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Pastor-Fernández J, Sanmartín N, Manresa-Grao M, Cassan C, Pétriacq P, Gibon Y, Gamir J, Romero-Rodriguez B, Castillo AG, Cerezo M, Flors V, Sánchez-Bel P. Deciphering molecular events behind Systemin-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4111-4127. [PMID: 38581374 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Plant defence peptides are paramount endogenous danger signals secreted after a challenge, intensifying the plant immune response. The peptidic hormone Systemin (Sys) was shown to participate in resistance in several plant pathosystems, although the mechanisms behind Sys-induced resistance when exogenously applied remain elusive. We performed proteomic, metabolomic, and enzymatic studies to decipher the Sys-induced changes in tomato plants in either the absence or the presence of Botrytis cinerea infection. Sys treatments triggered direct proteomic rearrangement mostly involved in carbon metabolism and photosynthesis. However, the final induction of defence proteins required concurrent challenge, triggering priming of pathogen-targeted proteins. Conversely, at the metabolomic level, Sys-treated plants showed an alternative behaviour following a general priming profile. Of the primed metabolites, the flavonoids rutin and isorhamnetin and two alkaloids correlated with the proteins 4-coumarate-CoA-ligase and chalcone-flavanone-isomerase triggered by Sys treatment. In addition, proteomic and enzymatic analyses revealed that Sys conditioned the primary metabolism towards the production of available sugars that could be fuelling the priming of callose deposition in Sys-treated plants; furthermore, PR1 appeared as a key element in Sys-induced resistance. Collectively, the direct induction of proteins and priming of specific secondary metabolites in Sys-treated plants indicated that post-translational protein regulation is an additional component of priming against necrotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pastor-Fernández
- Plant Immunity and Biochemistry Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Neus Sanmartín
- Plant Immunity and Biochemistry Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Maria Manresa-Grao
- Plant Immunity and Biochemistry Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Cédric Cassan
- Univ Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- Univ Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- Univ Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jordi Gamir
- Plant Immunity and Biochemistry Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM 'La Mayora'), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (UMA-CSIC), Campus Teatinos, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM 'La Mayora'), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (UMA-CSIC), Campus Teatinos, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Cerezo
- Plant Immunity and Biochemistry Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Plant Immunity and Biochemistry Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Bel
- Plant Immunity and Biochemistry Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n 12071 Castellón, Spain
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Small Signals Lead to Big Changes: The Potential of Peptide-Induced Resistance in Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020265. [PMID: 36836379 PMCID: PMC9965805 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant immunity system is being revisited more and more and new elements and roles are attributed to participating in the response to biotic stress. The new terminology is also applied in an attempt to identify different players in the whole scenario of immunity: Phytocytokines are one of those elements that are gaining more attention due to the characteristics of processing and perception, showing they are part of a big family of compounds that can amplify the immune response. This review aims to highlight the latest findings on the role of phytocytokines in the whole immune response to biotic stress, including basal and adaptive immunity, and expose the complexity of their action in plant perception and signaling events.
