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Singewar K, Fladung M. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) technology to control forest insect pests and fungal pathogens: challenges and opportunities. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:185. [PMID: 37243792 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Climate change alters the seasonal synchronization between plants and respective pests plus pathogens. The geographical infiltration helps to shift their hosts, resulting in novel outbreaks that damage forests and ecology. Traditional management schemes are unable to control such outbreaks, therefore unconventional and competitive governance is needed to manage forest pests and pathogens. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) treatment method can be implemented to protect forest trees. Exogenous dsRNA triggers the RNAi-mediated gene silencing of a vital gene, and suspends protein production, resulting in the death of targeted pathogens and pests. The dsRNA treatment method is successful for many crop insects and fungi, however, studies of dsRNA against forest pests and pathogens are depleting. Pesticides and fungicides based on dsRNA could be used to combat pathogens that caused outbreaks in different parts of the world. Although the dsRNA has proved its potential, the crucial dilemma and risks including species-specific gene selection, and dsRNA delivery methods cannot be overlooked. Here, we summarized the major fungi pathogens and insect pests that have caused outbreaks, their genomic information, and studies on dsRNA fungi-and pesticides. Current challenges and opportunities in dsRNA target decision, delivery using nanoparticles, direct applications, and a new method using mycorrhiza for forest tree protection are discussed. The importance of affordable next-generation sequencing to minimize the impact on non-target species is discussed. We suggest that collaborative research among forest genomics and pathology institutes could develop necessary dsRNA strategies to protect forest tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Singewar
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, 22927, Großhansdorf, Germany.
| | - Matthias Fladung
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, 22927, Großhansdorf, Germany.
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2
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He J, Kong M, Qian Y, Gong M, Lv G, Song J. Cellobiose elicits immunity in lettuce conferring resistance to Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:1022-1038. [PMID: 36385320 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose is the primary product of cellulose hydrolysis and is expected to function as a type of pathogen/damage-associated molecular pattern in evoking plant innate immunity. In this study, cellobiose was demonstrated to be a positive regulator in the immune response of lettuce, but halted autoimmunity when lettuce was exposed to concentrations of cellobiose >60 mg l-1. When lettuce plants were infected by Botrytis cinerea, cellobiose endowed plants with enhanced pre-invasion resistance by activating high β-1,3-glucanase and antioxidative enzyme activities at the initial stage of pathogen infection. Cellobiose-activated core regulatory factors such as EDS1, PTI6, and WRKY70, as well as salicylic acid signaling, played an indispensable role in modulating plant growth-defense trade-offs. Transcriptomics data further suggested that the cellobiose-activated plant-pathogen pathways are involved in microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses. Genes encoding receptor-like kinases, transcription factors, and redox homeostasis, phytohormone signal transduction, and pathogenesis-related proteins were also up- or down-regulated by cellobiose. Taken together, the findings of this study demonstrated that cellobiose serves as an elicitor to directly activate disease-resistance-related cellular functions. In addition, multiple genes have been identified as potential modulators of the cellobiose-induced immune response, which could aid understanding of underlying molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuxing He
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meng Kong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanchao Qian
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Min Gong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guohua Lv
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiqing Song
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Shen J, Wang S, Sun L, Wang Y, Fan K, Li C, Wang H, Bi C, Zhang F, Ding Z. Dynamic changes in metabolic and lipidomic profiles of tea plants during drought stress and re-watering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978531. [PMID: 36119581 PMCID: PMC9478477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.), as an evergreen plant, needs a humid environment. Water deficit would diminish tea yield and quality. We analyzed the dynamic changes in the metabolite and lipid profiling of tea leaves under various drought conditions and re-watering to determine the metabolic changes in tea leaves responding to drought challenges. In all, 119 metabolites showed substantial alterations in drought-stressed tea plants, including sugars and sugar alcohols, amino acids, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and lipids. We detected 29 lipids and they were classified into phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidic acid (PA), sulfoquinovosyl-diacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). The levels of sugar, sugar alcohol, and sugar precursors may change as a response to drought stress. Compared with these metabolites, the membrane lipids showed more dynamic changes in tea under drought stresses. Furthermore, metabolic recovery was only partial, with the majority of the examined metabolites exhibiting significantly different levels between samples from re-watered and well-watered tea plants. The findings also showed that comprehensive metabolomic and lipidomic approaches were efficient in elucidating the impacts of drought stress on tea plant metabolism. Our findings are valuable for understanding the mechanisms behind drought tolerance in tea plants from the metabolism perspective and utilizing the compounds to improve the drought tolerance of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhi Shen
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Litao Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Li
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Rizhao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rizhao, China
| | - Caihong Bi
- Linyi Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Linyi, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Wulian County, Rizhao, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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4
