Va f. nigrum, tall, medium, and short stems of Vm) were collected and studied using qRT-PCR. The expression of targeted genes indicated a response of inoculated plants to B. cinerea at either 12, 24, 48 or 96 h post inoculation (hpi). The maximum expression of PR3 occurred at 24 hpi in all the phenotypes except Va f. nigrum and tall stem Vm. Maximum expression of both PR genes occurred at 12 hpi in Va f. nigrum. Chalcone synthase, flavonol synthase and anthocyanin synthase were suppressed at 12 hpi followed by an upregulation at 24 hpi. The expression of flavonoid pathway genes was phenotype-specific with their regulation patterns showing temporal differences among the phenotypes. Phenolic compound accumulation was temporally regulated at different post-inoculation time points. M-coumaric acid and kaempferol-3-glucoside are the compounds that were increased with B. cinerea inoculation. Results from this study suggest that the expression of PR and flavonoid genes, and the accumulation of phenolic compounds associated with B. cinerea infection could be phenotype specific. This study may provide a starting point for understanding and determining the mechanisms governing the wild blueberry-B. cinerea pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Abbey
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 2R8, Canada.
| | - Sherin Jose
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 2R8, Canada
| | - David Percival
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 2R8, Canada
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, NO‑1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Samuel K Asiedu
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 2R8, Canada
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Koledenkova K, Esmaeel Q, Jacquard C, Nowak J, Clément C, Ait Barka E. Plasmopara viticola the Causal Agent of Downy Mildew of Grapevine: From Its Taxonomy to Disease Management. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889472. [PMID: 35633680 PMCID: PMC9130769 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola (P. viticola, Berk. & M. A. Curtis; Berl. & De Toni) causing grapevine downy mildew is one of the most damaging pathogens to viticulture worldwide. Since its recognition in the middle of nineteenth century, this disease has spread from America to Europe and then to all grapevine-growing countries, leading to significant economic losses due to the lack of efficient disease control. In 1885 copper was found to suppress many pathogens, and is still the most effective way to control downy mildews. During the twentieth century, contact and penetrating single-site fungicides have been developed for use against plant pathogens including downy mildews, but wide application has led to the appearance of pathogenic strains resistant to these treatments. Additionally, due to the negative environmental impact of chemical pesticides, the European Union restricted their use, triggering a rush to develop alternative tools such as resistant cultivars breeding, creation of new active ingredients, search for natural products and biocontrol agents that can be applied alone or in combination to kill the pathogen or mitigate its effect. This review summarizes data about the history, distribution, epidemiology, taxonomy, morphology, reproduction and infection mechanisms, symptoms, host-pathogen interactions, host resistance and control of the P. viticola, with a focus on sustainable methods, especially the use of biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Koledenkova
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA4707 USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Reims, France
| | - Qassim Esmaeel
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA4707 USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Reims, France
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA4707 USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Reims, France
| | - Jerzy Nowak
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Saunders Hall, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Christophe Clément
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA4707 USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Reims, France
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA4707 USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Reims, France
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Syed‐Ab‐Rahman SF, Arkhipov A, Wass TJ, Xiao Y, Carvalhais LC, Schenk PM. Rhizosphere bacteria induce programmed cell death defence genes and signalling in chilli pepper. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3111-3124. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Farhana Syed‐Ab‐Rahman
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Alexander Arkhipov
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Taylor J. Wass
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Yawen Xiao
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lilia C. Carvalhais
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation The University of Queensland Ecosciences Precinct GPO Box 267 Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
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Hussain A, Khan MI, Albaqami M, Mahpara S, Noorka IR, Ahmed MAA, Aljuaid BS, El-Shehawi AM, Liu Z, Farooq S, Zuan ATK. CaWRKY30 Positively Regulates Pepper Immunity by Targeting CaWRKY40 against Ralstonia solanacearum Inoculation through Modulating Defense-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112091. [PMID: 34769521 PMCID: PMC8584995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The WRKY transcription factors (TFs) network is composed of WRKY TFs’ subset, which performs a critical role in immunity regulation of plants. However, functions of WRKY TFs’ network remain unclear, particularly in non-model plants such as pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). This study functionally characterized CaWRKY30—a member of group III Pepper WRKY protein—for immunity of pepper against Ralstonia solanacearum infection. The CaWRKY30 was detected in nucleus, and its transcriptional expression levels were significantly upregulated by R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI), and foliar application ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA). Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CaWRKY30 amplified pepper’s vulnerability to RSI. Additionally, the silencing of CaWRKY30 by VIGS compromised HR-like cell death triggered by RSI and downregulated defense-associated marker genes, like CaPR1, CaNPR1, CaDEF1, CaABR1, CaHIR1, and CaWRKY40. Conversely, transient over-expression of CaWRKY30 in pepper leaves instigated HR-like cell death and upregulated defense-related maker genes. Furthermore, transient over-expression of CaWRKY30 upregulated transcriptional levels of CaWRKY6, CaWRKY22, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40. On the other hand, transient over-expression of CaWRKY6, CaWRKY22, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40 upregulated transcriptional expression levels of CaWRKY30. The results recommend that newly characterized CaWRKY30 positively regulates pepper’s immunity against Ralstonia attack, which is governed by synergistically mediated signaling by phytohormones like ET, ABA, and SA, and transcriptionally assimilating into WRKY TFs networks, consisting of CaWRKY6, CaWRKY22, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40. Collectively, our data will facilitate to explicate the underlying mechanism of crosstalk between pepper’s immunity and response to RSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Hussain
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Muhammad Ifnan Khan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shahzadi Mahpara
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Ijaz Rasool Noorka
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.I.K.); (S.M.); (I.R.N.)
| | - Mohamed A. A. Ahmed
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture—Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt;
| | - Bandar S. Aljuaid
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (A.T.K.Z.)
| | - Shahid Farooq
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Şanlıurfa 63050, Turkey;
| | - Ali Tan Kee Zuan
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (A.T.K.Z.)
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The Non-Pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 Induces Distinct Responses in Two Closely Related Solanaceae Plants against the Pathogen Verticillium dahliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050344. [PMID: 33925134 PMCID: PMC8146752 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 is able to protect Capsicum annuum (pepper) but not in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) against the pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Transcriptomics of the plant during the interaction with Fo47 shows the induction of distinct set of genes in pepper and tomato. The number of differentially expressed (DE) genes in pepper (231 DE genes) is greater than the number of DE genes in tomato (39 DE genes) at 2 days after the treatment with Fo47. Ethylene related genes were present among the DE genes in both plants, and the up-regulation of ethylene biosynthetic genes was observed to be triggered during the interaction of both plants with Fo47. The treatment with MCP (1-Methylcyclopropene, an ethylene-competitive inhibitor) reduced the Fo47 protection in pepper against Verticillium dahliae. Intriguingly, Fo47 was able to protect the ethylene-insensitive tomato mutant Never-ripe (Nr) against Verticillium dahliae, but not the tomato wilt type cv Pearson. Overall, ethylene is shown to be an important player in the response to Fo47, but its role depends on the host species.
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Solanský M, Mikulášek K, Zapletalová M, Petřivalský M, Chiltz A, Zdráhal Z, Leborgne-Castel N, Lochman J. The oligomeric states of elicitins affect the hypersensitive response and resistance in tobacco. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3219-3234. [PMID: 33475728 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful plant defence against microbial pathogens is based on early recognition and fast activation of inducible responses. Key mechanisms include detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns by membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors that induce a basal resistance response. A well-described model of such responses to pathogens involves the interactions between Solanaceae plants and proteinaceous elicitors secreted by oomycetes, called elicitins. It has been hypothesized that the formation of oligomeric structures by elicitins could be involved in their recognition and activation of defensive transduction cascades. In this study, we tested this hypothesis using several approaches, and we observed differences in tobacco plant responses induced by the elicitin β-cryptogein (β-CRY) and its homodimer, β-CRYDIM. We also found that the C-terminal domain of elicitins of other ELI (true-elicitin) clades plays a significant role in stabilization of their oligomeric structure and restraint in the cell wall. In addition, covalently cross-linking β-CRYDIM impaired the formation of signalling complexes, thereby reducing its capacity to elicit the hypersensitive response and resistance in the host plant, with no significant changes in pathogenesis-related protein expression. By revealing the details of the effects of β-CRY dimerization on recognition and defence responses in tobacco, our results shed light on the poorly understood role of elicitins' oligomeric structures in the interactions between oomycetes and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Solanský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Mikulášek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zapletalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Annick Chiltz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nathalie Leborgne-Castel
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
