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Demoor A, Lacaze I, Ferrari R, Lalanne C, Silar P, Brun S. GUN Mutants: New Weapons To Unravel Ascospore Germination Regulation in the Model Fungus Podospora anserina. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0146122. [PMID: 36786590 PMCID: PMC10100959 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01461-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In Podospora anserina as in many other Ascomycetes, ascospore germination is a regulated process that requires the breaking of dormancy. Despite its importance in survival and dispersal, ascospore germination in filamentous fungi has been poorly investigated, and little is known about its regulation and genetic control. We have designed a positive genetic screen that led to the isolation of mutants showing uncontrolled germination, the GUN (Germination UNcontrolled) mutants. Here, we report on the characterization of the gun1SG (Spontaneous Germination) mutant. We show that gun1SG is mutated in Pa_6_1340, the ortholog of Magnaporthe oryzae Pth2, which encodes a carnitine-acetyltransferase (CAT) involved in the shuttling of acetyl coenzyme A between peroxisomes and mitochondria and which is required for appressorium development. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the mutated residue (I441) is highly conserved among Fungi and that the mutation has a deleterious impact on the protein function. We show that GUN1 is essential for ascospore germination and that the protein is localized both in mitochondria and in peroxisomes. Finally, epistasis studies allowed us to place GUN1 together with the PaMpk2 MAPK pathway upstream of the PaNox2/PaPls1 complex in the regulation of ascospore germination. In addition, we show that GUN1 plays a role in appressorium functioning. The pivotal role of GUN1, the ortholog of Pth2, in ascospore germination and in appressorium functioning reinforces the idea of a common genetic regulation governing both appressorium development and melanized ascospore germination. Furthermore, we characterize the second CAT encoded in P. anserina genome, Pa_3_7660/GUP1, and we show that the function of both CATs is conserved in P. anserina. IMPORTANCE The regulation of ascospore germination in filamentous fungi has been poorly investigated so far. To unravel new genes involved in this regulation pathway, we conducted a genetic screen in Podospora anserina, and we isolated 57 mutants affected in ascospore germination. Here, we describe the Germination UNcontrolled One (gun1SG) mutant, and we characterize the gene affected. GUN1 is a peroxisomal/mitochondrial carnitine-acetyltransferase required for acetyl coenzyme A shuttling between both organelles, and we show that GUN1 is a pleiotropic gene also involved in appressorium functioning similarly to its ortholog, the pathogenesis factor Pth2, in the plant pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Given the similarities in the regulation of appressorium development and ascospore germination, we speculate that discovering new genes controlling ascospore germination in P. anserina may lead to the discovery of new pathogenesis factors in pathogenic fungi. The characterization of GUN1, the ortholog of M. oryzae Pth2, represents a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Demoor
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Lacaze
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
| | - Roselyne Ferrari
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lalanne
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Brun
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
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Wu S, Malaco Morotti AL, Wang S, Wang Y, Xu X, Chen J, Wang G, Tatsis EC. Convergent gene clusters underpin hyperforin biosynthesis in St John's wort. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:646-661. [PMID: 35377483 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The meroterpenoid hyperforin is responsible for the antidepressant activity of St John's wort extracts, but the genes controlling its biosynthesis are unknown. Using genome mining and biochemical work, we characterize two biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that encode the first three steps in the biosynthesis of hyperforin precursors. The findings of syntenic and phylogenetic analyses reveal the parallel assembly of the two BGCs. The syntenous BGC in Mesua ferrea indicates that the first cluster was assembled before the divergence of the Hypericaceae and Calophyllaceae families. The assembly of the second cluster is the result of a coalescence of genomic fragments after a major duplication event. The differences between the two BGCs - in terms of gene expression, response to methyl jasmonate, substrate specificity and subcellular localization of key enzymes - suggest that the presence of the two clusters could serve to generate separate pools of precursors. The parallel assembly of two BGCs with similar compositions in a single plant species is uncommon, and our work provides insights into how and when these gene clusters form. Our discovery helps to advance our understanding of the evolution of plant specialized metabolism and its genomic organization. Additionally, our results offer a foundation from which hyperforin biosynthesis can be more fully understood, and which can be used in future metabolic engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 300 Feng Lin Road, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ana Luisa Malaco Morotti
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 300 Feng Lin Road, 200032, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 300 Feng Lin Road, 200032, China
| | - Ya Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 300 Feng Lin Road, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 300 Feng Lin Road, 200032, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla County, 666303, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Evangelos C Tatsis
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 300 Feng Lin Road, 200032, China
