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Ikhlef A, Ait‐Amar H, Khelifi L, Chemat S. Optimization of silybin production from
Silybum marianum
tissue cell cultures using different elicitor solutions. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Ikhlef
- Faculty of Process and Mechanical Engineering University Sciences and Technologies Houari Boumediene (USTHB) BP 32 16112 Alger Algeria
| | - Hamid Ait‐Amar
- Faculty of Process and Mechanical Engineering University Sciences and Technologies Houari Boumediene (USTHB) BP 32 16112 Alger Algeria
| | - Lakhdar Khelifi
- Laboratory of Genetic Resources & Biotechnology National School of Agricultural Sciences (ENSA) El‐Harrach Algiers Algeria
| | - Smain Chemat
- Extraction & Separation Techniques Team Research Centre in Chemical and Physical Analysis (CRAPC) Zone Industrielle de Bousmail BP 384 RP 42004 Tipaza Algeria
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Křen V. Chirality Matters: Biological Activity of Optically Pure Silybin and Its Congeners. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157885. [PMID: 34360650 PMCID: PMC8346157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the specific biological effects of optically pure silymarin flavo-nolignans, mainly silybins A and B, isosilybins A and B, silychristins A and B, and their 2,3-dehydro derivatives. The chirality of these flavonolignans is also discussed in terms of their analysis, preparative separation and chemical reactions. We demonstrated the specific activities of the respective diastereomers of flavonolignans and also the enantiomers of their 2,3-dehydro derivatives in the 3D anisotropic systems typically represented by biological systems. In vivo, silymarin flavonolignans do not act as redox antioxidants, but they play a role as specific ligands of biological targets, according to the "lock-and-key" concept. Estrogenic, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiviral, and antiparasitic effects have been demonstrated in optically pure flavonolignans. Potential application of pure flavonolignans has also been shown in cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes and modulation of multidrug resistance activity by these compounds are discussed in detail. The future of "silymarin applications" lies in the use of optically pure components that can be applied directly or used as valuable lead structures, and in the exploration of their true molecular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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El-Garhy HAS, Sherif HSA, Soliman SM, Haredy SA, Bonfill M. Effect of gamma rays and colchicine on silymarin production in cell suspension cultures of Silybum marianum: A transcriptomic study of key genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway. Gene 2021; 790:145700. [PMID: 33964378 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate secondary metabolite production in Silybum marianum L. cell suspension cultures obtained from seeds treated with gamma rays (200 and 600 Gy) and 0.05% colchicine. The effects of these treatments on callus induction, growth, viability, and silymarin production were studied, along with the changes in the transcriptome and DNA sequence of chalcone synthase (CHS) genes. The effect of gamma radiation (200 and 600 Gy) on silymarin production in S. marianum dry seeds was also studied using HPLC-UV. All three treatments induced high callus biomass production from leaf segments. The viability of the cell suspension cultures was over 90%. The flavonolignan content measured in the extracellular culture medium of the S. marianum cell suspension was highest after treatment with 600 Gy, followed by 0.05% colchicine, and finally, 200 Gy, after a growth period of 12 days. In general, an increased expression of CHS1, CHS2, and CHS3 genes, accompanied by an increase of silymarin content, was observed in response to all the studied treatments, although the effect was greatest on CHS2 expression. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that the three CHS2 clones exhibited the highest genetic variation, both in relation to each other and to the CHS1 and CHS3 clones. Based on the results, S. marianum plants obtained from seeds previously exposed to 600 and 200 Gy as well as colchicine constitute a renewable resource with the potential to obtain large amounts of silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda A S El-Garhy
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt.