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Wu J, Handique U, Graham J, Johnson E. Phytophthora nicotianae Infection of Citrus Leaves and Host Defense Activation Compared to Root Infection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1437-1448. [PMID: 32228377 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-19-0343-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the host pathogen interaction between Phytophthora spp. and citrus roots versus leaves. Therefore, we compared the molecular events occurring in citrus roots and leaves after zoospore inoculation with Phytophthora nicotianae. We analyzed the physical characteristics and genetic responses to P. nicotianae infection of leaves and roots for susceptible and tolerant citrus rootstocks to examine the potential for leaves to model root responses to P. nicotianae infection. Leaves responded faster and stronger to P. nicotianae infection than roots, and leaves showed greater differential response than roots. In addition to differences in hormonal responses, sugar, phospholipase D (PLD), and phospholipase A (PLA) involvement in the interaction between citrus and P. nicotianae was identified. This work, for the first time, creates a solid P. nicotianae zoospore infection protocol, reports P. nicotianae infection on citrus leaves through stomata, and provides evidence that different host organs respond to the pathogen differentially in timing and magnitude. This work identifies the hormones, sugars, pathogenesis-related genes, PLDs, and PLAs that are involved in the molecular events occurring in citrus under infection of P. nicotianae zoospore, and advances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, U.S.A
- Potato Engineering & Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia University, 235 University Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Utpal Handique
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, U.S.A
- Potato Engineering & Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia University, 235 University Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - James Graham
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, U.S.A
| | - Evan Johnson
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, U.S.A
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Madhusudhan P, Sinha P, Rajput LS, Bhattacharya M, Sharma T, Bhuvaneshwari V, Gaikwad K, Krishnan SG, Singh AK. Effect of temperature on Pi54-mediated leaf blast resistance in rice. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:148. [PMID: 31549233 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of temperature effect on plant resistance against diseases has become essential under climate change scenario as temperature rise is anticipated to modify host resistance. To determine temperature influence on resistance gene, a pair of near-isogenic rice lines differing for the Pi54 resistance gene was assessed against leaf blast. Blast resistance was determined as the extent of infection efficiency (IE) and sporulation (SP) at suboptimal (22 °C and 32 °C) and optimal temperature (27 °C) of pathogen aggressiveness. Relative resistance for IE and SP was higher at suboptimal temperature as compared to that of optimal temperature. Maximum level of resistance was at 22 °C where higher levels of expression of Pi54 and defence-regulatory transcription factor WRKY45 were also noted. At 32 °C, although some level of resistance noted, but level of Pi54 and WRKY45 expression was too low, suggesting that resistance recorded at higher temperature was due to reduced pathogen aggressiveness. At the optimal temperature for pathogen aggressiveness, comparatively lower levels of Pi54 and WRKY45 expression suggest possible temperature-induced interruption of the defence processes. The variation in resistance patterns modulated by temperature is appeared to be due to pathogen's sensitivity to temperature that leads to varying levels of Pi54 gene activation. Quick and violent activity of the pathogen at optimal temperature came into sight for the interruption of defence process activated by Pi54 gene. Evaluation of blast resistance genes under variable temperature conditions together with weather data could be applied in screening rice genotypes for selection of resistance having resilience to temperature rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Madhusudhan
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, 524003, India
| | - P Sinha
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - L S Rajput
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Division of Plant Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 452001, India
| | - M Bhattacharya
- Department of Agronomy, IOWA State University, Ames, IA, 5001-1051, USA
| | - Taru Sharma
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - V Bhuvaneshwari
- Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh, 534122, India
| | - Kishore Gaikwad
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, IARI Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - S Gopala Krishnan
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - A K Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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García T, Veloso J, Díaz J. Vanillyl nonanoate induces systemic resistance and lignification in pepper plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:251-260. [PMID: 30321751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of the cotyledons of pepper plants with vanillyl nonanoate (VNT), a synthetic capsinoid similar to capsiate, protected systemically the plant against a root pathogen (the hemibiotrophic oomycete Phytophthora capsici) and an aerial pathogen (the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea). VNT treatment reduced both the symptoms and the colonization by these pathogens. VNT induced systemically two PR (Pathogenesis-related) genes and a gene involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis. VNT also induced systemically the reinforcement of cell walls with lignin both in the roots and the leaves. The increase in lignin was correlated with an increase in peroxidase gene expression and activity, pointing to the role of this enzyme in lignin polymerization. The results suggest that VNT induces systemic resistance at least in part by means of lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania García
