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Lv Y, Ren S, Wu B, Jiang C, Jiang B, Zhou B, Zhong G, Zhong Y, Yan H. Transcriptomic and physiological comparison of Shatangju (Citrus reticulata) and its late-maturing mutant provides insights into auxin regulation of citrus fruit maturation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1841-1854. [PMID: 37462512 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene are involved in pulp maturation and peel coloration in the nonclimacteric citrus fruits. There are also signs indicating that other plant hormones may play some roles in citrus fruit ripening. In this study, we compared profiles of genome-wide gene expression and changes in hormones and peel pigments between fruits of Shatangju mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco, designated WT) and its natural mutant, Yuenongwanju (designated MT). The MT fruit matures ~2 months later than the WT fruit. Significant differences in fruit diameter, total soluble solids, titratable acid content, chlorophylls and carotenoids were detected between the fruits of the two genotypes at the sampled time points. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling showed that many genes involved in auxin and ABA metabolism and/or signaling pathways were differentially expressed between the MT and the WT fruits. Importantly, the expression of CrYUCCA8 was significantly lower and the expression of CrNCED5 was significantly higher in WT than in MT fruits at 230 and 250 DPA, respectively. In addition, the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level in the MT fruit was significantly higher than that in the WT counterpart, whereas a significantly lower level of ABA was detected in the mutant. Treatment of the WT fruit with exogenous IAA significantly delayed fruit maturation. Our results provide experimental evidence supporting the notion that auxin is a negative regulator of fruit maturation in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanda Lv
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, No. 80, Dafeng No. 2 street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuang Ren
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, No. 80, Dafeng No. 2 street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, No. 80, Dafeng No. 2 street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Caizhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, No. 80, Dafeng No. 2 street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Birong Zhou
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, No. 80, Dafeng No. 2 street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guangyan Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, No. 80, Dafeng No. 2 street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, No. 80, Dafeng No. 2 street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huaxue Yan
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, No. 80, Dafeng No. 2 street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China
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Maki T, Kusaka H, Matsumoto Y, Yamazaki A, Yamaoka S, Ohno S, Doi M, Tanaka Y. The mutation of CaCKI1 causes seedless fruits in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:85. [PMID: 36964815 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The seedless mutant tn-1 in chili pepper is caused by a mutation in CaCKI1 (CA12g21620), which encodes histidine kinase involving female gametophyte development. An amino acid insertion in the receiver domain of CaCKI1 may be the mutation responsible for tn-1. Seedlessness is a desirable trait in fruit crops because the removal of seeds is a troublesome step for consumers and processing industries. However, little knowledge is available to develop seedless chili peppers. In a previous study, a chili pepper mutant tn-1, which stably produces seedless fruits, was isolated. In this study, we report characterization of tn-1 and identification of the causative gene. Although pollen germination was normal, confocal laser microscopy observations revealed deficiency in embryo sac development in tn-1. By marker analysis, the tn-1 locus was narrowed down to a 313 kb region on chromosome 12. Further analysis combined with mapping-by-sequencing identified CA12g21620, which encodes histidine kinase as a candidate gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed CA12g21620 was the homolog of Arabidopsis CKI1 (Cytokinin Independent 1), which plays an important role in female gametophyte development, and CA12g21620 was designated as CaCKI1. Sequence analysis revealed that tn-1 has a 3-bp insertion in the 6th exon resulting in one lysine (K) residue insertion in receiver domain of CaCKI1, and the sequence nearby the insertion is widely conserved among CKI1 orthologs in various plants. This suggested that one K residue insertion may reduce the phosphorylation relay downstream of CaCKI1 and impair normal development of female gametophyte, resulting in seedless fruits production in tn-1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that virus-induced gene silencing of CaCKI1 reduced normally developed female gametophyte in chili pepper. This study describes the significant role of CaCKI1 in seed development in chili pepper and the possibility of developing seedless