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Akhtar N, Shadab M, Bhatti N, Sajid Ansarì M, Siddiqui MB. Biotechnological frontiers in harnessing allelopathy for sustainable crop production. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:155. [PMID: 39227468 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Allelopathy, the phenomenon in which plants release biochemical compounds that influence the growth and development of neighbouring plants, presents promising opportunities for revolutionizing agriculture towards sustainability. This abstract explores the role of biotechnological advancements in unlocking the potential of allelopathy for sustainable crop production and its applications in agriculture, ecology, and natural resource management. By combining molecular, genetic, biochemical, and bioinformatic tools, researchers can unravel the complexities of allelopathic interactions and their potential for sustainable crop production and environmental stewardship. The development of novel management methods for weed control is getting a lot of attention with the introduction of new genetic technologies such as Gene drive, Transgene technologies, Gene silencing, Marker-assisted selection (MAS), and Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9). By strengthening competitive characteristics these tools hold great promise for boosting crops' ability to compete with weeds. Considering recent literature, this review highlights the genetic, transcriptomics, and metabolomics approaches to allelopathy. Employing allelopathic properties in agriculture offer sustainable benefits like natural weed management, pest management, and reduced chemical pollution, but challenges include environmental factors, toxicity, regulatory hurdles, and limited resources. Effective integration requires continued research, regulatory support, and farmer education. Also, we aimed to identify the biotechnological domains requiring more investigation and to provide the basis for future advances through this assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Akhtar
- Allelopathy and Plant Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mo Shadab
- Allelopathy and Plant Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Nourien Bhatti
- Allelopathy and Plant Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Moh Sajid Ansarì
- Section of Environmental pollution research unit, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - M B Siddiqui
- Allelopathy and Plant Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Cheng Y, Li M, Xu P. Allelochemicals: A source for developing economically and environmentally friendly plant growth regulators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 690:149248. [PMID: 37992526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Allelochemicals are specific secondary metabolites that can exhibit autotoxicity by inhibiting the growth of the same plant species that produced them. These metabolites have been found to affect various physical processes during plant growth and development, including inhibition of seed germination, photosynthesis, respiration, root growth, and nutrient uptake, with diverse mechanisms involving cell destruction, oxidative homeostasis and photoinhibition. In some cases, allelochemicals can also have positive effects on plant growth and development. In addition to their ecological significance, allelochemicals also possess potential as plant growth regulators (PGRs) due to their extensive physiological effects. However, a comprehensive summary of the development and applications of allelochemicals as PGRs is currently lacking. In this review, we present an overview of the sources and categories of allelochemicals, discuss their effects and the underlying mechanisms on plant growth and development. We showcase numerous instances of key phytohormonal allelochemicals and non-phytohormonal allelochemicals, highlighting their potential as candidates for the development of PGRs. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the development of economical, safe and effective PGRs utilizing allelochemicals, and emphasizes the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
| | - Mingxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
| | - Pei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
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Roopashree B, Mahesh B, Ramu R, Rekha ND, Manjula SN, Preethi G, Gayathri V. An insight into the cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and biocontrol perspective of novel Iron(III) complexes of substituted benzimidazoles: Inhibition kinetics and molecular simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37794762 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2263569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear complexes [FeCl3L2(OH2)] (L = L1, L2) were designed and synthesized by combining FeCl3 with 2-(3'-Aminophenylbenzimidazole) (L1) and 2-[(3'-N-Salicylidinephenyl)benzimidazole] (L2) and were characterized by physico-analytical strategies. The redox properties of the complexes were disclosed by the cyclic voltammetric method. Further, the interactions of complexes with proteins were studied by performing molecular docking engaging protein models of common cancer therapeutic targets to foresee their affinity to bind to these proteins. The complexes evidenced better protein-ligand docking (-8.4 and -9.0 kcal mol-1) and higher binding energies than their ligands. However, the L1 complex displayed improved binding free energy (-33.576 ± 1.01 kcal mol-1) compared to the other complexes and individual ligands. These compounds were screened for in vitro cytotoxic assays against triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-468 cells), anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. The in vitro study complemented the in silico assay; therefore, these compounds may be a viable choice for expanding anticancer therapy. Additionally, the L2 showed better biocontrol activity owing to the enhanced growth of Trichoderma and inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roopashree