- Grupo de Investigación de Fisioloxía e aplicacións das plantas (FISAPLANT), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Javier Veloso
- Grupo de Investigación de Fisioloxía e aplicacións das plantas (FISAPLANT), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Díaz
- Grupo de Investigación de Fisioloxía e aplicacións das plantas (FISAPLANT), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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Barchenger DW, Lamour KH, Bosland PW. Challenges and Strategies for Breeding Resistance in Capsicum annuum to the Multifarious Pathogen, Phytophthora capsici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:628. [PMID: 29868083 PMCID: PMC5962783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is the most devastating pathogen for chile pepper production worldwide and current management strategies are not effective. The population structure of the pathogen is highly variable and few sources of widely applicable host resistance have been identified. Recent genomic advancements in the host and the pathogen provide important insights into the difficulties reported by epidemiological and physiological studies published over the past century. This review highlights important challenges unique to this complex pathosystem and suggests strategies for resistance breeding to help limit losses associated with P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W. Barchenger
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Kurt H. Lamour
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Paul W. Bosland
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
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12
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Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus velezensis 3A-25B, a Strain with Biocontrol Activity against Fungal and Oomycete Root Plant Phytopathogens, Isolated from Grassland Soil. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/39/e01021-17. [PMID: 28963212 PMCID: PMC5624758 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01021-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present the draft genome of Bacillus velezensis 3A-25B, which totaled 4.01 Mb with 36 contigs, 3,948 genes, and a GC content of 46.34%. This strain, which demonstrates biocontrol activity against root rot causal phytopathogens in horticultural crops and friendly interactions in roots of pepper plantlets, was obtained from grassland soil in Zacatecas Province, Mexico.
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Majid MU, Awan MF, Fatima K, Tahir MS, Ali Q, Rashid B, Rao AQ, Nasir IA, Husnain T. Genetic resources of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) against Phytophthora capsici and their induction through various biotic and abiotic factors. CYTOL GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271704003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Veloso J, Prego C, Varela MM, Carballeira R, Bernal A, Merino F, Díaz J. Properties of capsaicinoids for the control of fungi and oomycetes pathogenic to pepper. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:177-185. [PMID: 23452049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids are pungent compounds found in pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruits. Capsaicin showed antimicrobial activity in plate assays against seven isolates of five species of fungi and nine isolates of two species of oomycetes. The general trend was that oomycetes were more inhibited than fungi. Assays of capsaicin biosynthetic precursors suggest that the lateral chain of capsaicinoids has more inhibitory activity than the phenolic part. In planta tests of capsaicinoids (capsaicin and N-vanillylnonanamide) applied to the roots demonstrated that these compounds conferred protection against the pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae and induced both chitinase activity and expression of several defence-related genes, such as CASC1, CACHI2 and CABGLU. N-Vanillylnonanamide infiltrated into cotyledons confers systemic protection to the upper leaves of pepper against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. In wild-type tomato plants such cotyledon infiltration has no protective effect, but is effective in the Never-ripe tomato mutant impaired in ethylene response. A similar effect was observed in tomato after salicylic acid infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Veloso
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - C Prego
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - M M Varela
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - R Carballeira
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - A Bernal
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - F Merino
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - J Díaz
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
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15
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Veloso J, Díaz J. Induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Capsicum annuum by a Fusarium crude elicitor fraction, free of proteins. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:1040-1044. [PMID: 24112636 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) induces resistance in pepper against the airborne pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae. However, its practical use is limited due to its pathogenicity to other crops. In this study we tested several fractions of a heat-sterilised crude FOL-elicitor preparation to protect pepper against B. cinerea and V. dahliae. Only the protein-free insoluble fraction of the preparation reduced B. cinerea infection. However, none of the fractions reduce V. dahliae symptoms. The insoluble protein-free fraction induced expression of defence genes in the plant, namely a chitinase (CACHI2), a peroxidase (CAPO1), a sesquiterpene cyclase (CASC1) and a basic PR1 (CABPR1). Even though the CASC1 gene was not induced directly after treatment with the insoluble fraction in the leaves, it was induced after B. cinerea inoculation, showing a priming effect. The insoluble protein-free FOL-elicitor protected pepper against the airborne pathogen through a mechanism that involves induced responses in the plant, but different to the living FOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Veloso