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Natale R, Coppola M, D'Agostino N, Zhang Y, Fernie AR, Castaldi V, Rao R. In silico and in vitro approaches allow the identification of the Prosystemin molecular network. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:212-223. [PMID: 36544481 PMCID: PMC9755248 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato Prosystemin (ProSys), the precursor of Systemin, a small peptidic hormone, is produced at very low concentration in unchallenged plants, while its expression greatly increases in response to several different stressors triggering an array of defence responses. The molecular mechanisms that underpin such a wide array of defence barriers are not fully understood and are likely correlated with the intrinsically disordered (ID) structure of the protein. ID proteins interact with different protein partners forming complexes involved in the modulation of different biological mechanisms. Here we describe the ProSys-protein network that shed light on the molecular mechanisms underpinning ProSys associated defence responses. Three different approaches were used. In silico prediction resulted in 98 direct interactors, most clustering in phytohormone biosynthesis, transcription factors and signal transduction gene classes. The network shows the central role of ProSys during defence responses, that reflects its role as central hub. In vitro ProSys interactors, identified by Affinity Purification-Mass Spectrometry (AP-MS), revealed over three hundred protein partners, while Bimolecular Fluorescent Complementation (BiFC) experiments validated in vivo some interactors predicted in silico and in vitro. Our results demonstrate that ProSys interacts with several proteins and reveal new key molecular events in the ProSys-dependent defence response of tomato plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Natale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici 80055, Italy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Nunzio D'Agostino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair Robert Fernie
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Valeria Castaldi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici 80055, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Portici 80055, Italy
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Lyapina I, Filippova A, Kovalchuk S, Ziganshin R, Mamaeva A, Lazarev V, Latsis I, Mikhalchik E, Panasenko O, Ivanov O, Ivanov V, Fesenko I. Possible role of small secreted peptides (SSPs) in immune signaling in bryophytes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:123-143. [PMID: 33713297 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants utilize a plethora of peptide signals to regulate their immune response. Peptide ligands and their cognate receptors involved in immune signaling share common motifs among many species of vascular plants. However, the origin and evolution of immune peptides is still poorly understood. Here, we searched for genes encoding small secreted peptides in the genomes of three bryophyte lineages-mosses, liverworts and hornworts-that occupy a critical position in the study of land plant evolution. We found that bryophytes shared common predicted small secreted peptides (SSPs) with vascular plants. The number of SSPs is higher in the genomes of mosses than in both the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and the hornwort Anthoceros sp. The synthetic peptide elicitors-AtPEP and StPEP-specific for vascular plants, triggered ROS production in the protonema of the moss Physcomitrella patens, suggesting the possibility of recognizing peptide ligands from angiosperms by moss receptors. Mass spectrometry analysis of the moss Physcomitrella patens, both the wild type and the Δcerk mutant secretomes, revealed peptides that specifically responded to chitosan treatment, suggesting their role in immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lyapina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Filippova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Kovalchuk
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam Ziganshin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Mamaeva
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vassili Lazarev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Latsis
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Mikhalchik
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Panasenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Ivanov
- V.F. Kuprevich Institute of Experimental Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Vadim Ivanov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Fesenko
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Zhang H, Zhang H, Lin J. Systemin-mediated long-distance systemic defense responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1573-1582. [PMID: 32083726 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Systemin, a peptide plant hormone of 18 amino acids, coordinates local and systemic immune responses. The activation of the canonical systemin-mediated systemic signaling pathway involves systemin release from its precursor prosystemin, systemin binding to its membrane receptor SYSTEMIN RECEPTOR1 (SYR1), and the transport of long-distance signaling molecules, including jasmonic acid, the prosystemin mRNA, volatile organic compounds and possibly systemin itself. Here, we review emerging evidence that the disordered structure and unconventional processing and secretion of systemin contribute to the regulation of systemin-mediated signaling during plant defense. We highlight recent advances in systemin research, which elucidated how cells integrate multiple long-distance signals into the systemic defense response. In addition, we discuss the perception of systemin by SYR1 and its mediation of downstream defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design and College of Biological Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Pastor-Fernández J, Gamir J, Pastor V, Sanchez-Bel P, Sanmartín N, Cerezo M, Flors V. Arabidopsis Plants Sense Non-self Peptides to Promote Resistance Against Plectosphaerella cucumerina. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:529. [PMID: 32536929 PMCID: PMC7225342 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are important regulators that participate in the modulation of almost every physiological event in plants, including defense. Recently, many of these peptides have been described as defense elicitors, termed phytocytokines, that are released upon pest or pathogen attack, triggering an amplification of plant defenses. However, little is known about peptides sensing and inducing resistance activities in heterologous plants. In the present study, exogenous peptides from solanaceous species, Systemins and HypSys, are sensed and induce resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina in the taxonomically distant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Surprisingly, other peptides from closer taxonomic clades have very little or no effect on plant protection. In vitro bioassays showed that the studied peptides do not have direct antifungal activities, suggesting that they protect the plant through the promotion of the plant immune system. Interestingly, tomato Systemin was able to induce resistance at very low concentrations (0.1 and 1 nM) and displays a maximum threshold being ineffective above at higher concentrations. Here, we show evidence of the possible involvement of the JA-signaling pathway in the Systemin-Induced Resistance (Sys-IR) in Arabidopsis. Additionally, Systemin treated plants display enhanced BAK1 and BIK1 gene expression following infection as well as increased production of ROS after PAMP treatment suggesting that Systemin sensitizes Arabidopsis perception to pathogens and PAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
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Wang X, Zhang X, Yang J, Liu X, Song Y, Wang Z. Genetic variation assessment of stacked-trait transgenic maize via conventional breeding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:346. [PMID: 31391002 PMCID: PMC6686426 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safety assessment and control of stacked transgenic crops is increasingly important due to continuous crop development and is urgently needed in China. The genetic stability of foreign genes and unintended effects are the primary problems encountered in safety assessment. Omics techniques are useful for addressing these problems. The stacked transgenic maize variety 12-5 × IE034, which has insect-resistant and glyphosate-tolerant traits, was developed via a breeding stack using 12-5 and IE034 as parents. Using 12-5 × IE034, its parents (12-5 and IE034), and different maize varieties as materials, we performed proteomic profiling, molecular characterization and a genetic stability analysis. RESULTS Our results showed that the copy number of foreign genes in 12-5 × IE034 is identical to that of its parents 12-5 and IE034. Foreign genes can be stably inherited over different generations. Proteomic profiling analysis found no newly expressed proteins in 12-5 × IE034, and the differences in protein expression between 12 and 5 × IE034 and its parents were within the range of variation of conventional maize varieties. The expression levels of key enzymes participating in the shikimic acid pathway which is related to glyphosate tolerance of 12-5 × IE034 were not significantly different from those of its parents or five conventional maize varieties, which indicated that without selective pressure by glyphosate, the introduced EPSPS synthase is not has a pronounced impact on the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in maize. CONCLUSIONS Stacked-trait development via conventional breeding did not have an impact on the genetic stability of T-DNA, and the impact of stacked breeding on the maize proteome was less significant than that of genotypic differences. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development of a safety assessment approach for stacked-trait transgenic crops in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujing Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, MARA Key Laboratory on Safety Assessment (Molecular) of Agri-GMO, 12 Zhuangguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, MARA Key Laboratory on Safety Assessment (Molecular) of Agri-GMO, 12 Zhuangguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Jiangtao Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, MARA Key Laboratory on Safety Assessment (Molecular) of Agri-GMO, 12 Zhuangguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, MARA Key Laboratory on Safety Assessment (Molecular) of Agri-GMO, 12 Zhuangguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yaya Song
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, MARA Key Laboratory on Safety Assessment (Molecular) of Agri-GMO, 12 Zhuangguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Zhixing Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, MARA Key Laboratory on Safety Assessment (Molecular) of Agri-GMO, 12 Zhuangguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
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Zhang H, Yu P, Zhao J, Jiang H, Wang H, Zhu Y, Botella MA, Šamaj J, Li C, Lin J. Expression of tomato prosystemin gene in Arabidopsis reveals systemic translocation of its mRNA and confers necrotrophic fungal resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:799-812. [PMID: 29105094 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemin (SYS), an octadecapeptide hormone processed from a 200-amino-acid precursor (prosystemin, PS), plays a central role in the systemic activation of defense genes in tomato in response to herbivore and pathogen attacks. However, whether PS mRNA is transferable and its role in systemic defense responses remain unknown. We created the transgenic tomato PS gene tagged with the green fluorescent protein (PS-GFP) using a shoot- or root-specific promoter, and the constitutive 35S promoter in Arabidopsis. Subcellular localization of PS-/SYS-GFP was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and gene transcripts were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. In Arabidopsis, PS protein can be processed and SYS is secreted. Shoot-/root-specific expression of PS-GFP in Arabidopsis, and grafting experiments, revealed that the PS mRNA moves in a bi-directional manner. We also found that ectopic expression of PS improves Arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, consistent with substantial upregulation of the transcript levels of specific pathogen-responsive genes. Our results provide novel insights into the multifaceted mechanism of SYS signaling transport and its potential application in genetic engineering for increasing pathogen resistance across diverse plant families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Pengli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jiuhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06411, USA