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Bengaluru, India
| | - B Mahesh
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Bengaluru, India
| | - Ramith Ramu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - N D Rekha
- Department of Bio-Technology, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science (Autonomous), Mysuru, India
| | - S N Manjula
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - G Preethi
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Bengaluru, India
| | - V Gayathri
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore City University, Bengaluru, India
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Yang N, He X, Ran L, Yang F, Ma C, Chen H, Xiang D, Shen G, Zhang P, He L, Qian K. The mechanism of coumarin inhibits germination of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and its application as coumarin-carbon dots nanocomposites. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2182-2190. [PMID: 36740923 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important plant allelochemical, coumarin can effectively inhibit the germination of various seeds. However, little is known about the inhibition mechanism of coumarin on weed seed germination. Moreover, the herbicidal activity of coumarin is needed to be improved as a natural pesticide. RESULTS Coumarin had the highest inhibition effect on the ryegrass (Lolium perenne) seed, where coumarin disturbed the hormone pathway by decreasing the content of gibberellic acid 3, resulting in the reduction of amylase activity and consumption of starch during the germination process of ryegrass seed. Moreover, coumarin induced decreased activity of catalase and subsequently led to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, causing oxidative stress during the germination process of ryegrass seed. Furthermore, to enhance the herbicidal activity of coumarin, carbon dots (CDs) modified with polyetherimide were prepared, characterized, and then combined with coumarin to form coumarin-carbon dots (Cm-CDs) nanocomposites. Compared with coumarin, Cm-CDs nanocomposites significantly increased the herbicidal activity of coumarin on ryegrass, which implies that Cm-CDs nanocomposites could be used as a potential formulation to improve the herbicidal activity of coumarin. CONCLUSION This study not only reveals the mechanism of coumarin on ryegrass germination, but also develop Cm-CDs nanocomposites to enhance the herbicidal activity of coumarin. Our findings will stimulate the application of Cm-CDs nanomaterials as an effective and environmentally friendly formulation in agriculture. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiulong He
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Lulu Ran
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Furong Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanqiu Chen
- Institute of Vegetable, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Institute of Vegetable, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Guangmao Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin He
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Sun N, Yang C, Qin X, Liu Y, Sui M, Zhang Y, Cui X, Yin Y, Wang R, Hu Y, Chen X, Mao Z, Mao Y, Shen X. Effects of Organic Acid Root Exudates of Malus hupehensis Rehd. Derived from Soil and Root Leaching Liquor from Orchards with Apple Replant Disease. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2968. [PMID: 36365421 PMCID: PMC9654845 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids secreted by plants, such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, and benzoic acid, can inhibit seed germination and root growth. The effects of root and soil leaching liquor from orchards on the growth of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings under sand culture are studied; the seedlings are sampled at 15, 30, 45, and 60 d. Changes in the amount of root exudates are determined using HPLC. Low concentrations of root leaching liquor (A1) and soil leaching liquor (B1) significantly promoted plant growth and chlorophyll synthesis; high concentrations of root leaching liquor (A6) and soil leaching liquor (B4-6) inhibited growth. Low concentrations of soil leaching liquor had no significant effect on the POD, SOD, and CAT activities. A5-6 and B5-6 significantly decreased Fv/Fm and qP values, respectively, and increased NPQ values. All root and soil leaching liquor treatments inhibited the secretion of gallic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, benzoic acid, and phloridzin, and promoted the secretion of caffeic acid. The root leaching liquor treatments inhibited the secretion of catechin and promoted the secretion of phloretin. The soil leaching liquor treatments promoted the secretion of cinnamic acid. The secretion of other phenolic acids is likely associated with the different concentrations of leaching liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Yangbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Mengyi Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Xueli Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Yijun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural Univercity, Tianjin 301799, China