- CEPAMS - Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Li S, Yang X, Huang H, Qiao R, Jenks MA, Zhao H, Lü S. Arabidopsis ACYL-ACTIVATING ENZYME 9 (AAE9) encoding an isobutyl-CoA synthetase is a key factor connecting branched-chain amino acid catabolism with iso-branched wax biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2458-2470. [PMID: 34942034 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iso-branched wax compounds are well known in plants, but their biosynthetic pathways are still mostly unknown. It has been speculated that branched waxes are derived from branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism, but the evidence for this is very limited. Gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) analysis revealed that mutations in two subunits of the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex, a key enzyme complex in the degradation of BCAAs, significantly decreased the amounts of branched wax compounds, indicating that BCAA degradation may be integral to the synthesis of iso-branched wax. Substrate feeding studies further revealed that the metabolic precursor of iso-branched wax compounds is isobutyric acid (iBA), which is derived from valine degradation in Arabidopsis. We also isolated a novel mutant and found that its branched wax deficient phenotype could not be rescued by iBA. Map-based cloning together with complementation analysis revealed that mutation in ACYL-ACTIVATING ENZYME 9 (AAE9) is responsible for this phenotype. Genetic and enzyme activity analysis demonstrated that AAE9 is located downstream of the BCAA degradation pathway, and that it activates iBA to isobutyryl-CoA for use on branched wax synthesis. Taken together, our study demonstrates that AAE9 is a key factor connecting BCAA catabolism with branched wax biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Rong Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Singh P, Preu L, Beuerle T, Kaufholdt D, Hänsch R, Beerhues L, Gaid M. A promiscuous coenzyme A ligase provides benzoyl-coenzyme A for xanthone biosynthesis in Hypericum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1472-1490. [PMID: 33031578 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzoic acid-derived compounds, such as polyprenylated benzophenones and xanthones, attract the interest of scientists due to challenging chemical structures and diverse biological activities. The genus Hypericum is of high medicinal value, as exemplified by H. perforatum. It is rich in benzophenone and xanthone derivatives, the biosynthesis of which requires the catalytic activity of benzoate-coenzyme A (benzoate-CoA) ligase (BZL), which activates benzoic acid to benzoyl-CoA. Despite remarkable research so far done on benzoic acid biosynthesis in planta, all previous structural studies of BZL genes and proteins are exclusively related to benzoate-degrading microorganisms. Here, a transcript for a plant acyl-activating enzyme (AAE) was cloned from xanthone-producing Hypericum calycinum cell cultures using transcriptomic resources. An increase in the HcAAE1 transcript level preceded xanthone accumulation after elicitor treatment, as previously observed with other pathway-related genes. Subcellular localization of reporter fusions revealed the dual localization of HcAAE1 to cytosol and peroxisomes owing to a type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal. This result suggests the generation of benzoyl-CoA in Hypericum by the CoA-dependent non-β-oxidative route. A luciferase-based substrate specificity assay and the kinetic characterization indicated that HcAAE1 exhibits promiscuous substrate preference, with benzoic acid being the sole aromatic substrate accepted. Unlike 4-coumarate-CoA ligase and cinnamate-CoA ligase enzymes, HcAAE1 did not accept 4-coumaric and cinnamic acids, respectively. The substrate preference was corroborated by in silico modeling, which indicated valid docking of both benzoic acid and its adenosine monophosphate intermediate in the HcAAE1/BZL active site cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Lutz Preu
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - David Kaufholdt
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP) - College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35 A, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35 A, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
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Abstract
Phytol, the prenyl side chain of chlorophyll, is derived from geranylgeraniol by reduction of three double bonds. Recent results demonstrated that the conversion of geranylgeraniol to phytol is linked to chlorophyll synthesis, which is catalyzed by protein complexes associated with the thylakoid membranes. One of these complexes contains light harvesting chlorophyll binding like proteins (LIL3), enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis (protoporphyrinogen oxidoreductase, POR; chlorophyll synthase, CHLG) and geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR). Phytol is not only employed for the synthesis of chlorophyll, but also for tocopherol (vitamin E), phylloquinol (vitamin K) and fatty acid phytyl ester production. Previously, it was believed that phytol is derived from reduction of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate originating from the 4-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The identification and characterization of two kinases, VTE5 and VTE6, involved in phytol and phytyl-phosphate phosphorylation, respectively, indicated that most phytol employed for tocopherol synthesis is derived from reduction of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll to (phytol-) chlorophyll. After hydrolysis from chlorophyll, free phytol is phosphorylated by the two kinases, and phytyl-diphosphate employed for the synthesis of tocopherol and phylloquinol. The reason why some chloroplast lipids, i.e. chlorophyll, tocopherol and phylloquinol, are derived from phytol, while others, i.e. carotenoids and tocotrienols (in some plant species) are synthesized from geranylgeraniol, remains unclear.