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular y Bioquimica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Malaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Biological Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Pastor V, Sánchez-Bel P, Gamir J, Pozo MJ, Flors V. Accurate and easy method for systemin quantification and examining metabolic changes under different endogenous levels. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:33. [PMID: 29713366 PMCID: PMC5918566 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemin has been extensively studied since it was discovered and is described as a peptidic hormone in tomato plants and other Solanaceae. Jasmonic acid and systemin are proposed to act through a positive feed-back loop with jasmonic acid, playing synergistic roles in response to both wounding and insect attack. Despite its biological relevance, most studies regarding the function of systemin in defence have been studied via PROSYSTEMIN (PROSYS) gene expression, which encodes the propeptide prosystemin that is later cleaved to systemin (SYS). Interestingly, hardly any studies have been based on quantification of the peptide. RESULTS In this study, a simple and accurate method for systemin quantification was developed to understand its impact on plant metabolism. The basal levels of systemin were found to be extremely low. To study the role of endogenous systemin on plant metabolism, systemin was quantified in a transgenic line overexpressing the PROSYS gene (PS+) and in a silenced antisense line (PS-). We evaluated the relevance of systemin in plant metabolism by analysing the metabolomic profiles of both lines compared to wildtype plants through untargeted metabolomic profiling. Compounds within the lignan biosynthesis and tyrosine metabolism pathways strongly accumulated in PS+ compared to wild-type plants and to plants from the PS- line. The exogenous treatments with SYS enhanced accumulation of lignans, which confirms the role of SYS in cell wall reinforcement. Unexpectedly, PS+ plants displayed wild-type levels of jasmonic acid (JA) but elevated accumulation of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), suggesting that PS+ should not be used as an over-accumulator of JA in experimental setups. CONCLUSIONS A simple method, requiring notably little sample manipulation to quantify the peptide SYS, is described. Previous studies were based on genetic changes. In our study, SYS accumulated at extremely low levels in wild-type tomato leaves, showed slightly higher levels in the PROSYSTEMIN-overexpressing plants and was absent in the silenced lines. These small changes have a significant impact on plant metabolism. SA and OPDA, but not JA, were higher in the PROSYS-overexpressing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pastor
- Associated Unit EEZ-UJI. Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Universitat Jaume I, Associated Unit to the CSIC, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Bel
- Associated Unit EEZ-UJI. Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Universitat Jaume I, Associated Unit to the CSIC, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón Spain
| | - Jordi Gamir
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - María J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Associated Unit EEZ-UJI. Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Universitat Jaume I, Associated Unit to the CSIC, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón Spain
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Zhang H, Hu Y. Long-Distance Transport of Prosystemin Messenger RNA in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1894. [PMID: 29163614 PMCID: PMC5681517 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Main conclusion: The transcripts of transgenic prosystemin (PS) gene are mobile and the PS mRNA can be translated into protein in tomato and tobacco plants. Systemin (SYS) and its precursor protein, prosystemin (PS), are upstream components of the wound-induced signaling pathway in tomato. Although the mobile signal(s) for wound responses has been the subject of considerable research, its identity remains controversial. Intensive studies have revealed the essential role of mRNA on plant systemic signaling. We hypothesize that PS mRNA can act as a transmissible signal in tomato. Herein, we demonstrated that transgenic PS mRNA occurs in leaves located at considerable distances from the initial site of its generation by a transient Agrobacterium-infiltration assay system. We also showed that PS protein is present in the vascular bundle of the distant leaves. Our results indicate that transgenic PS mRNA may be functional as a long-distance signal to modulate systemic defense responses in tomato, providing novel insights into the multifaceted systems by which SYS signaling transports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
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11