| | - Yanli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Zhiquan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Yunfei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
| | - Xiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
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Yang H, Su J, Qi J. Autotoxicity effect of water extracts from rhizosphere soil of Elymus sibiricus in different planting years on seed germination, physiological characteristics and phytohormones of seedlings. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13768. [PMID: 35919402 PMCID: PMC9339214 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Elymus sibiricus is a highly valuable perennial forage that is widely planted in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) region. However, E. sibiricus artificial grasslands have a short utilization lifespan, and reach the highest yield in the 2nd and 3rd year of plantation, then rapidly drop its productivity. We hypothesized that autotoxicity is one of the mechanisms for the reduction of the productivity. To test this hypothesis, we prepared the water extract from rhizosphere soils of E. sibiricus planted for 3, 4, 5, and 8 years and examined the effects of the extract concentrations at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 g/mL on seed germination, seedling growth, physiological characteristics and phytohormones in the aboveground and roots of E. sibiricus. The results showed that the soil extract concentration, planting years, and their interaction had significant influences on the most of these indices. The soil extract inhibited the seed germination and growth of seedlings, and the inhibitory effects appeared to be stronger at the 0.5 g/mL rhizosphere soil extract for 5 and 8 years. The superoxide dismultase and peroxide activities, the free proline concentration, soluble sugar concentration were altered. The malondialdehyde concentration was, in general, increased, especially in 8 years soil extract. The indole acetic acid and gibberellic acids concentrations were lowered, while the abscisic acid concentration varied. These changes were depending on the extract concentration and the years of planting, without clear patterns in some of them in response to the extract concentration and planting years. In summary, autotoxicity can be a contributor to the retardation of the growth and development of artificial E. sibiricus grasslands. The inhibitory effects could be attribute to impaired antioxidant capacity and disturbance of osmortic-regulatory substances and plant hormones, and are more profound on the root than on the aboveground part of the seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinglong Su
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Qi
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S, Lanzhou, China
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Ali M, Ahmad H, Amin B, Atif MJ, Cheng Z. Induce defense response of DADS in eggplants during the biotrophic phase of Verticillium dahliae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 35379184 PMCID: PMC8981950 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Verticillium wilt is a destructive vascular disease in eggplants. The complex defensive mechanisms of eggplant against this disease are very limited. METHODS Our work examined the bioactive properties of garlic allelochemical diallyl disulfide (DADS) as potential biostimulants for defense against V. dahliae in eggplant seedlings. We, therefore, foliar sprayed DADS on eggplants to study the defense response during the early biotrophic phase of V. dahliae (a hemibiotroph). RESULTS DADS application significantly increased root peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity, and reduced H2O2 levels after 24 h of fungal inoculation. Salicylic acid (SA) in leaves and roots was significantly increased while, the jasmonic acid (JA), indole acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were decreased. The microscopic examinations of V. dahliae infection in roots displayed that the progression of infection was restricted in DADS-treated plants. Depositions of lignin and phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid content were significantly higher in DADS-treated plants at 48 h post-inoculation. Similarly, the DADS application up-regulated pathogenesis-related (PR1, PR2, and PR5), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK1), and lipoxygenase (LOX) genes. Furthermore, DADS-treated plants exhibited a lower disease severity index (23.3% vs. 57.0% in controls), indicating successful defense against V. dahliae. CONCLUSIONS Our findings concluded that the biological function of garlic allelochemical DADS has a prominent role in the higher defense resistance of eggplants during the early infection of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Husain Ahmad
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bakht Amin
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Jawaad Atif