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Coruña, Spain
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16
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Zheng Z, Nonomura T, Appiano M, Pavan S, Matsuda Y, Toyoda H, Wolters AMA, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Loss of function in Mlo orthologs reduces susceptibility of pepper and tomato to powdery mildew disease caused by Leveillula taurica. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70723. [PMID: 23923019 PMCID: PMC3726601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew disease caused by Leveillula taurica is a serious fungal threat to greenhouse tomato and pepper production. In contrast to most powdery mildew species which are epiphytic, L. taurica is an endophytic fungus colonizing the mesophyll tissues of the leaf. In barley, Arabidopsis, tomato and pea, the correct functioning of specific homologues of the plant Mlo gene family has been found to be required for pathogenesis of epiphytic powdery mildew fungi. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of the Mlo genes in susceptibility to the endophytic fungus L. taurica. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a loss-of-function mutation in the SlMlo1 gene results in resistance to powdery mildew disease caused by Oidium neolycopersici. When the tomato Slmlo1 mutant was inoculated with L. taurica in this study, it proved to be less susceptible compared to the control, S. lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker. Further, overexpression of SlMlo1 in the tomato Slmlo1 mutant enhanced susceptibility to L. taurica. In pepper, the CaMlo2 gene was isolated by applying a homology-based cloning approach. Compared to the previously identified CaMlo1 gene, the CaMlo2 gene is more similar to SlMlo1 as shown by phylogenetic analysis, and the expression of CaMlo2 is up-regulated at an earlier time point upon L. taurica infection. However, results of virus-induced gene silencing suggest that both CaMlo1 and CaMlo2 may be involved in the susceptibility of pepper to L. taurica. The fact that overexpression of CaMlo2 restored the susceptibility of the tomato Slmlo1 mutant to O. neolycopersici and increased its susceptibility to L. taurica confirmed the role of CaMlo2 acting as a susceptibility factor to different powdery mildews, though the role of CaMlo1 as a co-factor for susceptibility cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zheng
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teruo Nonomura
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
| | - Michela Appiano
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Pavan
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Yoshinori Matsuda
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Toyoda
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
| | - Anne-Marie A. Wolters
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Zheng Z, Nonomura T, Bóka K, Matsuda Y, Visser RGF, Toyoda H, Kiss L, Bai Y. Detection and quantification of Leveillula taurica growth in pepper leaves. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:623-632. [PMID: 23324047 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-12-0198-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Leveillula taurica is an obligate fungal pathogen that causes powdery mildew disease on a broad range of plants, including important crops such as pepper, tomato, eggplant, onion, cotton, and so on. The early stage of this disease is difficult to diagnose and the disease can easily spread unobserved; for example, in pepper and tomato production fields and greenhouses. The objective of this study was to develop a detection and quantification method of L. taurica biomass in pepper leaves with special regard to the early stages of infection. We monitored the development of the disease to time the infection process on the leaf surface as well as inside the pepper leaves. The initial and final steps of the infection taking place on the leaf surface were consecutively observed using a dissecting microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The development of the intercellular mycelium in the mesophyll was followed by light and transmission electron microscopy. A pair of L. taurica-specific primers was designed based on the internal transcribed spacer sequence of L. taurica and used in real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to quantify the fungal DNA during infection. The specificity of this assay was confirmed by testing the primer pair with DNA from host plants and also from another powdery mildew species, Oidium neolycopersici, infecting tomato. A standard curve was obtained for absolute quantification of L. taurica biomass. In addition, we tested a relative quantification method by using a plant gene as reference and the obtained results were compared with the visual disease index scoring. The real-time PCR assay for L. taurica provides a valuable tool for detection and quantification of this pathogen in breeding activities as well in plant-microbe interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zheng
