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Sun Y, Fernie AR. Plant secondary metabolism in a fluctuating world: climate change perspectives. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:560-571. [PMID: 38042677 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate changes have unpredictable effects on ecosystems and agriculture. Plants adapt metabolically to overcome these challenges, with plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) being crucial for plant-environment interactions. Thus, understanding how PSMs respond to climate change is vital for future cultivation and breeding strategies. Here, we review PSM responses to climate changes such as elevated carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrogen deposition, heat and drought, as well as a combinations of different factors. These responses are complex, depending on stress dosage and duration, and metabolite classes. We finally identify mechanisms by which climate change affects PSM production ecologically and molecularly. While these observations provide insights into PSM responses to climate changes and the underlying regulatory mechanisms, considerable further research is required for a comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ding T, Chen J. Salivary Protein Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-like from Grain Aphid Sitobion avenae Suppresses Wheat Defense Response and Enhances Aphid Adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4579. [PMID: 38731798 PMCID: PMC11083452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aphids are insect pests that suck phloem sap and introduce salivary proteins into plant tissues through saliva secretion. The effector of salivary proteins plays a key role in the modulation of host plant defense responses and enhancing aphid host adaptation. Based on previous transcriptome sequencing results, a candidate effector cyclin-dependent kinase-like (CDK) was identified from the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. In this study, the function of SaCDK in wheat defense response and the adaptation of S. avenae was investigated. Our results showed that the transient overexpression of SaCDK in tobacco Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed cell death triggered by mouse pro-apoptotic protein-BAX or Phytophthora infestans PAMP-INF1. SaCDK, delivered into wheat cells through a Pseudomonas fluorescens-mediated bacterial type III secretion system, suppressed callose deposition in wheat seedlings, and the overexpression of SaCDK in wheat significantly decreased the expression levels of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathway-related genes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), pathogenesis-related 1 protein (PR1), lipoxygenase (LOX) and Ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD). In addition, aphid bioassay results showed that the survival and fecundity of S. avenae were significantly increased while feeding on the wheat plants carrying SaCDK. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the salivary protein SaCDK is involved in inhibiting host defense response and improving its host adaptation, which lays the foundation to uncover the mechanism of the interaction of cereal aphids and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Tianbo Ding
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
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Zhang J, Chen X, Song Y, Gong Z. Integrative regulatory mechanisms of stomatal movements under changing climate. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:368-393. [PMID: 38319001 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change-caused drought stress, high temperatures and other extreme weather profoundly impact plant growth and development, restricting sustainable crop production. To cope with various environmental stimuli, plants can optimize the opening and closing of stomata to balance CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and water loss from leaves. Guard cells perceive and integrate various signals to adjust stomatal pores through turgor pressure regulation. Molecular mechanisms and signaling networks underlying the stomatal movements in response to environmental stresses have been extensively studied and elucidated. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of stomatal movements mediated by abscisic acid, light, CO2 , reactive oxygen species, pathogens, temperature, and other phytohormones. We discussed the significance of elucidating the integrative mechanisms that regulate stomatal movements in helping design smart crops with enhanced water use efficiency and resilience in a climate-changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuexue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yajing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071001, China
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Roy S, Kapoor R, Mathur P. Revisiting Changes in Growth, Physiology and Stress Responses of Plants under the Effect of Enhanced CO2 and Temperature. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:4-19. [PMID: 37935412 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has universally affected the whole ecosystem in a unified manner and is known to have improbable effects on agricultural productivity and food security. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature are the major environmental factors that have been shown to increase sharply during the last century and are directly responsible for affecting plant growth and development. A number of previous investigations have deliberated the positive effects of elevated CO2 on plant growth and development of various C3 crops, while detrimental effects of enhanced temperature on different crop plants like rice, wheat, maize and legumes are generally observed. A combined effect of elevated CO2 and temperature has yet to be studied in great detail; therefore, this review attempts to delineate the interactive effects of enhanced CO2 and temperature on plant growth, development, physiological and molecular responses. Elevated CO2 maintains leaf photosynthesis rate, respiration, transpiration and stomatal conductance in the presence of elevated temperature and sustains plant growth and productivity in the presence of both these environmental factors. Concomitantly, their interaction also affects the nutritional quality of seeds and leads to alterations in the composition of secondary metabolites. Elevated CO2 and temperature modulate phytohormone concentration in plants, and due to this fact, both environmental factors have substantial effects on abiotic and biotic stresses. Elevated CO2 and temperature have been shown to have mitigating effects on plants in the presence of other abiotic stress agents like drought and salinity, while no such pattern has been observed in the presence of biotic stress agents. This review focuses on the interactive effects of enhanced CO2 and temperature on different plants and is the first of its kind to deliver their combined responses in such detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendu Roy
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Piyush Mathur
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India
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Wang X, Xiang Y, Sun M, Xiong Y, Li C, Zhang T, Ma W, Wang Y, Liu X. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveals keys genes and metabolic pathways in tea (Camellia sinensis) against six-spotted spider mite (Eotetranychus Sexmaculatus). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:638. [PMID: 38072959 PMCID: PMC10712147 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Six-spotted spider mite (Eotetranychus sexmaculatus) is one of the most damaging pests of tea (Camellia sinensis). E. sexmaculatus causes great economic loss and affects tea quality adversely. In response to pests, such as spider mites, tea plants have evolved resistance mechanisms, such as expression of defense-related genes and defense-related metabolites. RESULTS To evaluate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of resistance in C. sinensis against spider mites, "Tianfu-5" (resistant to E. sexmaculatus) and "Fuding Dabai" (susceptible to E. sexmaculatus) were inoculated with spider mites. Transcriptomics and metabolomics based on RNA-Seq and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology were used to analyze changes in gene expression and metabolite content, respectively. RNA-Seq data analysis revealed that 246 to 3,986 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in multiple compared groups, and these DEGs were significantly enriched in various pathways, such as phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling, and plant hormone signaling. Additionally, the metabolome data detected 2,220 metabolites, with 194 to 260 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) identified in multiple compared groups, including phenylalanine, lignin, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. The combined analysis of RNA-Seq and metabolomic data indicated that phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, MAPK signaling, and Ca2+-mediated PR-1 signaling pathways may contribute to spider mite resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insights for identifying insect-induced genes and metabolites and form a basis for studies on mechanisms of host defense against spider mites in C. sinensis. The candidate genes and metabolites identified will be a valuable resource for tea breeding in response to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yunjia Xiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Minshan Sun
- Henan Assist Research Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiong
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Smith F, Luna E. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and plant immunity to fungal pathogens: do the risks outweigh the benefits? Biochem J 2023; 480:1791-1804. [PMID: 37975605 PMCID: PMC10657175 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions have caused atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations to double since the industrial revolution. Although this could benefit plant growth from the 'CO2 fertilisation' effect, recent studies report conflicting impacts of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on plant-pathogen interactions. Fungal pathogens are the leading cause of plant disease. Since climate change has been shown to affect the distribution and virulence of these pathogens, it is important to understand how their plant hosts may also respond. This review assesses existing reports of positive, negative, and neutral effects of eCO2 on plant immune responses to fungal pathogen infection. The interaction between eCO2 and immunity appears specific to individual pathosystems, dependent on environmental context and driven by the interactions between plant defence mechanisms, suggesting no universal effect can be predicted for the future. This research is vital for assessing how plants may become more at risk under climate change and could help to guide biotechnological efforts to enhance resistance in vulnerable species. Despite the importance of understanding the effects of eCO2 on plant immunity for protecting global food security, biodiversity, and forests in a changing climate, many plant-pathogen interactions are yet to be investigated. In addition, further research into the effects of eCO2 in combination with other environmental factors associated with climate change is needed. In this review, we highlight the risks of eCO2 to plants and point to the research required to address current unknowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Smith
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Campus, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Estrella Luna
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Campus, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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