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Márquez DA, Busch FA. The interplay of short-term mesophyll and stomatal conductance responses under variable environmental conditions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3393-3410. [PMID: 38488802 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the short-term responses of mesophyll conductance (gm) and stomatal conductance (gsc) to environmental changes remains a challenging yet central aspect of plant physiology. This review synthesises our current knowledge of these short-term responses, which underpin CO2 diffusion within leaves. Recent methodological advances in measuring gm using online isotopic discrimination and chlorophyll fluorescence have improved our confidence in detecting short-term gm responses, but results need to be carefully evaluated. Environmental factors like vapour pressure deficit and CO2 concentration indirectly impact gm through gsc changes, highlighting some of the complex interactions between the two parameters. Evidence suggests that short-term responses of gm are not, or at least not fully, mechanistically linked to changes in gsc, cautioning against using gsc as a reliable proxy for gm. The overarching challenge lies in unravelling the mechanistic basis of short-term gm responses, which will contribute to the development of accurate models bridging laboratory insights with broader ecological implications. Addressing these gaps in understanding is crucial for refining predictions of gm behaviour under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Márquez
- School of Biosciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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2
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Tholen D. GasanalyzeR: advancing reproducible research using a new R package for photosynthesis data workflows. AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plae035. [PMID: 39040093 PMCID: PMC11261163 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of photosynthetic traits has become an integral part of plant (eco-)physiology. Many of these characteristics are not directly measured, but calculated from combinations of several, more direct, measurements. The calculations of such derived variables are based on underlying physical models and may use additional constants or assumed values. Commercially available gas-exchange instruments typically report such derived variables, but the available implementations use different definitions and assumptions. Moreover, no software is currently available to allow a fully scripted and reproducible workflow that includes importing data, pre-processing and recalculating derived quantities. The R package gasanalyzer aims to address these issues by providing methods to import data from different instruments, by translating photosynthetic variables to a standardized nomenclature, and by optionally recalculating derived quantities using standardized equations. In addition, the package facilitates performing sensitivity analyses on variables or assumptions used in the calculations to allow researchers to better assess the robustness of the results. The use of the package and how to perform sensitivity analyses are demonstrated using three different examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Tholen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Greer DH. Intraspecific differences in the photosynthetic responses to chloroplast CO 2 and photon flux density at different leaf temperatures of four grapevine cultivars grown in common outdoor conditions. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e595. [PMID: 38855127 PMCID: PMC11154808 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Comparative measurements of four Vitis vinifera cultivars were undertaken to assess assimilation tolerance to the high growth temperatures currently pervading Australian and other wine growing regions. The cultivars, cvs. Chardonnay, Merlot, Semillon, and Shiraz, were all grown in common growth conditions, and an hypothesis promulgated genotypic variation in assimilation and in the leaf temperature dependency. Assimilation responses to varying light intensity and to varying chloroplast CO2 at a range of leaf temperatures (15-45°C) were measured in leaves of each cultivar in mid-summer. Light response curves revealed marked genotype differences in maximum assimilation, but temperature effects also varied. Semillon leaves were most sensitive to temperature, with marked and steep differences in assimilation at different temperatures while Chardonnay and Merlot were least sensitive, with relatively flat responses. There were also marked cultivar differences in response to CO2 and significant effects of leaf temperature. CO2-saturated assimilation varied markedly, with Semillon and Merlot leaves most responsive to temperature, although there were differences in optimum temperatures and maximum rates. Chardonnay leaves remained least tolerant, with lowest rates of assimilation across most temperatures. Assimilation at 45°C also separated the cultivars and two cultivars had higher rates than at 15°C while Chardonnay and Merlot leaves had higher rates at 15°C. There were no cultivar differences in the temperature dependency of Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation, but Semillon had a much steeper temperature dependency on RuBP regeneration than the other cultivars. All these responses confirmed the hypothesis and concluded the high-temperature tolerance of Semillon and Shiraz and the poor adaptability of Chardonnay and possibly Merlot to perform in the current high-temperature growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H. Greer
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine ScienceCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNew South WalesAustralia
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4
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Yudina L, Sukhova E, Gromova E, Mudrilov M, Zolin Y, Popova A, Nerush V, Pecherina A, Grishin AA, Dorokhov AA, Sukhov V. Effect of Duration of LED Lighting on Growth, Photosynthesis and Respiration in Lettuce. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:442. [PMID: 36771527 PMCID: PMC9921278 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parameters of illumination including the spectra, intensity, and photoperiod play an important role in the cultivation of plants under greenhouse conditions, especially for vegetables such as lettuce. We previously showed that illumination by a combination of red, blue, and white LEDs with a high red light intensity, was optimal for lettuce cultivation; however, the effect of the photoperiod on lettuce cultivation was not investigated. In the current work, we investigated the influence of photoperiod on production (total biomass and dry weight) and parameters of photosynthesis, respiration rate, and relative chlorophyll content in lettuce plants. A 16 h (light):8 h (dark) illumination regime was used as the control. In this work, we investigated the effect of photoperiod on total biomass and dry weight production in lettuce plants as well as on photosynthesis, respiration rate and chlorophyll content. A lighting regime 16:8 h (light:dark) was