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Zhang YL, Jia QL, Li DW, Wang JE, Yin YX, Gong ZH. Characteristic of the pepper CaRGA2 gene in defense responses against Phytophthora capsici Leonian. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8985-9004. [PMID: 23698759 PMCID: PMC3676768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14058985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most significant threat to pepper production worldwide is the Phytophthora blight, which is caused by the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici Leonian. In an effort to help control this disease, we isolated and characterized a P. capsici resistance gene, CaRGA2, from a high resistant pepper (C. annuum CM334) and analyzed its function by the method of real-time PCR and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). The CaRGA2 has a full-length cDNA of 3,018 bp with 2,874 bp open reading frame (ORF) and encodes a 957-aa protein. The protein has a predicted molecular weight of 108.6 kDa, and the isoelectric point is 8.106. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that CaRGA2 expression was rapidly induced by P. capsici. The gene expression pattern was different between the resistant and susceptible cultivars. CaRGA2 was quickly expressed in the resistant cultivar, CM334, and reached to a peak at 24 h after inoculation with P. capsici, five-fold higher than that of susceptible cultivar. Our results suggest that CaRGA2 has a distinct pattern of expression and plays a critical role in P. capsici stress tolerance. When the CaRGA2 gene was silenced via VIGS, the resistance level was clearly suppressed, an observation that was supported by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and detached leave inoculation. VIGS analysis revealed their importance in the surveillance to P. capsici in pepper. Our results support the idea that the CaRGA2 gene may show their response in resistance against P. capsici. These analyses will aid in an effort towards breeding for broad and durable resistance in economically important pepper cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; E-Mails: (Y.-L.Z.); (Q.-L.J.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-E.W.); (Y.-X.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing-Li Jia
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; E-Mails: (Y.-L.Z.); (Q.-L.J.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-E.W.); (Y.-X.Y.)
| | - Da-Wei Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; E-Mails: (Y.-L.Z.); (Q.-L.J.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-E.W.); (Y.-X.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-E Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; E-Mails: (Y.-L.Z.); (Q.-L.J.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-E.W.); (Y.-X.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Xu Yin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; E-Mails: (Y.-L.Z.); (Q.-L.J.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-E.W.); (Y.-X.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; E-Mails: (Y.-L.Z.); (Q.-L.J.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-E.W.); (Y.-X.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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19
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Borges A, Melotto M, Tsai SM, Gomes Caldas DG. Changes in spatial and temporal gene expression during incompatible interaction between common bean and anthracnose pathogen. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1216-20. [PMID: 22579040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Common bean, one of the most important legumes for human consumption, may have drastic reduction in yield due to anthracnose, a disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Rapid induction of the plant defense mechanisms is essential to establish an incompatible interaction with this pathogenic fungus. In this study, we evaluated spatial (leaves, epicotyls and hypocotyls) and temporal (24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after inoculation [HAI]) relative expression (RE) of 12 defense-related transcripts selected from previously developed ESTs libraries, during incompatible interaction between the resistant common bean genotype SEL 1308 and the avirulent anthracnose pathogen race 73, using real time quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. All selected transcripts, including the ones coding for pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (PR1a, PR1b, PR2, and PR16a and PR16b) were differentially regulated upon pathogen inoculation. The expression levels of these transcripts were dependent on the tissue and time post inoculation. This study contributes to a better understanding of the kinetics of induced defenses against a fungal pathogen of common bean and may be used as a base line to study defenses against a broad range of pathogens including bacteria as well as non-host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Borges
- Center of Nuclear Energy for Agriculture, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 96, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Yeom SI, Baek HK, Oh SK, Kang WH, Lee SJ, Lee JM, Seo E, Rose JKC, Kim BD, Choi D. Use of a secretion trap screen in pepper following Phytophthora capsici infection reveals novel functions of secreted plant proteins in modulating cell death. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:671-84. [PMID: 21542767 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-10-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the primary defense against pathogens is mostly inducible and associated with cell wall modification and defense-related gene expression, including many secreted proteins. To study the role of secreted proteins, a yeast-based signal-sequence trap screening was conducted with the RNA from Phytophthora capsici-inoculated root of Capsicum annuum 'Criollo de Morelos 334' (CM334). In total, 101 Capsicum annuum secretome (CaS) clones were isolated and identified, of which 92 were predicted to have a secretory signal sequence at their N-terminus. To identify differences in expressed CaS genes between resistant and susceptible cultivars of pepper, reverse Northern blots and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction were performed with RNA samples isolated at different time points following P. capsici inoculation. In an attempt to assign biological functions to CaS genes, we performed in planta knock-down assays using the Tobacco rattle virus-based gene-silencing method. Silencing of eight CaS genes in pepper resulted in suppression of the cell death induced by the non-host bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1). Three CaS genes induced phenotypic abnormalities in silenced plants and one, CaS259 (PR4-l), caused both cell death suppression and perturbed phenotypes. These results provide evidence that the CaS genes may play important roles in pathogen defense as well as developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-In Yeom