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Andjelković U, Šrajer Gajdošik M, Gašo-Sokač D, Martinović T, Josić D. Foodomics and Food Safety: Where We Are. Food Technol Biotechnol 2017; 55:290-307. [PMID: 29089845 PMCID: PMC5654429 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.55.03.17.5044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The power of foodomics as a discipline that is now broadly used for quality assurance of food products and adulteration identification, as well as for determining the safety of food, is presented. Concerning sample preparation and application, maintenance of highly sophisticated instruments for both high-performance and high-throughput techniques, and analysis and data interpretation, special attention has to be paid to the development of skilled analysts. The obtained data shall be integrated under a strong bioinformatics environment. Modern mass spectrometry is an extremely powerful analytical tool since it can provide direct qualitative and quantitative information about a molecule of interest from only a minute amount of sample. Quality of this information is influenced by the sample preparation procedure, the type of mass spectrometer used and the analyst's skills. Technical advances are bringing new instruments of increased sensitivity, resolution and speed to the market. Other methods presented here give additional information and can be used as complementary tools to mass spectrometry or for validation of obtained results. Genomics and transcriptomics, as well as affinity-based methods, still have a broad use in food analysis. Serious drawbacks of some of them, especially the affinity-based methods, are the cross-reactivity between similar molecules and the influence of complex food matrices. However, these techniques can be used for pre-screening in order to reduce the large number of samples. Great progress has been made in the application of bioinformatics in foodomics. These developments enabled processing of large amounts of generated data for both identification and quantification, and for corresponding modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Andjelković
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martina Šrajer Gajdošik
- Department of Chemistry, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dajana Gašo-Sokač
- Faculty of Food Technology, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tamara Martinović
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Djuro Josić
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Qiakefu K, Zhang X, Han LM, Hua WP, Yan YP, Wang ZZ. Overexpression of Tomato Prosystemin (LePS) Enhances Pest Resistance and the Production of Tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7760-7769. [PMID: 27690419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones are a group of active diterpenes with pharmacological properties that are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Jasmonate (JA) acts as an elicitor to enhance tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. However, because of high labor costs and undesirable chemical characteristics, the use of JA elicitation is still in the experimental stage. In our experiments, the overexpression of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) Prosystemin (LePS) in transgenic plants of S. miltiorrhiza increased their JA concentrations, significantly enhanced the production of tanshinone, and activated the expression of key genes in the tanshinone biosynthesis pathway. Meanwhile, the relative levels of metabolites related to defense such as sterols, terpenes, and phenolic acids were also increased in our OEP lines. In addition, when the larvae of cotton bollworms (Heliothis armigera) were fed with leaves from transgenic lines, their mortality rates rose by nearly 4-fold when compared to that of larvae exposed to leaves from the nontransformed wild type. Our study provides a new strategy for genetic engineering by which tanshinone production and pest resistance can be improved in S. miltiorrhiza. This is accomplished by simulating the wounding signal that increases the endogenous levels of JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Kuliman Qiakefu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Li-Min Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Shaanxi Xueqian Normal University , 710110, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ping Hua
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Shaanxi Xueqian Normal University , 710110, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhe-Zhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Rao J, Yang L, Guo J, Quan S, Chen G, Zhao X, Zhang D, Shi J. Metabolic changes in transgenic maize mature seeds over-expressing the Aspergillus niger phyA2. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:429-437. [PMID: 26581949 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted metabolomics analysis revealed only intended metabolic changes in transgenic maize over-expressing the Aspergillus niger phyA2. Genetically modified (GM) crops account for a large proportion of modern agriculture worldwide, raising increasingly the public concerns of safety. Generally, according to substantial equivalence principle, if a GM crop is demonstrated to be equivalently safe to its conventional species, it is supposed to be safe. In this study, taking the advantage of an established non-target metabolomic profiling platform based on the combination of UPLC-MS/MS with GC-MS, we compared the mature seed metabolic changes in transgenic maize over-expressing the Aspergillus niger phyA2 with its non-transgenic counterpart and other 14 conventional maize lines. In total, levels of nine out of identified 210 metabolites were significantly changed in transgenic maize as compared with its non-transgenic counterpart, and the number of significantly altered metabolites was reduced to only four when the natural variations were taken into consideration. Notably, those four metabolites were all associated with targeted engineering pathway. Our results indicated that although both intended and non-intended metabolic changes occurred in the mature seeds of this GM maize event, only intended metabolic pathway was found to be out of the range of the natural metabolic variation in the metabolome of the transgenic maize. Therefore, only when natural metabolic variation was taken into account, could non-targeted metabolomics provide reliable objective compositional substantial equivalence analysis on GM crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Rao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, No. 519 East Beijing Road, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Litao Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinchao Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Sheng Quan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Ruifeng Agro-biotechnology Co. Ltd, No 233 Rushan Rd., Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Guihua Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhao
- Departmen of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal College, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Shanghai Ruifeng Agro-biotechnology Co. Ltd, No 233 Rushan Rd., Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Liu Y, Zhang YX, Song SQ, Li J, Neal Stewart C, Wei W, Zhao Y, Wang WQ. A proteomic analysis of seeds from Bt-transgenic Brassica napus and hybrids with wild B. juncea. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15480. [PMID: 26486652 PMCID: PMC4614387 DOI: 10.1038/srep15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgene insertions might have unintended side effects on the transgenic host, both crop and hybrids with wild relatives that harbor transgenes. We employed proteomic approaches to assess protein abundance changes in seeds from Bt-transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and its hybrids with wild mustard (B. juncea). A total of 24, 15 and 34 protein spots matching to 23, 13 and 31 unique genes were identified that changed at least 1.5 fold (p < 0.05, Student’s t-test) in abundance between transgenic (tBN) and non-transgenic (BN) oilseed rape, between hybrids of B. juncea (BJ) × tBN (BJtBN) and BJ × BN (BJBN) and between BJBN and BJ, respectively. Eight proteins had higher abundance in tBN than in BN. None of these proteins was toxic or nutritionally harmful to human health, which is not surprising since the seeds are not known to produce toxic proteins. Protein spots varying in abundance between BJtBN and BJBN seeds were the same or homologous to those in the respective parents. None of the differentially-accumulated proteins between BJtBN and BJBN were identical to those between tBN and BN. Results indicated that unintended effects resulted from transgene flow fell within the range of natural variability of hybridization and those found in the native host proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ying-Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Song-Quan Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing 100012, China
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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15
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Coppola M, Corrado G, Coppola V, Cascone P, Martinelli R, Digilio MC, Pennacchio F, Rao R. Prosystemin Overexpression in Tomato Enhances Resistance to Different Biotic Stresses by Activating Genes of Multiple Signaling Pathways. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2015; 33:1270-1285. [PMID: 26339120 PMCID: PMC4551541 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-014-0834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemin is a signal peptide that promotes the response to wounding and herbivore attack in tomato. This 18-amino acid peptide is released from a larger precursor, prosystemin. To study the role of systemin as a modulator of defense signaling, we generated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) transgenic plants that overexpress the prosystemin cDNA. We carried out a transcriptomic analysis comparing two different transgenic events with the untransformed control. The Gene Ontology categories of the 503 differentially expressed genes indicated that several biological functions were affected. Systemin promotes the expression of an array of defense genes that are dependent on different signaling pathways and it downregulates genes connected with carbon fixation and carbohydrate metabolism. These alterations present a degree of overlap with the response programs that are classically associated to pathogen defense or abiotic stress protection, implying that end products of the systemin signaling pathway may be more diverse than expected. We show also that the observed transcriptional modifications have a relevant functional outcome, since transgenic lines were more resistant against very different biotic stressors such as aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), phytopathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata) and phytophagous larvae (Spodoptera littoralis). Our work demonstrated that in tomato the modulation of a single gene is sufficient to provide a wide resistance against stress by boosting endogenous defense pathways. Overall, the data provided evidence that the systemin peptide might serve as DAMP signal in tomato, acting as a broad indicator of tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Coppola
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, NA Italy
| | - Giandomenico Corrado
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, NA Italy
| | - Valentina Coppola
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, NA Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, NA Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, NA Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, NA Italy
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16
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Fang X, Chen J, Dai L, Ma H, Zhang H, Yang J, Wang F, Yan C. Proteomic dissection of plant responses to various pathogens. Proteomics 2015; 15:1525-43. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Fang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute of Biology; Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Liangying Dai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Huasheng Ma
- Institute of Biology; Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Hengmu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology; Institute of Biotechnology; Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
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17
