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Ruan Z, Lu M, Lin H, Chen S, Li P, Chen W, Xu H, Qiu D. Different photosynthetic responses of haploid and diploid Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) to high light and ultraviolet radiation. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:40. [PMID: 38647570 PMCID: PMC10991182 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Solar radiation varies quantitatively and qualitatively while penetrating through the seawater column and thus is one of the most important environmental factors shaping the vertical distribution pattern of phytoplankton. The haploid and diploid life-cycle phases of coccolithophores might have different vertical distribution preferences. Therefore, the two phases respond differently to high solar photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm). To test this, the haploid and diploid Emiliania huxleyi were exposed to oversaturating irradiance. In the presence of PAR alone, the effective quantum yield was reduced by 10% more due to the higher damage rate of photosystem II in haploid cells than in diploid cells. The addition of UVR resulted in further inhibition of the quantum yield for both haploid and diploid cells in the first 25 min, partly because of the increased damage of photosystem II. Intriguingly, this UVR-induced inhibition of the haploid cells completely recovered half an hour later. This recovery was confirmed by the comparable maximum quantum yields, maximum relative electron transport rates and yields of the haploid cells treated with PAR and PAR + UVR. Our data indicated that photosynthesis of the haploid phase was more sensitive to high visible light than the diploid phase but resistant to UVR-induced inhibition, reflecting the ecological niches to which this species adapts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxi Ruan
- STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Meifang Lu
- STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongmin Lin
- College of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332005, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shanwen Chen
- STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Li
- STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, Guangdong, China
| | - Weizhou Chen
- STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dajun Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, Guangdong, China.
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Balch WM, Drapeau DT, Poulton N, Archer SD, Cartisano C, Burnell C, Godrijan J. Osmotrophy of dissolved organic compounds by coccolithophore populations: Fixation into particulate organic and inorganic carbon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6973. [PMID: 37224255 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Coccolithophores are typically thought of as photoautotrophs, yet a few genera inhabit sub-euphotic environments with insufficient light for photosynthesis, suggesting that other carbon acquisition strategies are likely. Field experiments were performed in the northwest Atlantic (a region with potentially abundant coccolithophores). Phytoplankton populations were incubated with 14C-labeled dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds, acetate, mannitol, and glycerol. Coccolithophores were sorted from these populations 24 hours later using flow cytometry, and DOC uptake was measured. DOC uptake rates were as high as 10-15 moles cell-1 day-1, slow relative to photosynthesis rates (10-12 moles cell-1 day-1). Growth rates on the organic compounds were low, suggesting that osmotrophy plays more of a survival strategy in low-light situations. Assimilated DOC was found in both particulate organic carbon and calcite coccoliths (particulate inorganic carbon), suggesting that osmotrophic uptake of DOC into coccolithophore calcite is a small but notable part of the biological carbon pump and alkalinity pump paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Balch
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - David T Drapeau
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Nicole Poulton
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Stephen D Archer
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Carmen Cartisano
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Craig Burnell
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Jelena Godrijan
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Kuhlisch C, Althammer J, Sazhin AF, Jakobsen HH, Nejstgaard JC, Pohnert G. Metabolomics-derived marker metabolites to characterize Phaeocystis pouchetii physiology in natural plankton communities. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20444. [PMID: 33235278 PMCID: PMC7686483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phaeocystis pouchetii (Hariot) Lagerheim, 1893 regularly dominates phytoplankton blooms in higher latitudes spanning from the English Channel to the Arctic. Through zooplankton grazing and microbial activity, it is considered to be a key resource for the entire marine food web, but the actual relevance of biomass transfer to higher trophic levels is still under discussion. Cell physiology and algal nutritional state are suggested to be major factors controlling the observed variability in zooplankton grazing. However, no data have so far yielded insights into the metabolic state of Phaeocystis populations that would allow testing this hypothesis. Therefore, endometabolic markers of different growth phases were determined in laboratory batch cultures using comparative metabolomics and quantified in different phytoplankton blooms in the field. Metabolites, produced during exponential, early and late stationary growth of P. pouchetii, were profiled using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Then, metabolites were characterized that correlate with the growth phases using multivariate statistical analysis. Free amino acids characterized the exponential growth, whereas the early stationary phase was correlated with sugar alcohols, mono- and disaccharides. In the late stationary phase, free fatty acids, sterols and terpenes increased. These marker metabolites were then traced in Phaeocystis blooms during a cruise in the Barents Sea and North Norwegian fjords. About 50 endometabolites of P. pouchetii were detected in natural phytoplankton communities. Mannitol, scyllo-inositol, 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol, and several free fatty acids were characteristic for Phaeocystis-dominated blooms but showed variability between them. Distinct metabolic profiles were detected in the nutrient-depleted community in the inner Porsangerfjord (< 0.5 µM NO3-, < 0.1 µM PO 4 3- ), with high relative amounts of free mono- and disaccharides indicative for a limited culture. This study thereby shows how the variable physiology of phytoplankton can alter the metabolic landscape of entire plankton communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Kuhlisch