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Tsaballa A, Pasentsis K, Darzentas N, Tsaftaris AS. Multiple evidence for the role of an Ovate-like gene in determining fruit shape in pepper. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:46. [PMID: 21401913 PMCID: PMC3069956 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting is a widely used technique contributing to sustainable and ecological production of many vegetables, but important fruit quality characters such as taste, aroma, texture and shape are known for years to be affected by grafting in important vegetables species including pepper. From all the characters affected, fruit shape is the most easily observed and measured. From research in tomato, fruit shape is known to be controlled by many QTLs but only few of them have larger effect on fruit shape variance. In this study we used pepper cultivars with different fruit shape to study the role of a pepper Ovate-like gene, CaOvate, which encodes a negative regulator protein that brings significant changes in tomato fruit shape. RESULTS We successfully cloned and characterized Ovate-like genes (designated as CaOvate) from two pepper cultivars of different fruit shape, cv. "Mytilini Round" and cv. "Piperaki Long", hereafter referred to as cv. "Round" and cv. "Long" after the shape of their mature fruits. The CaOvate consensus contains a 1008-bp ORF, encodes a 335 amino-acid polypeptide, shares 63% identity with the tomato OVATE protein and exhibits high similarity with OVATE sequences from other Solanaceae species, all placed in the same protein subfamily as outlined by expert sequence analysis. No significant structural differences were detected between the CaOvate genes obtained from the two cultivars. However, relative quantitative expression analysis showed that the expression of CaOvate followed a different developmental profile between the two cultivars, being higher in cv. "Round". Furthermore, down-regulation of CaOvate through VIGS in cv. "Round" changes its fruit to a more oblong form indicating that CaOvate is indeed involved in determining fruit shape in pepper, perhaps by negatively affecting the expression of its target gene, CaGA20ox1, also studied in this work. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we clone, characterize and study CaOvate and CaGA20ox1 genes, very likely involved in shaping pepper fruit. The oblong phenotype of the fruits in a plant of cv. "Round", where we observed a significant reduction in the expression levels of CaOvate, resembled the change in shape that takes place by grafting the round-fruited cultivar cv. "Round" onto the long-fruited pepper cultivar cv. "Long". Understanding the role of CaOvate and CaGA20ox1, as well as of other genes like Sun also involved in controlling fruit shape in Solanaceae plants like tomato, pave the way to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in controlling fruit shape in Solanaceae plants in general, and pepper in particular, as well as the changes in fruit quality induced after grafting and perhaps the ways to mitigate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite Tsaballa
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Pasentsis
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IN.A.), C.E.R.TH., 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, GR-570 01, Greece
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IN.A.), C.E.R.TH., 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, GR-570 01, Greece
| | - Athanasios S Tsaftaris
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Greece
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IN.A.), C.E.R.TH., 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, GR-570 01, Greece
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Attard A, Gourgues M, Callemeyn-Torre N, Keller H. The immediate activation of defense responses in Arabidopsis roots is not sufficient to prevent Phytophthora parasitica infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 187:449-460. [PMID: 20456058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
*The outcome of plant-microbe interactions is determined by a fine-tuned molecular interplay between the two partners. Little is currently known about the molecular dialogue between plant roots and filamentous pathogens. We describe here a new pathosystem for the analysis of molecular mechanisms occurring during the establishment of a compatible interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana roots and a root-infecting oomycete. *We performed cytological and genetic analyses of root infection during the compatible interaction between A. thaliana and Phytophthora parasitica. *Phytophthora parasitica uses appressoria to penetrate A. thaliana roots. Initial biotrophic growth is accompanied by the formation of haustoria, and is followed by a necrotrophic lifestyle. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with impaired salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) or ethylene (ET) signaling pathways are more susceptible than the wild-type to infection. The salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent signaling pathways are concertedly activated when P. parasitica penetrates the roots, but are downregulated during invasive growth, when ethylene-mediated signaling predominates. *Thus, defense responses in A. thaliana roots are triggered immediately on contact with P. parasitica. Our findings suggest that the pattern of early defense mechanism activation differs between roots and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Attard