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Donati L, Bertin S, Gentili A, Luigi M, Taglienti A, Manglli A, Tiberini A, Brasili E, Sciubba F, Pasqua G, Ferretti L. Effects of Organic Biostimulants Added with Zeolite on Zucchini Squash Plants Infected by Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030607. [PMID: 35337014 PMCID: PMC8952782 DOI: 10.3390/v14030607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of organic substances in integrated pest management can contribute to human- and environment-safe crop production. In the present work, a combination of organic biostimulants (Fullcrhum Alert and BioVeg 500) and an inorganic corroborant (Clinogold, zeolite) was tested for the effects on the plant response to the quarantine pest tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV). Biostimulants were applied to healthy and infected greenhouse-grown zucchini plants, and the vegetative parameters and viral titer were evaluated. Although no antiviral effects were observed in terms of both virus replication and symptom expression, these biostimulants were shown to influence plant fitness. A significant increase in biomass and in leaf, flower, and fruit production was induced in both healthy and infected plants. Biostimulants also enhanced the production of metabolites commonly involved in plant response to virus infection, such as carbohydrates, phenylpropanoids and free amino acids. These results encourage new field trials to evaluate the actual productivity of infected plants after treatments and the possible application of organic biostimulants in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Donati
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabrina Bertin
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Andrea Gentili
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Marta Luigi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Anna Taglienti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Ariana Manglli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Antonio Tiberini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Elisa Brasili
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
- NMR-based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
- NMR-based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pasqua
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
- NMR-based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics–Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (A.G.); (M.L.); (A.T.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (L.F.)
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Yang F, Wang H, Zhi C, Chen B, Zheng Y, Qiao L, Gao J, Pan Y, Cheng Z. Garlic Volatile Diallyl Disulfide Induced Cucumber Resistance to Downy Mildew. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212328. [PMID: 34830208 PMCID: PMC8625977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Allicin compositions in garlic are used widely as fungicides in modern agriculture, in which diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a major compound. Downy mildew, caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (P. cubensis), is one of the most destructive diseases and causes severe yield losses in cucumbers. To explore the potential mechanism of DADS-induced cucumber resistance to downy mildew, cucumber seedlings were treated with DADS and then inoculated with P. cubensis at a 10-day interval. Symptom observation showed that DADS significantly induced cucumber resistance to downy mildew. Furthermore, both lignin and H2O2 were significantly increased by DADS treatment to responding P. cubensis infection. Simultaneously, the enzyme activities of peroxidase (POD) in DADS-treated seedlings were significantly promoted. Meanwhile, both the auxin (IAA) and salicylic acid (SA) contents were increased, and their related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated when treated with DADS. Transcriptome profiling showed that many DEGs were involved in the biological processes of defense responses, in which DEGs on the pathways of 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis', 'phenylalanine metabolism', 'MAPK signaling', and 'plant hormone signal transduction' were significantly up-regulated in DADS-treated cucumbers uninoculated with the pathogen. Based on the results of several physiological indices and transcriptomes, a potential molecular mechanism of DADS-induced cucumber resistance to downy mildew was proposed and discussed. The results of this study might give new insight into the exploration of the induced resistance mechanism of cucumber to downy mildew and provide useful information for the subsequent mining of resistance genes in cucumber.
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Abstract
Allelopathy is an ecological phenomenon in which organisms interfere with each other. As a management strategy in agricultural systems, allelopathy can be mainly used to control weeds, resist pests, and disease and improve the interaction of soil nutrition and microorganisms. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are allelochemicals volatilized from plants and have been widely demonstrated to have different ecological functions. This review provides the recent advance in the allelopathic effects of VOCs on plants, such as growth, competition, dormancy, resistance of diseases and insect pests, content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enzyme activity, respiration, and photosynthesis. VOCs also participate in plant-to-plant communication as a signaling substance. The main methods of collection and identification of VOCs are briefly summarized in this article. It also points out the disadvantages of VOCs and suggests potential directions to enhance research and solve mysteries in this emerging area. It is necessary to study the allelopathic mechanisms of plant VOCs so as to provide a theoretical basis for VOC applications. In conclusion, allelopathy of VOCs released by plants is a more economical, environmentally friendly, and effective measure to develop substantial agricultural industry by using the allelopathic effects of plant natural products.