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Zarattini M, Choaibi A, Magri S, Hermans C, Cannella D. The oxidized cellooligosaccharides confer thermotolerance in Arabidopsis by priming ethylene via heat shock factor A2. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13737. [PMID: 35717612 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change, especially heatwaves and aridity, is a major threat to agricultural production and food security. This requires common efforts from the scientific community to find effective solutions to better understand and protect the plant's vulnerabilities to high temperatures. The current study demonstrates the potential of cellooligosaccharides (COS), which are native and oxidized signaling molecules released by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) enzymes during cell wall degradation by microbial pathogens. The extracellular perception of COS leads to the activation of damage-triggered immunity, often protecting the plant against biotic stress. However, how these signaling molecules affect abiotic stress tolerance is poorly understood. Here, we show that native COS and oxidized COS (oxiCOS) perception increase the transcript levels of several HEAT SHOCK FACTORS (HSFs) and HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS (HSPs) genes in Arabidopsis plants. However, only oxiCOS treatment triggers ethylene priming and increases thermotolerance. Furthermore, the function of the transcription factor HSFA2 is required for these processes. Altogether, our results indicate that the perception of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) may improve tolerance to adverse abiotic conditions, like exposure to high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zarattini
- PhotoBiocatalysis Unit-Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ali Choaibi
- PhotoBiocatalysis Unit-Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Silvia Magri
- PhotoBiocatalysis Unit-Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Hermans
- PhotoBiocatalysis Unit-Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Cannella
- PhotoBiocatalysis Unit-Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Zarattini M, Corso M, Kadowaki MA, Monclaro A, Magri S, Milanese I, Jolivet S, de Godoy MO, Hermans C, Fagard M, Cannella D. LPMO-oxidized cellulose oligosaccharides evoke immunity in Arabidopsis conferring resistance towards necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea. Commun Biol 2021; 4:727. [PMID: 34117349 PMCID: PMC8196058 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMOs) are powerful redox enzymes able to oxidatively cleave recalcitrant polysaccharides. Widely conserved across biological kingdoms, LPMOs of the AA9 family are deployed by phytopathogens to deconstruct cellulose polymers. In response, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense cell wall damage and thus self-triggering Damage Triggered Immunity responses. Here, we show that Arabidopsis plants exposed to LPMO products triggered the innate immunity ultimately leading to increased resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. We demonstrated that plants undergo a deep transcriptional reprogramming upon elicitation with AA9 derived cellulose- or cello-oligosaccharides (AA9_COS). To decipher the specific effects of native and oxidized LPMO-generated AA9_COS, a pairwise comparison with cellobiose, the smallest non-oxidized unit constituting cellulose, is presented. Moreover, we identified two leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, namely STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 and 4, playing a crucial role in signaling the AA9_COS-dependent responses such as camalexin production. Furthermore, increased levels of ethylene, jasmonic and salicylic acid hormones, along with deposition of callose in the cell wall was observed. Collectively, our data reveal that LPMOs might play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions. Zarattini et al. confirm the capacity of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMO) active on cellulose to trigger immune responses in Arabidopsis. These results bring insight to the field of cell wall modifying enzymes and their roles in plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zarattini
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Corso
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - Marco Antonio Kadowaki
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonielle Monclaro
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Silvia Magri
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Irma Milanese
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Jolivet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - Mariana Ortiz de Godoy
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Hermans
- Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Fagard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - David Cannella
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit-BioCat, Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory CPBL and BTL, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Pérez-Alonso MM, Guerrero-Galán C, Scholz SS, Kiba T, Sakakibara H, Ludwig-Müller J, Krapp A, Oelmüller R, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Pollmann S. Harnessing symbiotic plant-fungus interactions to unleash hidden forces from extreme plant ecosystems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3865-3877. [PMID: 31976537 PMCID: PMC7316966 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is arguably one of the biggest threats of modern times and has already led to a wide range of impacts on the environment, economy, and society. Owing to past emissions and climate system inertia, global climate change is predicted to continue for decades even if anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions were to stop immediately. In many regions, such as central Europe and the Mediterranean region, the temperature is likely to rise by 2-5 °C and annual precipitation is predicted to decrease. Expected heat and drought periods followed by floods, and unpredictable growing seasons, are predicted to have detrimental effects on agricultural production systems, causing immense economic losses and food supply problems. To mitigate the risks of climate change, agricultural innovations counteracting these effects need to be embraced and accelerated. To achieve maximum improvement, the required agricultural innovations should not focus only on crops but rather pursue a holistic approach including the entire ecosystem. Over millions of years, plants have evolved in close association with other organisms, particularly soil microbes that have shaped their evolution and contemporary ecology. Many studies have already highlighted beneficial interactions among plants and the communities of microorganisms with which they coexist. Questions arising from these discoveries are whether it will be possible to decipher a common molecular pattern and the underlying biochemical framework of interspecies communication, and whether such knowledge can be used to improve agricultural performance under environmental stress conditions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of plant interactions with fungal endosymbionts found in extreme ecosystems. Special attention will be paid to the interaction of plants with the symbiotic root-colonizing endophytic fungus Serendipita indica, which has been developed as a model system for beneficial plant-fungus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta-Marina Pérez-Alonso
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Carmen Guerrero-Galán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Sandra S Scholz
