Tonoplast inositol transporters: Roles in plant abiotic stress response and crosstalk with other signals

Calmodulin and calcium signaling in potato tuberization: The role of membrane transporters in stress adaptation

Potato tuberization is a complex developmental process influenced by environmental factors, such as light and temperature, as well as genetic and biochemical factors. Tuber formation is responsive to day length, with shorter days inducing tuberization more effectively than longer days. Potato tuber yield is regulated by signaling networks involving hormones, transcriptional regulators, and sugars. Calcium plays a pivotal role in this process. Elevated cytoplasmic calcium is detected by calcium sensors, including calmodulins (CaMs), calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), and calcineurin-B-like proteins (CBLs), promoting tuberization and growth. This review provides mechanistic insights into calcium signaling in potato tuberization, emphasizing its role in stress adaptation. This review further explores the role of calcium/calmodulin in stress response mechanisms and the membrane transporters that facilitate adaptation to environmental challenges like drought, cold, flooding, and heat stress, which are significant threats to potato production globally. Additionally, calcium signaling helps develop tolerance to both abiotic stresses and pathogens, ultimately enhancing plant immune responses to protect potato tubers.

Integrative physiological, biochemical, and proteomic analysis of the leaves of two cotton genotypes under heat stress

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), a crucial global fibre and oil seed crop faces diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these, temperature stress strongly influences its growth, prompting adaptive physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes. In this study, we explored the proteomic changes underscoring the heat stress tolerance in the leaves of two locally developed cotton genotypes, i.e., heat tolerant (GH-Hamaliya Htol) and heat susceptible (CIM-789 Hsus), guided by morpho-physiological and biochemical analysis. These genotypes were sown at two different temperatures, control (35°C) and stress (45°C), in a glasshouse, in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. At the flowering stage, a label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics of cotton leaves revealed the differential expression of 701 and 1270 proteins in the tolerant and susceptible genotypes compared to the control, respectively. Physiological and biochemical analysis showed that the heat-tolerant genotype responded uniquely to stress by maintaining the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) (25.2-17.5 μmolCO2m-2S-1), chlorophyll (8.5-7.8mg/g FW), and proline contents (4.9-7.4 μmole/g) compared to control, supported by the upregulation of many proteins involved in several pathways, including photosynthesis, oxidoreductase activity, response to stresses, translation, transporter activities, as well as protein and carbohydrate metabolic processes. In contrast, the distinctive pattern of protein downregulation involved in stress response, oxidoreductase activity, and carbohydrate metabolism was observed in susceptible plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first proteomic study on cotton leaves that has identified more than 8000 proteins with an array of differentially expressed proteins responsive to the heat treatment that could serve as potential markers in the breeding programs after further experimentation.

Integrated omics approach reveals the molecular pathways activated in tomato by Kocuria rhizophila, a soil plant growth-promoting bacterium

Plant microbial biostimulants application has become a promising and eco-friendly agricultural strategy to improve crop yields, reducing chemical inputs for more sustainable cropping systems. The soil dwelling bacterium Kocuria rhizophila was previously characterized as Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) for its multiple PGP traits, such as indole-3-acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization capability and salt and drought stress tolerance. Here, we evaluated by a multi-omics approach, the PGP activity of K. rhizophila on tomato, revealing the molecular pathways by which it promotes plant growth. Transcriptomic analysis showed several up-regulated genes mainly related to amino acid metabolism, cell wall organization, lipid and secondary metabolism, together with a modulation in the DNA methylation profile, after PGPB inoculation. In agreement, proteins involved in photosynthesis, cell division, and plant growth were highly accumulated by K. rhizophila. Furthermore, "amino acid and peptides", "monosaccharides", and "TCA" classes of metabolites resulted the most affected by PGPB treatment, as well as dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter mediating plant growth through S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC), a gene enhancing the vegetative growth, up-regulated in tomato by K. rhizophila treatment. Interestingly, eight gene modules well correlated with differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) and metabolites (DAMs), among which two modules showed the highest correlation with nine proteins, including a nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase, as well as with several amino acids and metabolites involved in TCA cycle. Overall, our findings highlighted that sugars and amino acids, energy regulators, involved in tomato plant growth, were strongly modulated by the K. rhizophila-plant interaction.

Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of MIPS family genes in legume species

BACKGROUND

Evolutionarily conserved in plants, the enzyme D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase (MIPS; EC 5.5.1.4) regulates the initial, rate-limiting reaction in the phytic acid biosynthetic pathway. They are reported to be transcriptional regulators involved in various physiological functions in the plants, growth, and biotic/abiotic stress responses. Even though the genomes of most legumes are fully sequenced and available, an all-inclusive study of the MIPS family members in legumes is still ongoing.

RESULTS

We found 24 MIPS genes in ten legumes: Arachis hypogea, Cicer arietinum, Cajanus cajan, Glycine max, Lablab purpureus, Medicago truncatula, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Trifolium pratense and Vigna unguiculata. The total number of MIPS genes found in each species ranged from two to three. The MIPS genes were classified into five clades based on their evolutionary relationships with Arabidopsis genes. The structural patterns of intron/exon and the protein motifs that were conserved in each gene were highly group-specific. In legumes, MIPS genes were inconsistently distributed across their genomes. A comparison of genomes and gene sequences showed that this family was subjected to purifying selection and the gene expansion in MIPS family in legumes was mainly caused by segmental duplication. Through quantitative PCR, expression patterns of MIPS in response to various abiotic stresses, in the vegetative tissues of various legumes were studied. Expression pattern shows that MIPS genes control the development and differentiation of various organs, and have significant responses to salinity and drought stress.

CONCLUSION

The MIPS genes in the genomes of legumes have been identified, characterized and their expression was analysed. The findings pave way for understanding their molecular functions and evolution, and lead to identify the putative MIPS genes associated with different cell and tissue development.

The Effect of Illumination Patterns during Mung Bean Seed Germination on the Metabolite Composition of the Sprouts

Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) sprouts are popular over the world because of their taste, nutritional value, well-balanced biochemical composition, and other properties beneficial for human health. Germination conditions affect the composition of metabolites in mung bean sprouts, so a detailed study into its variability is required. This article presents the results of a comparison of the metabolite composition in the leaves of mung bean sprouts germinated first in the dark (DS) and then in the light (LS). Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) made it possible to identify more than 100 compounds representing various groups of phytochemicals. Alcohols, amino acids, and saccharides predominated in the total amount of compounds. The analysis of metabolomic profiles exposed a fairly high intra- and intervarietal variability in the metabolite content. DS and LS differed in the qualitative and quantitative content of the identified compounds. The intravarietal variability was more pronounced in DS than in LS. DS demonstrated higher levels of saccharides, fatty acids, acylglycerols, and phenolic compounds, while amino acids were higher in LS. Changes were recorded in the quantitative content of metabolites participating in the response of plants to stressors-ornithine, proline, GABA, inositol derivatives, etc. The changes were probably induced by the stress experienced by the sprouts when they were transferred from shade to light. The analysis of variance and principal factor analysis showed the statistically significant effect of germination conditions on the content of individual compounds in leaves. The identified features of metabolite variability in mung bean genotypes grown under different conditions will contribute to more accurate selection of an illumination pattern to obtain sprouts with desirable biochemical compositions for use in various diets and products with high nutritional value.

Effect of potassium intake on cadmium transporters and root cell wall biosynthesis in sweet potato

Large areas of farmland soil in southern China are deficient in potassium (K) and are contaminated with cadmium (Cd). Previously, we suggested that the K supplementation could reduce Cd accumulation in sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). In the present study, we investigated the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms. A hydroponic experiment with different K and Cd treatments was performed to compare the transcriptome profile and the cell wall structure in the roots of sweet potato using RNA sequencing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that K supply inhibits the expressions of IRT1 and YSL3, which are responsible for root Cd uptake under Cd exposure. Furthermore, the expressions of COPT5 and Nramp3 were downregulated by K, which increased Cd retention in the root vacuoles. The upregulation of POD, CAD, INT1 and SUS by K contributed to lignin and cellulose biosynthesis and thickening of root xylem cell wall, which further reduced Cd translocation to the shoot. In addition, K affected the expressions of LHT, ACS, TPS and TPP associated with the production of ethylene and trehalose, which involved in plant resistance to Cd toxicity. In general, K application could decrease the uptake and translocation of Cd in sweet potatoes by regulating the expression of genes associated with Cd transporters and root cell wall components.