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Poveda J, Díaz-González S, Díaz-Urbano M, Velasco P, Sacristán S. Fungal endophytes of Brassicaceae: Molecular interactions and crop benefits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:932288. [PMID: 35991403 PMCID: PMC9390090 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.932288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae family includes an important group of plants of great scientific interest, e.g., the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and of economic interest, such as crops of the genus Brassica (Brassica oleracea, Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, etc.). This group of plants is characterized by the synthesis and accumulation in their tissues of secondary metabolites called glucosinolates (GSLs), sulfur-containing compounds mainly involved in plant defense against pathogens and pests. Brassicaceae plants are among the 30% of plant species that cannot establish optimal associations with mycorrhizal hosts (together with other plant families such as Proteaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Caryophyllaceae), and GSLs could be involved in this evolutionary process of non-interaction. However, this group of plants can establish beneficial interactions with endophytic fungi, which requires a reduction of defensive responses by the host plant and/or an evasion, tolerance, or suppression of plant defenses by the fungus. Although much remains to be known about the mechanisms involved in the Brassicaceae-endophyte fungal interaction, several cases have been described, in which the fungi need to interfere with the GSL synthesis and hydrolysis in the host plant, or even directly degrade GSLs before they are hydrolyzed to antifungal isothiocyanates. Once the Brassicaceae-endophyte fungus symbiosis is formed, the host plant can obtain important benefits from an agricultural point of view, such as plant growth promotion and increase in yield and quality, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, and direct and indirect control of plant pests and diseases. This review compiles the studies on the interaction between endophytic fungi and Brassicaceae plants, discussing the mechanisms involved in the success of the symbiosis, together with the benefits obtained by these plants. Due to their unique characteristics, the family Brassicaceae can be seen as a fruitful source of novel beneficial endophytes with applications to crops, as well as to generate new models of study that allow us to better understand the interactions of these amazing fungi with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Díaz-González
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Díaz-Urbano
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Soledad Sacristán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
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Asad SA. Mechanisms of action and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma against fungal plant diseases - A review. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2021.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Olowe OM, Nicola L, Asemoloye MD, Akanmu AO, Babalola OO. Trichoderma: Potential bio-resource for the management of tomato root rot diseases in Africa. Microbiol Res 2022; 257:126978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.126978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Al-Saari N, Azmi NSA, Samsulrizal NH. Trichoderma Genes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Poosapati S, Ravulapalli PD, Viswanathaswamy DK, Kannan M. Proteomics of Two Thermotolerant Isolates of Trichoderma under High-Temperature Stress. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1002. [PMID: 34946985 PMCID: PMC8704589 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of the soil borne fungus of the genus Trichoderma are known to be versatile, opportunistic plant symbionts and are the most successful biocontrol agents used in today's agriculture. To be successful in field conditions, the fungus must endure varying climatic conditions. Studies have indicated that a high atmospheric temperature coupled with low humidity is a major factor in the inconsistent performance of Trichoderma under field conditions. Understanding the molecular modulations associated with Trichoderma that persist and deliver under abiotic stress conditions will aid in exploiting the value of these organisms for such uses. In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF) mass spectrometry, was used to identify proteins associated with thermotolerance in two thermotolerant isolates of Trichoderma: T. longibrachiatum 673, TaDOR673 and T. asperellum 7316, TaDOR7316; with 32 differentially expressed proteins being identified. Sequence homology and conserved domains were used to identify these proteins and to assign a probable function to them. The thermotolerant isolate, TaDOR673, seemed to employ the stress signaling MAPK pathways and heat shock response pathways to combat the stress condition, whereas the moderately tolerant isolate, TaDOR7316, seemed to adapt to high-temperature conditions by reducing the accumulation of misfolded proteins through an unfolded protein response pathway and autophagy. In addition, there were unique, as well as common, proteins that were differentially expressed in the two isolates studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Poosapati
- Department of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, India;
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Prasad Durga Ravulapalli
- Department of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, India;
| | | | - Monica Kannan
- Proteomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India;
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iTRAQ-Based Protein Profiling and Biochemical Analysis of Two Contrasting Rice Genotypes Revealed Their Differential Responses to Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030547. [PMID: 30696055 PMCID: PMC6387323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the key abiotic stresses causing huge productivity losses in rice. In addition, the differential sensitivity to salinity of different rice genotypes during different growth stages is a major issue in mitigating salt stress in rice. Further, information on quantitative proteomics in rice addressing such an issue is scarce. In the present study, an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based comparative protein quantification was carried out to investigate the salinity-responsive proteins and related biochemical features of two contrasting rice genotypes—Nipponbare (NPBA, japonica) and Liangyoupeijiu (LYP9, indica), at the maximum tillering stage. The rice genotypes were exposed to four levels of salinity: 0 (control; CK), 1.5 (low salt stress; LS), 4.5 (moderate salt stress; MS), and 7.5 g of NaCl/kg dry soil (high salt stress, HS). The iTRAQ protein profiling under different salinity conditions identified a total of 5340 proteins with 1% FDR in both rice genotypes. In LYP9, comparisons of LS, MS, and HS compared with CK revealed the up-regulation of 28, 368, and 491 proteins, respectively. On the other hand, in NPBA, 239 and 337 proteins were differentially upregulated in LS and MS compared with CK, respectively. Functional characterization by KEGG and COG, along with the GO enrichment results, suggests that the differentially expressed proteins are mainly involved in regulation of salt stress responses, oxidation-reduction responses, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism. Biochemical analysis of the rice genotypes revealed that the Na+ and Cl− uptake from soil to the leaves via the roots was increased with increasing salt stress levels in both rice genotypes. Further, increasing the salinity levels resulted in increased cell membrane injury in both rice cultivars, however more severely in NPBA. Moreover, the rice root activity was found to be higher in LYP9 roots compared with NPBA under salt stress conditions, suggesting the positive role of rice root activity in mitigating salinity. Overall, the results from the study add further insights into the differential proteome dynamics in two contrasting rice genotypes with respect to salt tolerance, and imply the candidature of LYP9 to be a greater salt tolerant genotype over NPBA.