used as control. A shorter photoperiod (8 h) decreased total biomass and dry weight in lettuce, and this effect was related to the suppression of the linear electron flow caused by the decreasing content of chlorophylls and, therefore, light absorption. A longer photoperiod (24 h) increased the total biomass and dry weight, nevertheless an increase in photosynthetic processes, light absorption by leaves and chlorophyll content was not recorded, nor were differences in respiration rate, thus indicating that changes in photosynthesis and respiration are not necessary conditions for stimulating plant production. A simple model to predict plant production was also developed to address the question of whether increasing the duration of illumination stimulates plant production without inducing changes in photosynthesis and respiration. Our results indicate that increasing the duration of illumination can stimulate dry weight accumulation and that this effect can also be induced using the equal total light integrals for day (i.e., this stimulation can be also caused by increasing the light period while decreasing light intensity). Increasing the duration of illumination is therefore an effective approach to stimulating lettuce production under artificial lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov Yudina
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Gromova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Maxim Mudrilov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Yuriy Zolin
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alyona Popova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Nerush
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anna Pecherina
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Grishin
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM” (FSAC VIM), 109428 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem A. Dorokhov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM” (FSAC VIM), 109428 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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5
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Greer DH. Changes in photosynthesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence in relation to leaf temperature from just before to after harvest of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz vines grown in outdoor conditions. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:170-185. [PMID: 34883042 DOI: 10.1071/fp21304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harvesting fruit from horticultural species causes a down-regulation of photosynthesis but some species can recover after harvest. The objective of this study was to assess the hypothesis that the impact of fruit removal on the photosynthetic performance of Shiraz grapevines, in relation to CO2 concentration and leaf temperature, would contribute to a depreciation in photosynthetic assimilation. To assess this hypothesis, vines that were continuously vegetative were compared with vines that were harvested when fruit were ripe. These fruiting vines had higher rates of CO2 -limited photosynthesis at all leaf temperatures compared to vegetative vines before harvest but after, photosynthetic rates were highest in vegetative vines. There were few treatment differences in CO2 -saturated photosynthesis before harvest but after, below about 30°C, the harvested vines had higher photosynthesis than the vegetative vines. Maximum rates of ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation and regeneration and responses to temperature were unaffected by differences in sink demand but after harvest, maximum rates increased, but markedly more in the vegetative vines, especially at higher temperatures. This conformed to higher photosynthetic rates in the vegetative vines. There were no sink demand effects on chlorophyll a fluorescence, consistent with the evidence that the fruit sink removal probably affected Rubisco activity and performance. The conclusion that sink removal caused a depreciation in photosynthesis was sustained but the temperature had a strong modulating effect through both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations driving the depreciation in assimilation. What was less clear was why assimilation of continuously vegetative vines increased during the harvest time when there were no apparent changes in sink demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H Greer
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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6
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He H, Wang Q, Wang L, Yang K, Yang R, You C, Ke J, Wu L. Photosynthetic physiological response of water-saving and drought-resistant rice to severe drought under wetting-drying alternation irrigation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:2191-2206. [PMID: 34549440 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water-saving and drought-resistant rice (WDR) is widely grown in central China in recent years. However, studies have not explored the interaction effect of WDR and irrigation regimes on drought-resistance capacities under severe drought at sensitive growth periods. A pot experiment was conducted using a WDR cultivar Hanyou73 (HY73) and traditional high-yielding and drought-sensitive cultivar Huiliangyou 898 (HLY898). Three irrigation regimes, including flooding irrigation (W1), mild wetting-drying alternation irrigation (W2), and severe wetting-drying alternation irrigation (W3), were applied before heading. At heading, severe drought with -50 KPa soil water potential was established for all treatments and cultivars. The findings showed that cultivar HY73 under W2 treatment had the highest yield, 1000-grain yield, filled grain, relative water content, and photosynthesis potential compared with the other combinations. The higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn ) was attributed to larger mesophyll conductance (gm ) in drought for cultivar HY73 under W2 treatment compared with that for cultivar HLY898 and the other water treatments. Enhanced photo-respiration rate may be an important photoprotection mechanism for achieving high Pn for cultivar HY73 coupled with W2 treatment than for other combinations in drought. The relative expression level of OsPIP1;1 gene was significantly down-regulated during drought in all cultivars and water regimes. But OsPIP1;2, OsPIP2;3, OsTIP2;2, and OsTIP3;1 genes were upregulated to alleviate the significant decrease in gs and gm under drought. These results suggest that WDR and mild wetting-drying alternation irrigation (W2) have significant interaction effects in improving photosynthetic production potential by maintaining higher gm under severe drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing He
- Agricultural College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Agricultural College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lele Wang
- Agricultural College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Agricultural College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ru Yang
- Agricultural College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cuicui You