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Zhang Y, Liu R, Zhou Y, Wang S, Zhang B, Kong J, Zheng S, Yang N. PLDα1 and GPA1 are involved in the stomatal closure induced by Oridonin in Arabidopsis thaliana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:1005-1016. [PMID: 34167638 DOI: 10.1071/fp21156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oridonin is an important diterpenoid, which plays an important role in plant growth and development. PLDα1 and GPA1 are involved in many biotic or abiotic stresses. In this study, using the seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana L. wild type (WT), PLDα1 defective mutant (pldα1), GPA1 defective mutant (gpa1) and pldα1/gpa1 double mutant as materials, the effect of stomatal apertures responding to Oridonin and the functions of PLDα1 and GPA1 in this response were investigated. The results showed that 60 μmol·L-1 of Oridonin induced stomatal closure and significantly increased the relative expression levels of GPA1 and PLDα1. Oridonin increased H2O2 accumulation in guard cells by inhibiting the antioxidant enzymes. The increase of H2O2 caused the expression of OST1, which is a positive regulatory gene for stomatal closure. Both PLDα1 and GPA1 were involved in Oridonin-induced stomatal closure and PLDα1 acted downstream of GPA1. The results suggested that Oridonin caused stomatal closure by affecting GPA1 and promoting PLDα1 to produce PA, and further accumulating H2O2 to upregulate gene OST1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Simin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bianfeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Juantao Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China; and Corresponding author.
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12
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Identification and comparison of allelopathic effects from leaf and flower volatiles of the invasive plants Mikania micrantha. CHEMOECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-021-00356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Ali M, Ahmad H, Hayat S, Ghani MI, Amin B, Atif MJ, Wali K, Cheng Z. Application of garlic allelochemicals improves growth and induces defense responses in eggplant (Solanum melongena) against Verticillium dahliae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 215:112132. [PMID: 33743403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous garlic extracts (AGE) and garlic allelochemical diallyl disulfide (DADS) have been recently reported to bear bioactive properties to stimulate plant growth and development and alter defense-related physiology. We, therefore, performed a bioassay to study these chemicals as possible biostimulants for defense against Verticillium dahliae in eggplant seedlings. AGE and DADS were applied as a foliar application to the eggplants and samples were collected before and after pathogen inoculation at various intervals to analyze the defense mechanism. The obtained data revealed that with the application of AGE and DADS, the seedlings showed responses including activation of antioxidant enzymes, an abundance of chlorophyll contents, alteration of photosynthesis system, and accumulation of plant hormones compared to the control plants. Furthermore, the microscopic analysis of the AGE or DADS treated plants showed high variability in pathogen density within the root crown at 28 days post-inoculation. The low abundance of reactive oxygen species was noticed in AGE or DADS treated plants, which indicates that the plants were able to successfully encounter pathogen attacks. The AGE and DADS treated plants exhibited a lower disease severity index (32.4% and 24.8% vs 87.1% in controls), indicating successful defense against Verticillium infection. Our results were therefore among the first to address the biostimulatory effects of AGE or DADS to induce resistance in eggplant seedlings against V. dahliae and may be used to establish preparation for garlic-derived bioactive compounds to improve growth and defense responses of eggplants under-protected horticultural situations such as glasshouse or plastic tunnels system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Husain Ahmad
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sikandar Hayat
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Imran Ghani
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bakht Amin
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Jawaad Atif
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kashif Wali
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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14
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Cheng F, Ali M, Liu C, Deng R, Cheng Z. Garlic Allelochemical Diallyl Disulfide Alleviates Autotoxicity in the Root Exudates Caused by Long-Term Continuous Cropping of Tomato. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11684-11693. [PMID: 32991155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Continuous cropping obstacles seriously affect the sustainable production of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Researchers have found that intercropping with garlic (Allium sativum L.) could alleviate tomato continuous cropping obstacles. Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is the main allelochemical in garlic. However, the mechanism of DADS in alleviating tomato continuous cropping obstacles is still unknown. In this research, aqueous extracts of tomato continuous cropping soil were used to simulate the continuous cropping condition of tomato. Our results showed that DADS increased root activity and chlorophyll content and improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)) and the metabolism of nonenzymatic antioxidants (glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)) in tomato plants. DADS treatment reduced the content of fatty acid esters in tomato root exudates (e.g., palmitate methyl ester, palmitoleic acid methyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester) and increased the level of substances such as dibutyl phthalate and 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol). The higher concentrations of palmitate methyl ester inhibited tomato hypocotyl growth, while oleic acid methyl ester inhibited tomato root growth. Moreover, the application of DADS significantly inhibited the secretion of these esters in the root exudates. Therefore, it suggests that DADS may increase tomato resistance and promote tomato plant growth by increasing root activity and photosynthetic capacity and development to reduce autotoxicity of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Deng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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15