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6
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Sharma M, Bennewitz B, Klösgen RB. Rather rule than exception? How to evaluate the relevance of dual protein targeting to mitochondria and chloroplasts. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 138:335-343. [PMID: 29946965 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dual targeting of a nuclearly encoded protein into two different cell organelles is an exceptional event in eukaryotic cells. Yet, the frequency of such dual targeting is remarkably high in case of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the two endosymbiotic organelles of plant cells. In most instances, it is mediated by "ambiguous" transit peptides, which recognize both organelles as the target. A number of different approaches including in silico, in organello as well as both transient and stable in vivo assays are established to determine the targeting specificity of such transit peptides. In this review, we will describe and compare these approaches and discuss the potential role of this unusual targeting process. Furthermore, we will present a hypothetical scenario how dual targeting might have arisen during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Sharma
- Institute of Biology - Plant Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Bationa Bennewitz
- Institute of Biology - Plant Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ralf Bernd Klösgen
- Institute of Biology - Plant Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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7
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Dual-targeting of Arabidopsis DMP1 isoforms to the tonoplast and the plasma membrane. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174062. [PMID: 28384172 PMCID: PMC5383025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The reports of dual-targeted proteins in plants have steadily increased over the past years. The vast majority of these proteins are soluble proteins distributed between compartments of the non-secretory pathway, predominantly chloroplasts and mitochondria. In contrast, dual-targeted transmembrane proteins, especially of the secretory pathway, are rare and the mechanisms leading to their differential targeting remain largely unknown. Here, we report dual-targeting of the Arabidopsis DUF679 Membrane Protein 1 (DMP1) to the tonoplast (TP) and the plasma membrane (PM). In Arabidopsis and tobacco two equally abundant DMP1 isoforms are synthesized by alternative translation initiation: a full length protein, DMP1.1, and a truncated one, DMP1.2, which lacks the N-terminal 19 amino acids including a TP-targeting dileucine motif. Accumulation of DMP1.1 and DMP1.2 in the TP and the PM, respectively, is Brefeldin A-sensitive, indicating transit via the Golgi. However, DMP1.2 interacts with DMP1.1, leading to extensive rerouting of DMP1.2 to the TP and “eclipsed” localization of DMP1.2 in the PM where it is barely visible by confocal laser scanning microscopy but clearly detectable by membrane fractionation. It is demonstrated that eGFP fusion to either DMP1 terminus can cause mistargeting artifacts: C-terminal fusion to DMP1.1 or DMP1.2 results in altered ER export and N-terminal fusion to DMP1.1 causes mistargeting to the PM, presumably by masking of the TP targeting signal. These results illustrate how the interplay of alternative translation initiation, presence or absence of targeting information and rerouting due to protein-protein interaction determines the ultimate distribution of a transmembrane protein between two membranes.