| | - Hassan S A Sherif
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Sara M Soliman
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Shimaa A Haredy
- Physiology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza 12553, Egypt
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Department of Biology, Health, and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Gad D, El-Shora H, Fraternale D, Maricchiolo E, Pompa A, Dietz KJ. Bioconversion of Callus-Produced Precursors to Silymarin Derivatives in Silybum marianum Leaves for the Production of Bioactive Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2149. [PMID: 33670070 PMCID: PMC7926748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the enzymatic potential of Silybum marianum leaves to bioconvert phenolic acids produced in S. marianum callus into silymarin derivatives as chemopreventive agent. Here we demonstrate that despite the fact that leaves of S. marianum did not accumulate silymarin themselves, expanding leaves had the full capacity to convert di-caffeoylquinic acid to silymarin complex. This was proven by HPLC separations coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis. Soaking the leaf discs with S. marianum callus extract for different times revealed that silymarin derivatives had been formed at high yield after 16 h. Bioconverted products displayed the same retention time and the same mass spectra (MS or MS/MS) as standard silymarin. Bioconversion was achieved only when using leaves of a specific age, as both very young and old leaves failed to produce silymarin from callus extract. Only medium leaves had the metabolic capacity to convert callus components into silymarin. The results revealed higher activities of enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in medium leaves than in young and old leaves. It is concluded that cotyledon-derived callus efficiently produces compounds that can be bio-converted to flavonolignans in leaves tissue of S. marianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Gad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin EL-Koum 32511, Egypt
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology W5, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Hamed El-Shora
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt;
| | - Daniele Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via Donato Bramante, 28, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Maricchiolo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via Donato Bramante, 28, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via Donato Bramante, 28, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology W5, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany;
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Fulvio F, Martinelli T, Paris R. Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR normalization in different tissues of milk thistle (Silybum marianum, Gaert.). Gene 2021; 768:145272. [PMID: 33122080 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription PCR is a sensitive technique for evaluating transcriptional profiles in different experimental datasets. To obtain a reliable quantification of the transcripts level, data normalization with stable reference genes is required. Stable reference genes are identified after analysis of their transcripts profile in every new experiment and species of interest. In Silybum marianum, a widely cultivated officinal plant, only few gene expression studies exist, and reference genes for RT-qPCR studies in the diverse plant tissues have never been investigated before. In this work, the expression stability of 10 candidate reference genes was evaluated in leaves, roots, stems and fruits of S. marianum grown under physiological environmental condition. The stability values for each candidate reference gene were calculated by four canonical statistical algorithms GeNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper and ΔCt method in different subsets of samples, then they were ranked with RefFinder from the most to the least suitable for normalization. Best combinations of reference genes are finally proposed for different experimental data sets, including all tissues, vegetative, and reproductive tissues separately. Three target genes putatively involved in important biosynthetic pathway leading to key metabolites in the fruits of milk thistle, such as silymarin and fatty acids, were analyzed with the chosen panels of reference genes, in comparison to the ones used in previous papers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a reliable and systematic identification and validation of the reference genes for RT-qPCR normalization to study gene expression in S. marianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fulvio
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Martinelli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di ricerca Difesa e Certificazione, Via di Lanciola 12/A, Loc. Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberta Paris
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy.
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Elateeq AA, Sun Y, Nxumalo W, Gabr AM. Biotechnological production of silymarin in Silybum marianum L.: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Drouet S, Tungmunnithum D, Lainé É, Hano C. Gene Expression Analysis and Metabolite Profiling of Silymarin Biosynthesis during Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4730. [PMID: 32630801 PMCID: PMC7370286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature fruits (i.e., achenes) of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Asteraceae) accumulate high amounts of silymarin (SILM), a complex mixture of bioactive flavonolignans deriving from taxifolin. Their biological activities in relation with human health promotion and disease prevention are well described. However, the conditions of their biosynthesis in planta are still obscure. To fill this gap, fruit development stages were first precisely defined to study the accumulation kinetics of SILM constituents during fruit ripening. The accumulation profiles of the SILM components during fruit maturation were determined using the LC-MS analysis of these defined developmental phases. The kinetics of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS) and peroxidase (POX) activities suggest in situ biosynthesis of SILM from l-Phenylalanine during fruit maturation rather than a transport of precursors to the achene. In particular, in contrast to laccase activity, POX activity was associated with the accumulation of silymarin, thus indicating a possible preferential involvement of peroxidase(s) in the oxidative coupling step leading to flavonolignans. Reference genes have been identified, selected and validated to allow accurate gene expression profiling of candidate biosynthetic genes (PAL, CAD, CHS, F3H, F3'H and POX) related to SILM accumulation. Gene expression profiles were correlated with SILM accumulation kinetic and preferential location in pericarp during S. marianum fruit maturation, reaching maximum biosynthesis when desiccation occurs, thus reinforcing the hypothesis of an in situ biosynthesis. This observation led us to consider the involvement of abscisic acid (ABA), a key phytohormone in the control of fruit ripening process. ABA accumulation timing and location during milk thistle fruit ripening appeared in line with a potential regulation of the SLIM accumulation. A possible transcriptional regulation of SILM biosynthesis by ABA was supported by the presence of ABA-responsive cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of the SILM biosynthetic genes studied. These results pave the way for a better understanding of the biosynthetic regulation of SILM during the maturation of S. marianum fruit and offer important insights to better control the production of these medicinally important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; (S.D.); (D.T.); (É.L.)