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Hayat S, Ahmad H, Nasir M, Khan MN, Ali M, Hayat K, Khan MA, Khan F, Ma Y, Cheng Z. Some Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms during Seed-to-Seedling Transition in Tomato as Influenced by Garlic Allelochemicals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030235. [PMID: 32178294 PMCID: PMC7139351 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of aqueous garlic extracts (AGEs), diallyl disulfide (DADS), and allicin (AAS) were investigated during seed-to-seedling transition of tomato. Independent bioassays were performed including seed priming with AGE (0, 100, and 200 µg∙mL-1), germination under the allelochemical influence of AGE, DADS, and AAS, and germination under volatile application of AGE. Noticeable differences in germination indices and seedling growth (particularly root growth and fresh weights) were observed in a dose-dependent manner. When germinated under 50 mM NaCl, seeds primed with AGE exhibited induced defense via antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content (MDA)), and H2O2 scavenging. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis (ELISA) of the endogenous phytohormones auxin (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (ZR), and gibberellic acid (GA3) in the roots and shoots of the obtained seedlings and the relative expression levels of auxin-responsive protein (IAA2), like-auxin (LAX5), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK7 and MPK2), respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH1), CHI3 and SODCC1 suggested allelopathic functions in stimulating growth responses. Our findings suggest that garlic allelochemicals act as plant biostimulants to enhance auxin biosynthesis and transportation, resulting in root growth promotion. Additionally, the relative expressions of defense-related genes, antioxidant enzymes activities and phytohormonal regulations indicate activation of the defense responses in tomato seedlings resulting in better growth and development. These results, thus, provide a basis to understand the biological functions of garlic allelochemicals from the induced resistance perspective in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Hayat
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.N.)
| | - Husain Ahmad
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mubasher Nasir
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.N.)
| | - Muhammad Numan Khan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.N.)
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kashif Hayat
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture and Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, SJTU, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Muhammad Ali Khan
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Farmanullah Khan
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Yongqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (Z.C.)
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16
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Wang Y, Wei K, Han X, Zhao D, Zheng Y, Chao J, Gou J, Kong F, Zhang CS. The Antifungal Effect of Garlic Essential Oil on Phytophthora nicotianae and the Inhibitory Component Involved. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E632. [PMID: 31640228 PMCID: PMC6843687 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the chemical compositions of garlic essential oil, the inhibitory activity of garlic essential oil and diallyl disulfide (DADS) against Phytophthora nicotianae, and the effects on mycelial plasma membrane permeability and P. nicotianae inhibition. In total, 29 compounds were detected in garlic essential oil, of which 26 were detected by gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 21 by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) GC-MS. DADS (60.12% and 19.09%) and trisulfide di-2-propenyl (14.18% and 17.98%) were the major components identified by HS-SPME GC-MS and GC-MS analysis, respectively. Half-inhibitory concentration (Ec50, antagonism) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, fumigation) of DADS against P. nicotianae were 150.83 μL/L and 20 μL/L, respectively, while Ec50 of garlic essential oil was 1108.25 μL/L. Mycelial membrane permeability gradually increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and cell death increased at 450 μL/L DADS. Furthermore, DADS treatment significantly reduced the incidence of tobacco black shank and the number of P. nicotianae pathogens in rhizosphere soil. DADS also promoted root development of tobacco seedlings at low concentrations, which was inhibited at high concentrations. Therefore, DADS may play an important role in the antifungal effect against P. nicotianae by destroying mycelial cell membrane integrity, causing an increase in cell membrane permeability, and leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochen Wang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Keke Wei
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Xiaobin Han
- Biological Organic Fertilizer Engineering Technology Center of China Tobacco, Zunyi 563100, China.