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Vijayakumar V, Liebisch G, Buer B, Xue L, Gerlach N, Blau S, Schmitz J, Bucher M. Integrated multi-omics analysis supports role of lysophosphatidylcholine and related glycerophospholipids in the Lotus japonicus-Glomus intraradices mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:393-415. [PMID: 26297195 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of plant roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a complex trait resulting in cooperative interactions among the two symbionts including bidirectional exchange of resources. To study arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) trait variation in the model plant Lotus japonicus, we performed an integrated multi-omics analysis with a focus on plant and fungal phospholipid (PL) metabolism and biological significance of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Our results support the role of LPC as a bioactive compound eliciting cellular and molecular response mechanisms in Lotus. Evidence is provided for large interspecific chemical diversity of LPC species among mycorrhizae with related AMF species. Lipid, gene expression and elemental profiling emphasize the Lotus-Glomus intraradices interaction as distinct from other arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions. In G. intraradices, genes involved in fatty acid (FA) elongation and biosynthesis of unsaturated FAs were enhanced, while in Lotus, FA synthesis genes were up-regulated during AMS. Furthermore, FAS protein localization to mitochondria suggests FA biosynthesis and elongation may also occur in AMF. Our results suggest the existence of interspecific partitioning of PL resources for generation of LPC and novel candidate bioactive PLs in the Lotus-G. intraradices symbiosis. Moreover, the data advocate research with phylogenetically diverse Glomeromycota species for a broader understanding of the molecular underpinnings of AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Vijayakumar
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Kottman Hall, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Buer
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
- Bayer CropScience AG, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50, D-40789, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Li Xue
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Gerlach
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Samira Blau
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmitz
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Block MA, Jouhet J. Lipid trafficking at endoplasmic reticulum-chloroplast membrane contact sites. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:21-9. [PMID: 25868077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycerolipid synthesis in plant cells is characterized by an intense trafficking of lipids between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and chloroplasts. Initially, fatty acids are synthesized within chloroplasts and are exported to the ER where they are used to build up phospholipids and triacylglycerol. Ultimately, derivatives of these phospholipids return to chloroplasts to form galactolipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol, the main and essential lipids of photosynthetic membranes. Lipid trafficking was proposed to transit through membrane contact sites (MCSs) connecting both organelles. Here, we review recent insights into ER-chloroplast MCSs and lipid trafficking between chloroplasts and the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse A Block
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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Ast J, Stiebler AC, Freitag J, Bölker M. Dual targeting of peroxisomal proteins. Front Physiol 2013; 4:297. [PMID: 24151469 PMCID: PMC3798809 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular compartmentalization into organelles serves to separate biological processes within the environment of a single cell. While some metabolic reactions are specific to a single organelle, others occur in more than one cellular compartment. Specific targeting of proteins to compartments inside of eukaryotic cells is mediated by defined sequence motifs. To achieve multiple targeting to different compartments cells use a variety of strategies. Here, we focus on mechanisms leading to dual targeting of peroxisomal proteins. In many instances, isoforms of peroxisomal proteins with distinct intracellular localization are encoded by separate genes. But also single genes can give rise to differentially localized proteins. Different isoforms can be generated by use of alternative transcriptional start sites, by differential splicing or ribosomal read-through of stop codons. In all these cases different peptide variants are produced, of which only one carries a peroxisomal targeting signal. Alternatively, peroxisomal proteins contain additional signals that compete for intracellular targeting. Dual localization of proteins residing in both the cytoplasm and in peroxisomes may also result from use of inefficient targeting signals. The recent observation that some bona fide cytoplasmic enzymes were also found in peroxisomes indicates that dual targeting of proteins to both the cytoplasm and the peroxisome might be more widespread. Although current knowledge of proteins exhibiting only partial peroxisomal targeting is far from being complete, we speculate that the metabolic capacity of peroxisomes might be larger than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ast
- Department of Biology, Philipps University Marburg Marburg, Germany
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11