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Vieira PM, Santos MP, Andrade CM, Souza-Neto OA, Ulhoa CJ, Aragão FJL. Overexpression of an aquaglyceroporin gene from Trichoderma harzianum improves water-use efficiency and drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 121:38-47. [PMID: 29080426 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) and aquaglyceroporins (AQGPs) are integral membrane proteins that mediate the transport of water and solutes, such as glycerol and urea, across membranes. AQP and AQGP genes represent a valuable tool for biotechnological improvement of plant tolerance to environmental stresses. We previously isolated a gene encoding for an aquaglyceroporin (ThAQGP), which was up-regulated in Trichoderma harzianum during interaction with the plant pathogen Fusarium solani. This gene was introduced into Nicotiana tabacum and plants were physiologically characterized. Under favorable growth conditions, transgenic progenies did not had differences in both germination and growth rates when compared to wild type. However, physiological responses under drought stress revealed that transgenic plants presented significantly higher transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic efficiency and faster turgor recovery than wild type. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated the presence of ThAQGP transcripts in transgenic lines, showing the cause-effect relationship between the observed phenotype and the expression of the transgene. Our results underscore the high potential of T. harzianum as a source of genes with promising applications in transgenic plants tolerant to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabline Marinho Vieira
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biotecnologia, 75790-000, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Mirella Pupo Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Nupem, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, 27910-970, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cirano José Ulhoa
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Campus Samambaia, P.O. Box 131, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Kashyap PL, Rai P, Srivastava AK, Kumar S. Trichoderma for climate resilient agriculture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:155. [PMID: 28695465 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-first century for sustainable agricultural production. Several reports highlighted the need for better agricultural practices and use of eco-friendly methods for sustainable crop production under such situations. In this context, Trichoderma species could be a model fungus to sustain crop productivity. Currently, these are widely used as inoculants for biocontrol, biofertilization, and phytostimulation. They are reported to improve photosynthetic efficiency, enhance nutrient uptake and increase nitrogen use efficiency in crops. Moreover, they can be used to produce bio-energy, facilitate plants for adaptation and mitigate adverse effect of climate change. The technological advancement in high throughput DNA sequencing and biotechnology provided deep insight into the complex and diverse biotic interactions established in nature by Trichoderma spp. and efforts are being made to translate this knowledge to enhance crop growth, resistance to disease and tolerance to abiotic stresses under field conditions. The discovery of several traits and genes that are involved in the beneficial effects of Trichoderma spp. has resulted in better understanding of the performance of bioinoculants in the field, and will lead to more efficient use of these strains and possibly to their improvement by genetic modification. The present mini-review is an effort to elucidate the molecular basis of plant growth promotion and defence activation by Trichoderma spp. to garner broad perspectives regarding their functioning and applicability for climate resilient agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Lal Kashyap
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Karnal, 132001, India. .,ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India.