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Takatoshi Kiba
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Anne Krapp
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Locci F, Benedetti M, Pontiggia D, Citterico M, Caprari C, Mattei B, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G. An Arabidopsis berberine bridge enzyme-like protein specifically oxidizes cellulose oligomers and plays a role in immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:540-554. [PMID: 30664296 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is the barrier that pathogens must overcome to cause a disease, and to this end they secrete enzymes that degrade the various cell wall components. Due to the complexity of these components, several types of oligosaccharide fragments may be released during pathogenesis and some of these can act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Well-known DAMPs are the oligogalacturonides (OGs) released upon degradation of homogalacturonan and the products of cellulose breakdown, i.e. the cellodextrins (CDs). We have previously reported that four Arabidopsis berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-like) proteins (OGOX1-4) oxidize OGs and impair their elicitor activity. We show here that another Arabidopsis BBE-like protein, which is expressed coordinately with OGOX1 during immunity, specifically oxidizes CDs with a preference for cellotriose (CD3) and longer fragments (CD4-CD6). Oxidized CDs show a negligible elicitor activity and are less easily utilized as a carbon source by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The enzyme, named CELLOX (cellodextrin oxidase), is encoded by the gene At4 g20860. Plants overexpressing CELLOX display an enhanced resistance to B. cinerea, probably because oxidized CDs are a less valuable carbon source. Thus, the capacity to oxidize and impair the biological activity of cell wall-derived oligosaccharides seems to be a general trait of the family of BBE-like proteins, which may serve to homeostatically control the level of DAMPs to prevent their hyperaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Locci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Citterico
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Caprari
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, I-86090, Pesche (IS), Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Dipartimento MESVA, Università dell'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100, Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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8
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Meents AK, Furch ACU, Almeida-Trapp M, Özyürek S, Scholz SS, Kirbis A, Lenser T, Theißen G, Grabe V, Hansson B, Mithöfer A, Oelmüller R. Beneficial and Pathogenic Arabidopsis Root-Interacting Fungi Differently Affect Auxin Levels and Responsive Genes During Early Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:380. [PMID: 30915043 PMCID: PMC6422953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) is an important phytohormone involved in root growth and development. Root-interacting beneficial and pathogenic fungi utilize auxin and its target genes to manipulate the performance of their hosts for their own needs. In order to follow and visualize auxin effects in fungi-colonized Arabidopsis roots, we used the dual auxin reporter construct DR5::EGFP-DR5v2::tdTomato and fluorescence microscopy as well as LC-MS-based phytohormone analyses. We demonstrate that the beneficial endophytic fungi Piriformospora indica and Mortierella hyalina produce and accumulate IAA in their mycelia, in contrast to the phytopathogenic biotrophic fungus Verticillium dahliae and the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Within 3 h after exposure of Arabidopsis roots to the pathogens, the signals of the auxin-responsive reporter genes disappeared. When exposed to P. indica, significantly higher auxin levels and stimulated expression of auxin-responsive reporter genes were detected both in lateral root primordia and the root elongation zone within 1 day. Elevated auxin levels were also present in the M. hyalina/Arabidopsis root interaction, but no downstream effects on auxin-responsive reporter genes were observed. However, the jasmonate level was strongly increased in the colonized roots. We propose that the lack of stimulated root growth upon infection with M. hyalina is not caused by the absence of auxin, but an inhibitory effect mediated by high jasmonate content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja K Meents
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.,Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marília Almeida-Trapp
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sedef Özyürek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra S Scholz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Kirbis
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Teresa Lenser
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.,Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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9
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Johnson JM, Ludwig A, Furch ACU, Mithöfer A, Scholz S, Reichelt M, Oelmüller R. The Beneficial Root-Colonizing Fungus Mortierella hyalina Promotes the Aerial Growth of Arabidopsis and Activates Calcium-Dependent Responses That Restrict Alternaria brassicae-Induced Disease Development in Roots. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:351-363. [PMID: 30252617 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0115-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Mortierella hyalina colonizes the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana and stimulates growth and biomass production of the aerial parts but not of roots. An exudate fraction from the fungus induces rapid and transient cytoplasmic Ca2+elevation in the roots. The Ca2+ response does not require the well-characterized (co)receptors BAK1, CERK1, and FLS2 for pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and the Ca2+ channels GLR-2.4, GLR-2.5, and GLR-3.3 or the vacuolar TWO PORE CHANNEL1, which might be involved in cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevation. We isolated an ethyl-methane-sulfonate-induced Arabidopsis mutant that is impaired in this Ca2+ response. The roots of the mutant are impaired in M. hyalina-mediated suppression of immune responses after Alternaria brassicae infection, i.e., jasmonate accumulation, generation of reactive oxygen species, as well as the activation of jasmonate-related defense genes. Furthermore, they are more colonized by M. hyalina than wild-type roots. We propose that the mutant gene product is involved in a Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway activated by M. hyalina to suppress immune responses in Arabidopsis roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Michal Johnson
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anatoli Ludwig
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- 2 Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- 3 Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
| | - Sandra Scholz
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- 4 Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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