| | - Donglin Zhao
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Yanfen Zheng
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Jianmin Chao
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Jianyu Gou
- Biological Organic Fertilizer Engineering Technology Center of China Tobacco, Zunyi 563100, China.
| | - Fanyu Kong
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Cheng-Sheng Zhang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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17
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Yang F, Liu X, Wang H, Deng R, Yu H, Cheng Z. Identification and Allelopathy of Green Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) Volatiles on Scavenging of Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) Reactive Oxygen Species. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183263. [PMID: 31500271 PMCID: PMC6767350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic and formulations containing allicin are used widely as fungicides in modern agriculture. However, limited reports are available on the allelopathic mechanism of green garlic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and its component allelochemicals. The aim of this study was to investigate VOCs of green garlic and their effect on scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cucumber. In this study, green garlic VOCs were collected by HS-SPME, then analyzed by GS-MS. Their biological activity were verified by bioassays. The results showed that diallyl disulfide (DADS) is the main allelochemical of green garlic VOCs and the DADS content released from green garlic is approximately 0.08 mg/g. On this basis, the allelopathic effects of green garlic VOCs in vivo and 1 mmol/L DADS on scavenging of ROS in cucumber seedlings were further studied. Green garlic VOCs and DADS both reduce superoxide anion and increase the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide of cucumber seedlings. They can also regulate active antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD), antioxidant substances (MDA, GSH and ASA) and genes (CscAPX, CsGPX, CsMDAR, CsSOD, CsCAT, CsPOD) responding to oxidative stress in cucumber seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Rui Deng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Hanhan Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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18
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Priming of Solanum melongena L. Seeds Enhances Germination, Alters Antioxidant Enzymes, Modulates ROS, and Improves Early Seedling Growth: Indicating Aqueous Garlic Extract as Seed-Priming Bio-Stimulant for Eggplant Production. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current study was aimed to evaluate the seed priming potential of AGE (aqueous garlic extracts) to enhance seed germination and early seedling growth of eggplant. Different concentrations (100, 200, and 300 µg mL−1) of AGE were evaluated along with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA), plant growth regulators with reported seed priming potential whereas, water was taken as a control treatment. Eggplant seeds were primed for 4-, 8-, and 12-h and seed germination traits such germination rate index, germination percentage, mean germination time, and early seedling growth traits such as fresh and dry weights, root, and shoot lengths were observed. Moreover, plant antioxidant enzymes activities and lipid peroxidation levels, soluble protein contents and reactive oxygen species were monitored to establish the stimulatory/inhibitory effects of the treatments. Our results indicate priming potential of AGE, SA, and MeJA to enhance seed germination and early seedling growth in eggplant and the effects were obvious in various morphological and physiological traits. Seed priming significantly altered the antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) with alteration in the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, priming duration also affected the bioactivity of these chemicals because seed priming with 300 µg mL−1 AGE for 4 h had a positive influence, however, prolonged exposure to the same concentration inhibited the seed germination process and induced oxidative stress on the seedlings with elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) content. We propose AGE seed priming as a bio-stimulant to enhance seed germination and early seedling growth in eggplant, and the results hence lay the foundation for the preparation of garlic-based compounds to improve vegetables production under plastic tunnels and greenhouse production units.
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