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Voges MJ, Silver PA, Way JC, Mattozzi MD. Targeting a heterologous protein to multiple plant organelles via rationally designed 5' mRNA tags. J Biol Eng 2013; 7:20. [PMID: 24011257 PMCID: PMC3847293 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-7-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant bioengineers require simple genetic devices for predictable localization of heterologous proteins to multiple subcellular compartments. Results We designed novel hybrid signal sequences for multiple-compartment localization and characterize their function when fused to GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue. TriTag-1 and TriTag-2 use alternative splicing to generate differentially localized GFP isoforms, localizing it to the chloroplasts, peroxisomes and cytosol. TriTag-1 shows a bias for targeting the chloroplast envelope while TriTag-2 preferentially targets the peroxisomes. TriTag-3 embeds a conserved peroxisomal targeting signal within a chloroplast transit peptide, directing GFP to the chloroplasts and peroxisomes. Conclusions Our novel signal sequences can reduce the number of cloning steps and the amount of genetic material required to target a heterologous protein to multiple locations in plant cells. This work harnesses alternative splicing and signal embedding for engineering plants to express multi-functional proteins from single genetic constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias J Voges
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Carrie C, Whelan J. Widespread dual targeting of proteins in land plants: when, where, how and why. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25034. [PMID: 23733068 PMCID: PMC3999085 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first dual targeted protein in plants in 1995 the number of dual targeted proteins in plants has grown to over 250 proteins. Much work and investigations have focused on identifying how or what makes a protein dual targeted. Recently, more research has focused on the evolution and conservation of dual targeting of proteins in plants. This new work has demonstrated that dual targeting arose early within the evolution of plants and because it is rarely lost, once gained, it must be under some positive selection pressure. The possible reasons as why proteins are dual targeted and why it was conserved during the evolution of plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Carrie
- Department of Biology I, Botany; Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence to: Chris Carrie,
| | - James Whelan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley, WA Australia
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Xu L, Law SR, Murcha MW, Whelan J, Carrie C. The dual targeting ability of type II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases arose early in land plant evolution. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:100. [PMID: 23841539 PMCID: PMC3716789 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type II NAD(PH) dehydrogenases are located on the inner mitochondrial membrane of plants, fungi, protists and some primitive animals. However, recent observations have been made which identify several Arabidopsis type II dehydrogenases as dual targeted proteins. Targeting either mitochondria and peroxisomes or mitochondria and chloroplasts. RESULTS Members of the ND protein family were identified in various plant species. Phylogenetic analyses and subcellular targeting predictions were carried out for all proteins. All ND proteins from three model plant species Arabidopsis, rice and Physcomitrella were cloned as N- and C-terminal GFP fusions and subcellular localisations were determined. Dual targeting of plant type II dehydrogenases was observed to have evolved early in plant evolution and to be widespread throughout different plant species. In all three species tested dual targeting to both mitochondria and peroxisomes was found for at least one NDA and NDB type protein. In addition two NDB type proteins from Physcomitrella were also found to target chloroplasts. The dual targeting of NDC type proteins was found to have evolved later in plant evolution. CONCLUSIONS The functions of type II dehydrogenases within plant cells will have to be re-evaluated in light of this newly identified subcellular targeting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Bayliss Building M316 University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia
| | - Simon R Law
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Bayliss Building M316 University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia
| | - Monika W Murcha
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Bayliss Building M316 University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia
| | - James Whelan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Bayliss Building M316 University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia
| | - Chris Carrie
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, Planegg-Martinsried, D-82152, Germany
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Tanz SK, Castleden I, Small ID, Millar AH. Fluorescent protein tagging as a tool to define the subcellular distribution of proteins in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:214. [PMID: 23805149 PMCID: PMC3690342 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent protein (FP) tagging approaches are widely used to determine the subcellular location of plant proteins. Here we give a brief overview of FP approaches, highlight potential technical problems, and discuss what to consider when designing FP/protein fusion constructs and performing transformation assays. We analyze published FP tagging data sets along with data from proteomics studies collated in SUBA3, a subcellular location database for Arabidopsis proteins, and assess the reliability of these data sets by comparing them. We also outline the limitations of the FP tagging approach for defining protein location and investigate multiple localization claims by FP tagging. We conclude that the collation of localization datasets in databases like SUBA3 is helpful for revealing discrepancies in location attributions by different techniques and/or by different research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K. Tanz
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sandra K. Tanz, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia e-mail:
| | - Ian Castleden
- Centre of Excellence in Computational Systems Biology, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian D. Small
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- Centre of Excellence in Computational Systems Biology, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - A. Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- Centre of Excellence in Computational Systems Biology, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis on Biomolecular Networks (CABiN), The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
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