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Julia Althammer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.,JenaBios GmbH, Löbstedter Straße 80, 07749, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey F Sazhin
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky Prospect 36, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hans H Jakobsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens C Nejstgaard
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Dep. 3, Alte Fischerhütte 2, 16775, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Mausz MA, Segovia M, Larsen A, Berger SA, Egge JK, Pohnert G. High CO 2 concentration and iron availability determine the metabolic inventory in an Emiliania huxleyi-dominated phytoplankton community. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3863-3882. [PMID: 32656913 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), a consequence of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions, strongly impacts marine ecosystems. OA also influences iron (Fe) solubility, affecting biogeochemical and ecological processes. We investigated the interactive effects of CO2 and Fe availability on the metabolome response of a natural phytoplankton community. Using mesocosms we exposed phytoplankton to ambient (390 μatm) or future CO2 levels predicted for the year 2100 (900 μatm), combined with ambient (4.5 nM) or high (12 nM) dissolved iron (dFe). By integrating over the whole phytoplankton community, we assigned functional changes based on altered metabolite concentrations. Our study revealed the complexity of phytoplankton metabolism. Metabolic profiles showed three stages in response to treatments and phytoplankton dynamics. Metabolome changes were related to the plankton group contributing respective metabolites, explaining bloom decline and community succession. CO2 and Fe affected metabolic profiles. Most saccharides, fatty acids, amino acids and many sterols significantly correlated with the high dFe treatment at ambient pCO2 . High CO2 lowered the abundance of many metabolites irrespective of Fe. However, sugar alcohols accumulated, indicating potential stress. We demonstrate that not only altered species composition but also changes in the metabolic landscape affecting the plankton community may change as a consequence of future high-CO2 oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela A Mausz
- Department for Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - María Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Aud Larsen
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Nygårdsgaten 112, Bergen, 5038, Norway.,Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgaten 53A/B, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Stella A Berger
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgaten 53A/B, Bergen, 5020, Norway.,Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhütte 2, Stechlin, 16775, Germany
| | - Jorun K Egge
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgaten 53A/B, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Department for Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, Jena, 07743, Germany
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Heidenreich E, Wördenweber R, Kirschhöfer F, Nusser M, Friedrich F, Fahl K, Kruse O, Rost B, Franzreb M, Brenner-Weiß G, Rokitta S. Ocean acidification has little effect on the biochemical composition of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218564. [PMID: 31291290 PMCID: PMC6619986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the hierarchical organization of biology, from genomes over transcriptomes and proteomes down to metabolomes, there is continuous debate about the extent to which data and interpretations derived from one level, e.g. the transcriptome, are in agreement with other levels, e.g. the metabolome. Here, we tested the effect of ocean acidification (OA; 400 vs. 1000 μatm CO2) and its modulation by light intensity (50 vs. 300 μmol photons m-2 s-1) on the biomass composition (represented by 75 key metabolites) of diploid and haploid life-cycle stages of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (RCC1216 and RCC1217) and compared these data with interpretations from previous physiological and gene expression screenings. The metabolite patterns showed minor responses to OA in both life-cycle stages. Whereas previous gene expression analyses suggested that the observed increased biomass buildup derived from lipid and carbohydrate storage, this dataset suggests that OA slightly increases overall biomass of cells, but does not significantly alter their metabolite composition. Generally, light was shown to be a more dominant driver of metabolite composition than OA, increasing the relative abundances of amino acids, mannitol and storage lipids, and shifting pigment contents to accommodate increased irradiance levels. The diploid stage was shown to contain vastly more osmolytes and mannitol than the haploid stage, which in turn had a higher relative content of amino acids, especially aromatic ones. Besides the differences between the investigated cell types and the general effects on biomass buildup, our analyses indicate that OA imposes only negligible effects on E. huxleyi´s biomass composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Heidenreich
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- * E-mail: (EH); (SR)
| | - Robin Wördenweber
- Algae Biotechnology & Bioenergy, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank Kirschhöfer
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Nusser
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Frank Friedrich
- Competence Center for Material Moisture (CMM), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Fahl
- Marine Geology and Paleontology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Algae Biotechnology & Bioenergy, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Björn Rost
- Marine Biogeosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gerald Brenner-Weiß
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rokitta
- Marine Biogeosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- * E-mail: (EH); (SR)
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6