| | - Pallavi Rai
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India
| | - Alok Kumar Srivastava
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India
| | - Sudheer Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Karnal, 132001, India
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Fu J, Liu Z, Li Z, Wang Y, Yang K. Alleviation of the effects of saline-alkaline stress on maize seedlings by regulation of active oxygen metabolism by Trichoderma asperellum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179617. [PMID: 28654652 PMCID: PMC5487032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of Trichoderma asperellum on active oxygen production in maize seedlings under saline-alkaline stress conditions. Two maize cultivars were tested: 'Jiangyu 417' ('JY417'), which can tolerate saline-alkaline stress; and, 'Xianyu 335' ('XY335'), which is sensitive to saline-alkaline stress. The seedlings were grown on natural saline-alkaline soil (pH 9.30) in plastic pots. To each liter of saline-alkaline soil, 200 mL of T. asperellum spore suspension was applied; three fungal suspensions were used, namely, 1 × 103, 1 × 106, and 1 × 109 spores/L. A control with only the vehicle applied was also established, along with a second control in which untreated meadow soil (pH 8.23) was used. Root and leaf samples were collected when the seedlings had three heart-shaped leaves and the fourth was in the developmental phase. Physical and biochemical parameters related to oxidation resistance were assessed. The results indicated that the 'JY417' and 'XY335' seedlings showed different degrees of oxidative damage and differences in their antioxidant defense systems under saline-alkaline stress. As the spore density of the fungal suspension increased, the K+ and Ca2+ contents in the seedlings increased, but Na+ content decreased. Moreover, fungal treatment promoted the synthesis or accumulation of osmolytes, which enhanced the water absorbing capacity of the cells, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, enhanced the content of non-enzyme antioxidants, and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Fungal treatment alleviated oxidative damage caused by the saline-alkaline stress in roots and leaves of the seedlings. The application of T. asperellum overcame the inhibitory effect of saline-alkaline soil stress on the growth of maize seedlings. In the present experiment, application with 1 × 109 spores/L gave the optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fu
- College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions of Education Department, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuotong Li
- College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions of Education Department, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions of Education Department, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kejun Yang
- College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions of Education Department, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang SH. The Genetic Basis of Abiotic Stress Resistance in Extremophilic Fungi: The Genes Cloning and Application. FUNGAL APPLICATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42852-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Nicolás C, Hermosa R, Rubio B, Mukherjee PK, Monte E. Trichoderma genes in plants for stress tolerance- status and prospects. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:71-8. [PMID: 25438787 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many filamentous fungi from the genus Trichoderma are well known for their anti-microbial properties. Certain genes from Trichoderma spp. have been identified and transferred to plants for improving biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, as well for applications in bioremediation. Several Trichoderma genomes have been sequenced and many are in the pipeline, facilitating high throughput gene analysis and increasing the availability of candidate transgenes. This, coupled with improved plant transformation systems, is expected to usher in a new era in plant biotechnology where several genes from these antagonistic fungi can be transferred into plants to achieve enhanced stress tolerance, bioremediation activity, herbicide tolerance, and reduction of phytotoxins. In this review, we illustrate the major achievements made by transforming plants with Trichoderma genes as well as their possible mode of action. Moreover, examples of efficient application of genetically modified plants as biofactories to produce active Trichoderma enzymes are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Nicolás
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Belén Rubio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- NuclearAgriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Enrique Monte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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Hermosa R, Viterbo A, Chet I, Monte E. Plant-beneficial effects of Trichoderma and of its genes. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 158:17-25. [PMID: 21998166 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.052274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma (teleomorph Hypocrea) is a fungal genus found in many ecosystems. Trichoderma spp. can reduce the severity of plant diseases by inhibiting plant pathogens in the soil through their highly potent antagonistic and mycoparasitic activity. Moreover, as revealed by research in recent decades, some Trichoderma strains can interact directly with roots, increasing plant growth potential, resistance to disease and tolerance to abiotic stresses. This mini-review summarizes the main findings concerning the Trichoderma-plant interaction, the molecular dialogue between the two organisms, and the dramatic changes induced by the beneficial fungus in the plant. Efforts to enhance plant resistance and tolerance to a broad range of stresses by expressing Trichoderma genes in the plant genome are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Hermosa
- Spanish-Portuguese Center for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus of Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ada Viterbo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ilan Chet
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Enrique Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Center for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus of Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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Hermosa R, Botella L, Montero-Barrientos M, Alonso-Ramírez A, Arbona V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Monte E, Nicolás C. Biotechnological applications of the gene transfer from the beneficial fungus Trichoderma harzianum spp. to plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1235-1236. [PMID: 21772122 PMCID: PMC3260732 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.8.16362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Alternative and ecological strategies are necessary and demanded for disease management in order to reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture. Thus, the use of biological control agents such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or several strains of the beneficial fungus Trichoderma spp. to combat plant diseases is the basis of biocontrol of plant pathogens and is a good approach to reach this healthy and environmentally adequate objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Hermosa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética; Facultad de Farmacia; Campus de Villamayor; Salamanca, Spain
| | - Leticia Botella
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal; Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE); Facultad de Biología; Campus de Villamayor; Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Montero-Barrientos
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética; Facultad de Farmacia; Campus de Villamayor; Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso-Ramírez
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal; Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE); Facultad de Biología; Campus de Villamayor; Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural; Universidad Jaume I; Castellón, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural; Universidad Jaume I; Castellón, Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética; Facultad de Farmacia; Campus de Villamayor; Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Nicolás
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal; Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE); Facultad de Biología; Campus de Villamayor; Salamanca, Spain
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