- Unité Mixte de Recherches Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, INRA1301-CNRS6243-UNS, 400 route des Chappes, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Mathieu Gourgues
- Unité Mixte de Recherches Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, INRA1301-CNRS6243-UNS, 400 route des Chappes, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Callemeyn-Torre
- Unité Mixte de Recherches Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, INRA1301-CNRS6243-UNS, 400 route des Chappes, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Harald Keller
- Unité Mixte de Recherches Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, INRA1301-CNRS6243-UNS, 400 route des Chappes, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
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23
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Pinzón A, Barreto E, Bernal A, Achenie L, González Barrios AF, Isea R, Restrepo S. Computational models in plant-pathogen interactions: the case of Phytophthora infestans. Theor Biol Med Model 2009; 6:24. [PMID: 19909526 PMCID: PMC2787490 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-6-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora infestans is a devastating oomycete pathogen of potato production worldwide. This review explores the use of computational models for studying the molecular interactions between P. infestans and one of its hosts, Solanum tuberosum. MODELING AND CONCLUSION Deterministic logistics models have been widely used to study pathogenicity mechanisms since the early 1950s, and have focused on processes at higher biological resolution levels. In recent years, owing to the availability of high throughput biological data and computational resources, interest in stochastic modeling of plant-pathogen interactions has grown. Stochastic models better reflect the behavior of biological systems. Most modern approaches to plant pathology modeling require molecular kinetics information. Unfortunately, this information is not available for many plant pathogens, including P. infestans. Boolean formalism has compensated for the lack of kinetics; this is especially the case where comparative genomics, protein-protein interactions and differential gene expression are the most common data resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Pinzón
- Mycology and Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Bioinformatics center, Colombian EMBnet node, Biotechnology Institute, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Emiliano Barreto
- Bioinformatics center, Colombian EMBnet node, Biotechnology Institute, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Bernal
- Mycology and Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luke Achenie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Virginia, USA
| | - Andres F González Barrios
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos, Department of Chemical Engineering, Los Andes University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Raúl Isea
- Fundación IDEA, Centro de Biociencias, Hoyo de la puerta, Baruta 1080, Venezuela
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Mycology and Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Endochitinase CHI2 of the biocontrol fungus Metarhizium anisopliae affects its virulence toward the cotton stainer bug Dysdercus peruvianus. Curr Genet 2009; 55:551-60. [PMID: 19649636 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-009-0267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases have been implicated in fungal cell wall remodeling and play a role in exogenous chitin degradation for nutrition and competition. Due to the diversity of these enzymes, assigning particular functions to each chitinase is still ongoing. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae produces several chitinases, and here, we evaluate whether endochitinase CHI2 is involved in the pathogenicity of this fungus. We constructed strains either overexpressing or lacking the CHI2 chitinase. These constructs were validated by Southern, Northern and Western blot analysis, and chitinase production. To access the effects of CHI2 chitinase in virulence, the cotton stainer bug Dysdercus peruvianus was used as a host. CHI2 overexpression constructs showed higher efficiency in host killing suggesting that the production of this chitinase by a constitutive promoter reduces the time necessary to kill the insect. More significantly, the knock out constructs showed decreased virulence to the insects as compared to the wild type strain. The lack of this single CHI2 chitinase diminished fungal infection efficiency, but not any other detectable trait, showing that the M. anisopliae family 18, subgroup B endochitinase CHI2 plays a role in insect infection.
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25
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Silvar C, Merino F, Díaz J. Resistance in pepper plants induced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici involves different defence-related genes. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2009; 11:68-74. [PMID: 19121115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) protects pepper plants from subsequent infection with Phytophthora capsici. In the present paper, the level of local and systemic protection achieved by plants induced with FOL was evaluated by quantifying the pathogen biomass and using real-time PCR. Differences in the amount of pathogen were found in stems and roots between FOL-treated and untreated plants, while pathogen biomass could not be detected in leaves of induced plants. Five defence-related genes coding for a PR-1 protein, a beta-1,3-glucanase, a chitinase, a peroxidase and a sesquiterpene cyclase were up-regulated 48 h after treatment in all the tissues studied, and maximal mRNAs levels were found in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Silvar
- Dpto de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
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