- Agricultural College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Ke
- Agricultural College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liquan Wu
- Agricultural College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
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7
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Yin X, Busch FA, Struik PC, Sharkey TD. Evolution of a biochemical model of steady-state photosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2811-2837. [PMID: 33872407 PMCID: PMC8453732 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the publication of the landmark model by Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry on steady-state C3 photosynthesis (known as the "FvCB model"), we review three major further developments of the model. These include: (1) limitation by triose phosphate utilization, (2) alternative electron transport pathways, and (3) photorespiration-associated nitrogen and C1 metabolisms. We discussed the relation of the third extension with the two other extensions, and some equivalent extensions to model C4 photosynthesis. In addition, the FvCB model has been coupled with CO2 -diffusion models. We review how these extensions and integration have broadened the use of the FvCB model in understanding photosynthesis, especially with regard to bioenergetic stoichiometries associated with photosynthetic quantum yields. Based on the new insights, we present caveats in applying the FvCB model. Further research needs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Florian A. Busch
- School of Biosciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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8
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Yin X, van der Putten PEL, Belay D, Struik PC. Using photorespiratory oxygen response to analyse leaf mesophyll resistance. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 144:85-99. [PMID: 32040701 PMCID: PMC7113236 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Classical approaches to estimate mesophyll conductance ignore differences in resistance components for CO2 from intercellular air spaces (IAS) and CO2 from photorespiration (F) and respiration (Rd). Consequently, mesophyll conductance apparently becomes sensitive to (photo)respiration relative to net photosynthesis, (F + Rd)/A. This sensitivity depends on several hard-to-measure anatomical properties of mesophyll cells. We developed a method to estimate the parameter m (0 ≤ m ≤ 1) that lumps these anatomical properties, using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements where (F + Rd)/A ratios vary. This method was applied to tomato and rice leaves measured at five O2 levels. The estimated m was 0.3 for tomato but 0.0 for rice, suggesting that classical approaches implying m = 0 work well for rice. The mesophyll conductance taking the m factor into account still responded to irradiance, CO2, and O2 levels, similar to response patterns of stomatal conductance to these variables. Largely due to different m values, the fraction of (photo)respired CO2 being refixed within mesophyll cells was lower in tomato than in rice. But that was compensated for by the higher fraction via IAS, making the total re-fixation similar for both species. These results, agreeing with CO2 compensation point estimates, support our method of effectively analysing mesophyll resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter E L van der Putten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Belay
- Selale University, P.O. Box 245, Fiche, Ethiopia
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Busch FA, Holloway-Phillips M, Stuart-Williams H, Farquhar GD. Revisiting carbon isotope discrimination in C 3 plants shows respiration rules when photosynthesis is low. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:245-258. [PMID: 32170287 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotopes are commonly used to study the diffusion of CO2 within photosynthetic plant tissues. The standard method used to interpret the observed preference for the lighter carbon isotope in C3 photosynthesis involves the model of Farquhar et al., which relates carbon isotope discrimination to physical and biochemical processes within the leaf. However, under many conditions the model returns unreasonable results for mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion (gm), especially when rates of photosynthesis are low. Here, we re-derive the carbon isotope discrimination model using modified assumptions related to the isotope effect of mitochondrial respiration. In particular, we treat the carbon pool associated with respiration as separate from the pool of primary assimilates. We experimentally test the model by comparing gm values measured with different CO2 source gases varying in their isotopic composition, and show that our new model returns matching gm values that are much more reasonable than those obtained with the previous model. We use our results to discuss CO2 diffusion properties within the mesophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Meisha Holloway-Phillips
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hilary Stuart-Williams
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Fabre D, Yin X, Dingkuhn M, Clément-Vidal A, Roques S, Rouan L, Soutiras A, Luquet D. Is triose phosphate utilization involved in the feedback inhibition of photosynthesis in rice under conditions of sink limitation? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5773-5785. [PMID: 31269202 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the physiological basis of rice photosynthetic response to C source-sink imbalances, focusing on the dynamics of the photosynthetic parameter triose phosphate utilization (TPU). Here, rice (Oriza sativa L.) indica cultivar IR64 were grown in controlled environment chambers under current ambient CO2 concentration until heading, and thereafter two CO2 treatments (400 and 800 μmol mol-1) were compared in the presence and absence of a panicle-pruning treatment modifying the C sink. At 2 weeks after heading, photosynthetic parameters derived from CO2 response curves, and non-structural carbohydrate content of flag leaf and internodes were measured three to four times of day. Spikelet number per panicle and flag leaf area on the main culm were recorded. Net C assimilation and TPU decreased progressively after midday in panicle-pruned plants, especially under 800 μmol mol-1 CO2. This TPU reduction was explained by sucrose accumulation in the flag leaf resulting from the sink limitation. Taking together, our findings suggest that TPU is involved in the regulation of photosynthesis in rice under elevated CO2 conditions, and that sink limitation effects should be considered in crop models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Dingkuhn
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Clément-Vidal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Roques
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Lauriane Rouan
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Soutiras
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Luquet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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