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Duangjai Tungmunnithum
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; (S.D.); (D.T.); (É.L.)
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Éric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; (S.D.); (D.T.); (É.L.)
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; (S.D.); (D.T.); (É.L.)
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
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Ahmed HS, Moawad AS, AbouZid SF, Owis AI. Salicylic acid increases flavonolignans accumulation in the fruits of hydroponically cultured Silybum marianum. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:593-598. [PMID: 32435140 PMCID: PMC7229317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae) was hydroponically cultured using a nutrient film technique system. Silibinin, isosilibinin and silychristin were detected in the fruits of the cultured plants. The effect of salicylic acid on the improvement of flavonolignans production by the fruits of the hydroponically cultured S. marianum was investigated. Salicylic acid was added to the nutrient solution at different concentrations (100, 200 and 400 µM) and the mature fruits of the plant were collected five days after elicitor addition. The fruits were then analyzed for their total flavonolignans contents and individual components using quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qHNMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that elicitation with salicylic acid at 200 µM for five days increased production of total flavonolignans (1.7-fold by qHNMR and 1.6-fold by HPLC) higher than the control cultures and (1.4-fold by qHNMR and 1.1-fold by HPLC) higher than the cultivated plants. Silychristin was the major flavonolignan produced by the cultured plant. Elicitation by 200 µM salicylic acid increased silychristin production (1.6-fold by qHNMR and HPLC) higher than the control cultures and (1.3-fold by qHNMR and 1.0-fold by HPLC) higher than the cultivated plants. The present study provides a chance to improve secondary metabolite yield, serves as a useful tool for studying the biosynthesis of these medicinally valuable compounds and its regulation in plant and spots more light on hydroponic system as an important agricultural technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam S Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt
| | - Abeer S Moawad
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt
| | - Sameh F AbouZid
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt
| | - Asmaa I Owis
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt
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ElSayed AI, El-hamahmy MAM, Rafudeen MS, Mohamed AH, Omar AA. The Impact of Drought Stress on Antioxidant Responses and Accumulation of Flavonolignans in Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E611. [PMID: 31888166 PMCID: PMC6963737 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis and accumulation of flavonolignans in plants are influenced by different environmental conditions. Biosynthesis and accumulation of silymarin in milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) were studied under drought stress with respect to the antioxidant defense system at the physiological and gene expression level. The results revealed a reduction in leaf chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, and glutathione contents. In contrast, H2O2, proline, and antioxidative enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR), were increased. These results confirmed that milk thistle undergoes oxidative stress under drought stress. Furthermore, transcription levels of APX, SOD, CAT, 1-Cys-Prx, and PrxQ were significantly increased in milk thistle under drought stress. Overall this suggests that protection against reactive oxygen species and peroxidation reactions in milk thistle are provided by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds after different drought treatments were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and showed that severe drought stress enhanced the accumulation of silymarin and its components compared with seeds from the control (100% water capacity). Silybin is the major silymarin component and the most bioactive ingredient of the milk thistle extract. Silybin accumulation was the highest among all silymarin components in seeds obtained from drought-stressed plants. The expression of the chalcone synthase (CHS) genes (CHS1, CHS2, and CHS3), which are associated with the silybin biosynthetic pathway, was also increased during drought stress. These results indicated that milk thistle exhibits tolerance to drought stress and that seed derived from severe drought-stressed plants had higher levels of silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaleim I. ElSayed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. M. El-hamahmy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S. Rafudeen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa;
| | - Azza H. Mohamed
- Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Ahmad A. Omar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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Drouet S, Leclerc EA, Garros L, Tungmunnithum D, Kabra A, Abbasi BH, Lainé É, Hano C. A Green Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Optimization of the Natural Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Flavonolignans from Milk Thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Fruits for Cosmetic Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E304. [PMID: 31416140 PMCID: PMC6721202 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (aka milk thistle) constitutes the source of silymarin (SILM), a mixture of different flavonolignans and represents a unique model for their extraction. Here we report on the development and validation of an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method of S. marianum flavonolignans follow by their quantification using LC system. The optimal conditions of this UAE method were: aqueous EtOH 54.5% (v/v) as extraction solvent, with application of an ultrasound (US) frequency of 36.6 kHz during 60 min at 45 °C with a liquid to solid ratio of 25:1 mL/g dry weight (DW). Following its optimization using a full factorial design, the extraction method was validated according to international standards of the association of analytical communities (AOAC) to ensure precision and accuracy in the quantitation of each component of the SILM mixture. The efficiency of this UAE was compared with maceration protocol. Here, the optimized and validated conditions of the UAE allowed the highest extraction yields of SILM and its constituents in comparison to maceration. During UAE, the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was retained, as confirmed by the in vitro assays CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) and inhibition of AGEs (advanced glycation end products). The skin anti-aging potential of the extract obtained by UAE was also confirmed by the strong in vitro cell-free inhibition capacity of both collagenase and elastase. To summarize, the UAE procedure presented here is a green and efficient method for the extraction and quantification of SILM and its constituents from the fruits of S. marianum, making it possible to generate extracts with attractive antioxidant and anti-aging activities for future cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Emilie A Leclerc
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Laurine Garros
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Duangjai Tungmunnithum
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Atul Kabra
- Inder Kumar Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab 144603, India
- Kota College of Pharmacy, Kota Rajasthan 325003, India
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Éric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France.
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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Yin YC, Zhang XD, Gao ZQ, Hu T, Liu Y. The Research Progress of Chalcone Isomerase (CHI) in Plants. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:32-52. [PMID: 30324542 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is the second rate-limiting and the first reported enzyme involved in the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids. It catalyzes the intramolecular cyclization reaction, converting the bicyclic chalcone into tricyclic (2S)-flavanone. In this paper, we obtained and analyzed 916 DNA sequences, 1310 mRNA sequences, and 2403 amino acid sequences of CHI registered in NCBI by Jan 2018. The full length of CHI DNA sequences ranges from 218 to 3758 bp, CHI mRNA sequences ranges from 265 to 1436 bp, and CHI amino acid sequences ranges from 35 to 465 amino acid residues. Forty representative species were selected from each family to construct the maximum likelihood tree and analyze the evolutionary relationship. According to the medicinal and agricultural use, 13 specific species were selected, and their physicochemical properties were analyzed. The molecular weight of CHI ranges from 23 to 26 kD, and the isoelectric point of CHI ranges from 4.93 to 5.85. All the half-life periods of CHI are 30 h in mammalian reticulocytes in vitro, 20 h in yeast, and 10 h in E. coli in vivo, theoretically. The consistency of the 13 CHI amino acid sequences is 63.55%. According to the similarity between each sequence, we selected four CHI sequences of Paeonia suffruticosa, Paeonia lactiflora, Taxus wallichiana, and Tradescantia hirsutiflora for secondary structure, three-dimensional protein models, conserved domains, transmembrane structure, and signal peptide prediction analysis. It was found that CHI sequences of Paeonia suffruticosa and Paeonia lactiflora owned a higher similarity; they both share the template 4doi.1.A. The four CHI all have no signal peptides, and they exert their activities in cytoplasm. Then, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Research Gate were used as information sources through the search terms 'chalcone isomerase', 'biosynthesis', 'expression', and their combinations to get the latest and comprehensive information of CHI, mainly from the year 2010 to 2018. More than 300 papers were searched and 116 papers were reviewed in the present work. We summarized the classification of CHI, catalytic reaction mechanism of CHI, and progress of genetic engineering regarding CHI clone, expression, and exogenous stimulator regulation. This paper will lay a foundation for further studies of CHI and other functional genes involved in flavonoids biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chao Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Ting Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China.
