1
|
Murakami A, Kim E, Minagawa J, Takizawa K. How much heat does non-photochemical quenching produce? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1367795. [PMID: 38645386 PMCID: PMC11027892 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1367795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is a protective mechanism used by plants to safely dissipate excess absorbed light energy as heat, minimizing photo-oxidative damage. Although the importance of NPQ as a safety valve for photosynthesis is well-known, the physiological and environmental effects of the heat produced remain unclear because the amount of heat produced by NPQ is considered negligible, and its physiological effects have not been directly observed. Here, we calculated the heat produced by NPQ and evaluated its impact on the leaf and global warming based on simplified models. Our evaluation showed that the heat produced by NPQ in a given leaf area is 63.9 W m-2 under direct sunlight. Under the standard condition, NPQ warms up the leaf at less than 0.1°C, but it could be 1°C under particular conditions with low thermal conductance. We also estimated the thermal radiation of vegetation's NPQ to be 2.2 W m-2 par global averaged surface area. It is only 0.55% of the thermal radiation by the Earth's surface, but still significant in the current climate change response. We further discuss the possible function of NPQ to plant physiology besides the safety valve and provide strategies with artificial modification of the NPQ mechanism to increase food production and mitigate global warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Murakami
- Astrobiology Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Eunchul Kim
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Jun Minagawa
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Takizawa
- Astrobiology Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zubik-Duda M, Luchowski R, Maksim M, Nosalewicz A, Zgłobicki P, Banaś AK, Grudzinski W, Gruszecki WI. The photoprotective dilemma of a chloroplast: to avoid high light or to quench the fire? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36994646 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The safe and smooth functioning of photosynthesis in plants is ensured by the operation of numerous regulatory mechanisms that adjust the density of excitation resulting from photon absorption to the capabilities of the photosynthetic apparatus. Such mechanisms include the movement of chloroplasts inside cells and the quenching of electronic excitations in the pigment-protein complexes. Here, we address the problem of a possible cause-and-effect relationship between these two mechanisms. Both the light-induced chloroplast movements and quenching of chlorophyll excitations were analyzed simultaneously with the application of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, wild-type and impaired in chloroplast movements or photoprotective excitation quenching. The results show that both regulatory mechanisms operate over a relatively wide range of light intensities. By contrast, impaired chloroplast translocations have no effect on photoprotection at the molecular level, indicating the direction of information flow in the coupling of these two regulatory mechanisms: from the photosynthetic apparatus to the cellular level. The results show also that the presence of the xanthophyll zeaxanthin is necessary and sufficient for the full development of photoprotective quenching of excessive chlorophyll excitations in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zubik-Duda
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| | - Rafal Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maksim
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Artur Nosalewicz
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Piotr Zgłobicki
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Banaś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Wojciech Grudzinski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| | - Wieslaw I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zubik M, Luchowski R, Kluczyk D, Grudzinski W, Maksim M, Nosalewicz A, Gruszecki WI. Recycling of Energy Dissipated as Heat Accounts for High Activity of Photosystem II. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3242-3248. [PMID: 32271019 PMCID: PMC7588127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) converts light into chemical energy powering almost all life on Earth. The primary photovoltaic reaction in the PSII reaction center requires energy corresponding to 680 nm, which is significantly higher than in the case of the low-energy states in the antenna complexes involved in the harvesting of excitations driving PSII. Here we show that despite seemingly insufficient energy, the low-energy excited states can power PSII because of the activity of the thermally driven up-conversion. We demonstrate the operation of this mechanism both in intact leaves and in isolated pigment-protein complex LHCII. A mechanism is proposed, according to which the effective utilization of thermal energy in the photosynthetic apparatus is possible owing to the formation of LHCII supramolecular structures, leading to the coupled energy levels corresponding to approximately 680 and 700 nm, capable of exchanging excitation energy through the spontaneous relaxation and the thermal up-conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zubik
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria
Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafal Luchowski
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria
Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kluczyk
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria
Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Grudzinski
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria
Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maksim
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria
Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
- Institute
of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Nosalewicz
- Institute
of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wieslaw I. Gruszecki
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria
Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Macroorganisation and flexibility of thylakoid membranes. Biochem J 2019; 476:2981-3018. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The light reactions of photosynthesis are hosted and regulated by the chloroplast thylakoid membrane (TM) — the central structural component of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and algae. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional arrangement of the lipid–protein assemblies, aka macroorganisation, and its dynamic responses to the fluctuating physiological environment, aka flexibility, are the subject of this review. An emphasis is given on the information obtainable by spectroscopic approaches, especially circular dichroism (CD). We briefly summarise the current knowledge of the composition and three-dimensional architecture of the granal TMs in plants and the supramolecular organisation of Photosystem II and light-harvesting complex II therein. We next acquaint the non-specialist reader with the fundamentals of CD spectroscopy, recent advances such as anisotropic CD, and applications for studying the structure and macroorganisation of photosynthetic complexes and membranes. Special attention is given to the structural and functional flexibility of light-harvesting complex II in vitro as revealed by CD and fluorescence spectroscopy. We give an account of the dynamic changes in membrane macroorganisation associated with the light-adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus and the regulation of the excitation energy flow by state transitions and non-photochemical quenching.