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Unmasking cellular response of a bloom-forming alga to viral infection by resolving expression profiles at a single-cell level. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007708. [PMID: 31017983 PMCID: PMC6502432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by large dsDNA viruses can lead to a profound alteration of host transcriptome and metabolome in order to provide essential building blocks to support the high metabolic demand for viral assembly and egress. Host response to viral infection can typically lead to diverse phenotypic outcome that include shift in host life cycle and activation of anti-viral defense response. Nevertheless, there is a major bottleneck to discern between viral hijacking strategies and host defense responses when averaging bulk population response. Here we study the interaction between Emiliania huxleyi, a bloom-forming alga, and its specific virus (EhV), an ecologically important host-virus model system in the ocean. We quantified host and virus gene expression on a single-cell resolution during the course of infection, using automatic microfluidic setup that captures individual algal cells and multiplex quantitate PCR. We revealed high heterogeneity in viral gene expression among individual cells. Simultaneous measurements of expression profiles of host and virus genes at a single-cell level allowed mapping of infected cells into newly defined infection states and allowed detection specific host response in a subpopulation of infected cell which otherwise masked by the majority of the infected population. Intriguingly, resistant cells emerged during viral infection, showed unique expression profiles of metabolic genes which can provide the basis for discerning between viral resistant and susceptible cells within heterogeneous populations in the marine environment. We propose that resolving host-virus arms race at a single-cell level will provide important mechanistic insights into viral life cycles and will uncover host defense strategies. Almost all of our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern host-pathogen interactions in the ocean is derived from experiments carried out at the population level, neglecting any heterogeneity. Here we used a single cell approach to unmask the phenotypic heterogeneity produced within infected populations of the cosmopolitan bloom-forming alga Emiliania huxleyi by its specific lytic virus. We found high variability in expression of viral genes among individual cells. This heterogeneity was used to map cells into their infection state and allowed to uncover a yet unrecognized host response. We also provide evidence that variability in host metabolic states provided a sensitive tool to decipher between susceptible and resistant cells.
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Metabolomic profiles of tropical Chlorella and Parachlorella species in response to physiological changes during exponential and stationary growth phase. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Miao H, Beardall J, Gao K. Calcification Moderates the Increased Susceptibility to UV Radiation of the Coccolithophorid Gephryocapsa oceanica Grown under Elevated CO 2 Concentration: Evidence Based on Calcified and Non-calcified Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:994-1002. [PMID: 29701244 DOI: 10.1111/php.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The physiological performance of calcified and non-calcified cells of Gephyrocapsa oceanica (NIES-1318) and their short-term responses to UV radiation were compared for cultures grown under present-day (LC, 400 μatm) and high pCO2 (HC, 1000 μatm) conditions. Similar growth rates and Fv /Fm values were observed in both types of cell under LC conditions, indicating that the loss of calcification in the non-calcified cells did not lead to a competitive disadvantage under such conditions. Detrimental effects of elevated pCO2 were observed in both cell types, with the growth rate of non-calcified cells decreasing more markedly, which might reflect a negative impact of higher cytoplasmic H+ . When exposed to short-term UV radiation, similar trends in effective quantum yield were observed in both cell types acclimated to LC conditions. Elevated pCO2 and associated seawater chemical changes strongly reduced effective quantum yield in non-calcified cells but no significant influence was observed in calcified cells. Based on these findings and comparisons with previous studies, we suggest that the negative impact of elevated cytoplasmic H+ would exacerbate the detrimental effects of UV radiation while the possession of calcification attenuated this influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbin Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - John Beardall
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Abstract
Chemical ecology elucidates the nature and role of natural products as mediators of organismal interactions. The emerging techniques that can be summarized under the concept of metabolomics provide new opportunities to study such environmentally relevant signaling molecules. Especially comparative tools in metabolomics enable the identification of compounds that are regulated during interaction situations and that might play a role as e.g. pheromones, allelochemicals or in induced and activated defenses. This approach helps overcoming limitations of traditional bioassay-guided structure elucidation approaches. But the power of metabolomics is not limited to the comparison of metabolic profiles of interacting partners. Especially the link to other -omics techniques helps to unravel not only the compounds in question but the entire biosynthetic and genetic re-wiring, required for an ecological response. This review comprehensively highlights successful applications of metabolomics in chemical ecology and discusses existing limitations of these novel techniques. It focuses on recent developments in comparative metabolomics and discusses the use of metabolomics in the systems biology of organismal interactions. It also outlines the potential of large metabolomics initiatives for model organisms in the field of chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Kuhlisch
- Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Lessingstr. 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Wilhelm C, Wirth C. Physiodiversity - new tools allow physiologist to embrace biodiversity and reconstruct the evolution of 'physiologies'? JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 172:1-3. [PMID: 25455113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wilhelm
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Department of Plant Physiology, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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