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Deng Y, Li C, Li H, Lu S. Identification and Characterization of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Enzyme Genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae). Molecules 2018; 23:E1467. [PMID: 29914175 PMCID: PMC6099592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of important secondary metabolites with a broad spectrum of pharmacological functions. Salviamiltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal herb with a broad diversity of flavonoids. However, flavonoid biosynthetic enzyme genes have not been systematically and comprehensively analyzed in S.miltiorrhiza. Through genome-wide prediction and molecular cloning, twenty six flavonoid biosynthesis-related gene candidates were identified, of which twenty are novel. They belong to nine families potentially encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavone synthase (FNS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), flavonol synthase (FLS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), respectively. Analysis of intron/exon structures, features of deduced proteins and phylogenetic relationships revealed the conservation and divergence of S.miltiorrhiza flavonoid biosynthesis-related proteins and their homologs from other plant species. These genes showed tissue-specific expression patterns and differentially responded to MeJA treatment. Through comprehensive and systematic analysis, fourteen genes most likely to encode flavonoid biosynthetic enzymes were identified. The results provide valuable information for understanding the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Deng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Caili Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Heqin Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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13
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Lv Y, Gao S, Xu S, Du G, Zhou J, Chen J. Spatial organization of silybin biosynthesis in milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn]. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:995-1004. [PMID: 28990236 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin is a collection of compounds extracted from the medicinal herb milk thistle, among which silybin is the major flavonolignan. However, the biosynthesis pathway of silybin remains unclear. In this study, biomimetic reactions demonstrated that silybin can be synthesized from coniferyl alcohol and taxifolin by the action of peroxidase. The concentration profiles of silybin and its precursors and RNA-Seq analysis of gene expression revealed that the amount of taxifolin and the activity of peroxidase serve as the limiting factors in silybin biosynthesis. Hierarchical clustering of the expression profile of genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway distinguished flowers from other organs. RNA-Seq revealed five candidates for the peroxidase involved in silybin production, among which APX1 (ascorbate peroxidase 1) showed a distinct peroxidase activity and the capacity to synthesize silybin. The spatial organization of silybin biosynthesis in milk thistle was elucidated, which could help our understanding of the biosynthesis of silybin and other flavonolignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Martinelli T, Whittaker A, Benedettelli S, Carboni A, Andrzejewska J. The study of flavonolignan association patterns in fruits of diverging Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. chemotypes provides new insights into the silymarin biosynthetic pathway. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 144:9-18. [PMID: 28863306 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin is the phytochemical with medicinal properties extracted from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. fruits. Yet, little information is available about silymarin biosynthesis. Moreover, the generally accepted pathway, formulated thus far, is not in agreement with actual experimental measurements on flavonolignan contents. The present work analyses flavonolignan and taxifolin content in 201 S. marianum samples taking into consideration a wide phenotypic variability. Two stable chemotypes were identified: one characterized by both high silychristin and silybin content (chemotype A) and another by a high silydianin content (chemotype B). Through the correlation analysis of samples divided according to chemotype, it was possible to construct a simplified silymarin biosynthetic pathway that is sufficiently versatile in explaining experimental results responding to the actually unresolved questions about this process. The proposed pathway highlights that three separate and equally sized metabolite pools exist, namely: diastereoisomers A (silybin A plus isosilybin A), diastereoisomers B (silybin B plus isosilybin B) and silychristin. In both A and B diastereoisomers pools, isosilybin A and isosilybin B always represent a given amount of the metabolite flux through the specific metabolite pool suggesting the possible involvement of dirigent protein-like enzymes. We suggest that chemotype B possesses a complete silymarin biosynthetic pathway in which silydianin biosynthesis is enzymatically controlled. On the contrary, chemotype A is probably a natural mutant unable to biosynthesize silydianin. The present simplified pathway for silymarin biosynthesis will constitute an important tool for the further understanding of the reactions that drive flavonolignan biosynthesis in S. marianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Martinelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Anne Whittaker
- University of Florence, Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedettelli
- University of Florence, Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Carboni
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Bologna, Italy
| | - Jadwiga Andrzejewska
- Department of Agrotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Hidalgo D, Martínez-Márquez A, Cusidó R, Bru-Martínez R, Palazón J, Corchete P. Silybum marianum cell cultures stably transformed with Vitis vinifera stilbene synthase accumulate t-resveratrol in the extracellular medium after elicitation with methyl jasmonate or methylated β-cyclodextrins. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:686-694. [PMID: 32624814 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for t-resveratrol for industrial uses has generated considerable interest in its production. Heterologous resveratrol production in plant cell suspensions, apart from requiring the introduction of only one or two genes, has the advantage of high biomass yield and a short cultivation time, and thus could be an option for large-scale production. Silybum marianum is the source of the flavonolignan silymarin. Phenylpropanoid synthesis in cultures of this species can be activated by elicitation with methyl jasmonate and methylated β-cyclodextrins, with products of the pathway (coniferyl alcohol and some isomers of the silymarin complex) being released into the medium. Given that stilbene synthase shares the same key precursors involved in flavonoid and /or monolignol biosynthesis, we explored the potential of metabolically engineered S. marianum cultures for t-resveratrol production. Cell suspensions were stably transformed with Vitis vinifera stilbene synthase 3 and the expression of the transgene led to extracellular t-resveratrol accumulation at the level of milligrams per litre under elicitation. Resveratrol synthesis occurred at the expense of coniferyl alcohol. Production of silymarin was less affected in the transgenic cultures, since the flavonoid pathway is limiting for its synthesis, due to the preferred supply of precursors for the monolignol branch. The fact that the expressed STS gene took excessively produced precursors of non-bioactive compounds (coniferyl alcohol), while keeping the metabolic flow for target secondary compounds (i.e. silymarin) unaltered, opens a way to extend the applications of plant cell cultures for the simultaneous production of both constitutive and foreign valuable metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hidalgo
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal Facultat de Farmacia Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Ascensión Martínez-Márquez
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of Science University of Alicante Alicante Spain
| | - Rosa Cusidó
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal Facultat de Farmacia Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Roque Bru-Martínez
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of Science University of Alicante Alicante Spain
| | - Javier Palazón
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal Facultat de Farmacia Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Purificación Corchete
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology Campus Miguel de Unamuno University of Salamanca Salamanca Spain
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El-Garhy HAS, Khattab S, Moustafa MMA, Abou Ali R, Abdel Azeiz AZ, Elhalwagi A, El Sherif F. Silybin content and overexpression of chalcone synthase genes in Silybum marianum L. plants under abiotic elicitation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:191-202. [PMID: 27448793 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin, a Silybum marianum seed extract containing a mixture of flavonolignans including silybin, is being used as an antihepatotoxic therapy for liver diseases. In this study, the enhancing effect of gamma irradiation on plant growth parameters of S. marianum under salt stress was investigated. The effect of gamma irradiation, either as a single elicitor or coupled with salinity, on chalcone synthase (CHS) gene expression and silybin A + B yield was also evaluated. The silybin A + B content in S. marianum fruits was estimated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An increase in silybin content was accompanied by up-regulation of the CHS1, CHS2 and CHS3 genes, which are involved in the silybin biosynthetic pathway. The highest silybin A + B production (0.77 g/100 g plant DW) and transcript levels of the three studied genes (100.2-, 91.9-, and 24.3-fold increase, respectively) were obtained with 100GY gamma irradiation and 4000 ppm salty water. The CHS2 and CHS3 genes were partially sequenced and submitted to the NCBI database under the accession numbers KT252908.1 and KT252909.1, respectively. Developing new approaches to stimulate silybin biosynthetic pathways could be a useful tool to potentiate the use of plants as renewable resources of medicinal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda A S El-Garhy
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt.
| | - Salah Khattab
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box. 380, Al-Asia, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M A Moustafa
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Rania Abou Ali
- Nucleic Acid and Protein Structure Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Z Abdel Azeiz
- Colleges of Biotechnology, Miser University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October City, Egypt
| | - Abeer Elhalwagi
- Chemical Analysis Lab., National Gene Bank of Egypt, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Fadia El Sherif
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box. 380, Al-Asia, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
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