Collapse
|
5
|
Pollastri S, Jorba I, Hawkins TJ, Llusià J, Michelozzi M, Navajas D, Peñuelas J, Hussey PJ, Knight MR, Loreto F. Leaves of isoprene-emitting tobacco plants maintain PSII stability at high temperatures. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1307-1318. [PMID: 30980545 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
At high temperatures, isoprene-emitting plants display a higher photosynthetic rate and a lower nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) compared with nonemitting plants. The mechanism of this phenomenon, which may be very important under current climate warming, is still elusive. NPQ was dissected into its components, and chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) was used to analyse the dynamics of excited chlorophyll relaxation in isoprene-emitting and nonemitting plants. Thylakoid membrane stiffness was also measured using atomic force microscope (AFM) to identify a possible mode of action of isoprene in improving photochemical efficiency and photosynthetic stability. We show that, when compared with nonemitters, isoprene-emitting tobacco plants exposed at high temperatures display a reduced increase of the NPQ energy-dependent component (qE) and stable (1) chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime; (2) amplitude of the fluorescence decay components; and (3) thylakoid membrane stiffness. Our study shows for the first time that isoprene maintains PSII stability at high temperatures by preventing the modifications of the surrounding environment, namely providing a more steady and homogeneous distribution of the light-absorbing centres and a stable thylakoid membrane stiffness. Isoprene photoprotects leaves with a mechanism alternative to NPQ, enabling plants to maintain a high photosynthetic rate at rising temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pollastri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Ignasi Jorba
- University of Barcelona and Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timothy J Hawkins
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Joan Llusià
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marco Michelozzi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel Navajas
- University of Barcelona and Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Marc R Knight
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Niewiadomska E, Brückner K, Mulisch M, Kruk J, Orzechowska A, Pilarska M, Luchowski R, Gruszecki WI, Krupinska K. Lack of tocopherols influences the PSII antenna and the functioning of photosystems under low light. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 223:57-64. [PMID: 29499454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As tocopherols are expected to protect PSII against toxic singlet oxygen it is surprising that the null tocopherol mutant vte1 has been reported to show only a weak enhancement of photosystem II photoinhibition under high irradiance. Based on the view that singlet oxygen is formed also in unstressed conditions, such as low light (LL), we hypothesized that some defense strategies are activated in vte1 in these light conditions. In support for that we noted several symptoms of stress at PSII in the mutant under LL, by means of parameters of fast and slow kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence and of changes in the relative contribution of PSII antenna in comparison to those of PSI. This was associated with a lower extent of phosphorylation of PSII core proteins (D1 and CP43). PSII RCs do not totally recover from stress in vte1 even after the nocturnal phase. As a clear compensation for the impeded performance of PSII in the vte1 we noted an increased quantum efficiency of PSI. A pronounced changes between WT and the vte1 mutant were also related to conformation of LHCII at the beginning of photoperiod, suggesting the absence of LHCII trimers in the mutant. The thylakoids thickness was similar in WT and vte1 under LL, but a pronounced unstacking of thylakoids was evoked by HL only in vte1. In conclusion, we postulate that action of 1O2 on PSII in vte1 leads to some permanent damage at PSII core and at LHCII already under LL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Niewiadomska
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kathleen Brückner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Maria Mulisch
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstr, 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Orzechowska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Maria Pilarska
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Rafał Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Wiesław I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstr, 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schaller-Laudel S, Latowski D, Jemioła-Rzemińska M, Strzałka K, Daum S, Bacia K, Wilhelm C, Goss R. Influence of thylakoid membrane lipids on the structure of aggregated light-harvesting complexes of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and the green alga Mantoniella squamata. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:339-358. [PMID: 28317130 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of the thylakoid membrane lipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) on the structure of two algal light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). In contrast to higher plants whose thylakoid membranes are characterized by an enrichment of the neutral galactolipids MGDG and DGDG, both the green alga Mantoniella squamata and the centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana contain membranes with a high content of the negatively charged lipids SQDG and PG. The algal thylakoids do not show the typical grana-stroma differentiation of higher plants but a regular arrangement. To analyze the effect of the membrane lipids, the fucoxanthin chlorophyll protein (FCP) complex of T. pseudonana and the LHC of M. squamata (MLHC) were prepared by successive cation precipitation using Triton X-100 as detergent. With this method, it is possible to isolate LHCs with a reduced amount of associated lipids in an aggregated state. The results from 77 K fluorescence and photon correlation spectroscopy show that neither the neutral galactolipids nor the negatively charged lipids are able to significantly alter the aggregation state of the FCP or the MLHC. This is in contrast to higher plants where SQDG and PG lead to a strong disaggregation of the LHCII whereas MGDG and DGDG induce the formation of large macroaggregates. The results indicate that LHCs which are integrated into thylakoid membranes with a high amount of negatively charged lipids and a regular arrangement are less sensitive to lipid-induced structural alterations than their counterparts in membranes enriched in neutral lipids with a grana-stroma differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dariusz Latowski
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | | | - Kazimierz Strzałka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Sebastian Daum
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, D-06120, Germany
| | - Kirsten Bacia
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, D-06120, Germany
| | - Christian Wilhelm
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
| | - Reimund Goss
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
| |
Collapse
|