cultivars using its mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Maki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kusaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Naka Machi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Ohno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Motoaki Doi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Sharif R, Su L, Chen X, Qi X. Hormonal interactions underlying parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:6497882. [PMID: 35031797 PMCID: PMC8788353 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In some horticultural crops, such as Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, and Rosaceae species, fruit set and development can occur without the fertilization of ovules, a process known as parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy is an important agricultural trait that can not only mitigate fruit yield losses caused by environmental stresses but can also induce the development of seedless fruit, which is a desirable trait for consumers. In the present review, the induction of parthenocarpic fruit by the application of hormones such as auxins (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; naphthaleneacetic acid), cytokinins (forchlorfenuron; 6-benzylaminopurine), gibberellic acids, and brassinosteroids is first presented. Then, the molecular mechanisms of parthenocarpic fruit formation, mainly related to plant hormones, are presented. Auxins, gibberellic acids, and cytokinins are categorized as primary players in initiating fruit set. Other hormones, such as ethylene, brassinosteroids, and melatonin, also participate in parthenocarpic fruit formation. Additionally, synergistic and antagonistic crosstalk between these hormones is crucial for deciding the fate of fruit set. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and suggest future directions of research on parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ,
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Wang H, Wu T, Liu J, Cong L, Zhu Y, Zhai R, Yang C, Wang Z, Ma F, Xu L. PbGA20ox2 Regulates Fruit Set and Induces Parthenocarpy by Enhancing GA 4 Content. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:113. [PMID: 32133025 PMCID: PMC7039935 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set and development occur following successful fertilization. Parthenocarpy, a valuable trait in some self-incompatible species, produces seedless fruit without fertilization. Gibberellin (GA) is a crucial hormone in fruit-set regulation and development. While investigating the development of parthenocarpy in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.), we determined that GA 20-oxidases (GA20ox) may play key roles in seedless pear fruit development. Sequence analysis revealed three PbGA20ox genes: PbGA20ox1, PbGA20ox2, and PbGA20ox3. We analyzed the expression patterns of candidate genes and found that PbGA20ox2 levels significantly changed in pollinated fruits. Tissue-specific expression assays revealed that PbGA20ox2 is highly expressed in young fruit and leaves. Subcellular localization assays showed it was located in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and plasma membrane. Overexpressed PbGA20ox2 tomato plants were taller and had longer hypocotyls and internodes, and the emasculated flowers produced parthenocarpic fruit. In pear, the transient overexpression of PbGA20ox2 promoted fruit development and delayed the drop of nonpollinated fruit. Furthermore, the fruit of PbGA20ox2-overexpressing tomato and transient PbGA20ox2-overexpressing pear had increased GA4 (but not GA3 and GA1) contents. This result provided evidence that PbGA20ox2 was necessary for GA4-dependent pear fruit development. Our study revealed that PbGA20ox2 altered the GA biosynthetic pathway and enhanced GA4 synthesis, thereby promoting fruit set and parthenocarpic fruit development.
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Pérez-Llorca M, Muñoz P, Müller M, Munné-Bosch S. Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Function of Auxin, Salicylic Acid and Melatonin in Climacteric and Non-climacteric Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:136. [PMID: 30833953 PMCID: PMC6387956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Climacteric and non-climacteric fruits are differentiated by the ripening process, in particular by the involvement of ethylene, high respiration rates and the nature of the process, being autocatalytic or not, respectively. Here, we focus on the biosynthesis, metabolism and function of three compounds (auxin, salicylic acid and melatonin) sharing not only a common precursor (chorismate), but also regulatory functions in plants, and therefore in fruits. Aside from describing their biosynthesis in plants, with a particular emphasis on common precursors and points of metabolic diversion, we will discuss recent advances on their role in fruit ripening and the regulation of bioactive compounds accumulation, both in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pérez-Llorca
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Muñoz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maren Müller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Sergi Munné-Bosch,
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