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Pobozy E, Sentkowska A, Piskor A. Comparison of three modifications of fused-silica capillaries and untreated capillaries for protein profiling of maize extracts by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2388-94. [PMID: 24931305 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, capillary electrophoresis was applied to protein profiling of fractionated extracts of maize. A comparative study on the application of uncoated fused-silica capillaries and capillaries modified with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ω-iodoalkylammonium salt and a commercially available neutral capillary covalently coated with polyacrylamide is presented. The coating stability, background electrolyte composition, and separation efficiency were investigated. It was found that for zeins separation, the most stable and efficient was the capillary coated with polyacrylamide. Finally, the usefulness of these methods was studied for the differentiation of zein fraction in transgenic and nontransgenic maize. Zeins extracted from maize standards containing 0 and 5% m/m genetic modification were successfully separated, but slight differences were observed in terms of the zein content. Albumin and globulin fractions were analyzed with the use of unmodified fused-silica capillary with borate buffer pH 9 and the capillary coated with polyacrylamide with phosphate buffer pH 3. In the albumin fraction, additional peaks were found in genetically modified samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pobozy
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Wu X, Gong F, Wang W. Protein extraction from plant tissues for 2DE and its application in proteomic analysis. Proteomics 2014; 14:645-58. [PMID: 24395710 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant tissues contain large amounts of secondary compounds that significantly interfere with protein extraction and 2DE analysis. Thus, sample preparation is a crucial step prior to 2DE in plant proteomics. This tutorial highlights the guidelines that need to be followed to perform an adequate total protein extraction before 2DE in plant proteomics. We briefly describe the history, development, and feature of major sample preparation methods for the 2DE analysis of plant tissues, that is, trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation and phenol extraction. We introduce the interfering compounds in plant tissues and the general guidelines for tissue disruption, protein precipitation and resolubilization. We describe in details the advantages, limitations, and application of the trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation and phenol extraction methods to enable the readers to select the appropriate method for a specific species, tissue, or cell type. The current applications of the sample preparation methods in plant proteomics in the literature are analyzed. A comparative proteomic analysis between male and female plants of Pistacia chinensis is used as an example to represent the sample preparation methodology in 2DE-based proteomics. Finally, the current limitations and future development of these sample preparation methods are discussed. This Tutorial is part of the International Proteomics Tutorial Programme (IPTP17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat & Maize Crop Science in Henan Province, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Yang X, Li L, Song J, Palmer LC, Li X, Zhang Z. Peptide prefractionation is essential for proteomic approaches employing multiple-reaction monitoring of fruit proteomic research. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:77-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- XiaoTang Yang
- College of Horticulture; South China Agriculture University; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Ministry of Education; Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Jun Song
- Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Kentville; Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Leslie Campbell Palmer
- Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Kentville; Nova Scotia Canada
| | - XiHong Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Ministry of Education; Tianjin P. R. China
| | - ZhaoQi Zhang
- College of Horticulture; South China Agriculture University; Guangzhou P. R. China
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Daneshvar Alavi HE, Truelstrup Hansen L. Kinetics of biofilm formation and desiccation survival of Listeria monocytogenes in single and dual species biofilms with Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia proteamaculans or Shewanella baltica on food-grade stainless steel surfaces. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:1253-1268. [PMID: 24102145 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.835805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the dynamics of static biofilm formation (100% RH, 15 °C, 48-72 h) and desiccation survival (43% RH, 15 °C, 21 days) of Listeria monocytogenes, in dual species biofilms with the common spoilage bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia proteamaculans and Shewanella baltica, on the surface of food grade stainless steel. The Gram-negative bacteria reduced the maximum biofilm population of L. monocytogenes in dual species biofilms and increased its inactivation during desiccation. However, due to the higher desiccation resistance of Listeria relative to P. fluorescens and S. baltica, the pathogen survived in greater final numbers. In contrast, S. proteamaculans outcompeted the pathogen during the biofilm formation and exhibited similar desiccation survival, causing the N21 days of Serratia to be ca 3 Log10(CFU cm(-2)) greater than that of Listeria in the dual species biofilm. Microscopy revealed biofilm morphologies with variable amounts of exopolymeric substance and the presence of separate microcolonies. Under these simulated food plant conditions, the fate of L. monocytogenes during formation of mixed biofilms and desiccation depended on the implicit characteristics of the co-cultured bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessam Edin Daneshvar Alavi
- a Food Science Program, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada
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Li S, Su X, Zhang B, Huang Q, Hu Z, Lu M. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the Populus deltoides remorin gene PdREM. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1111-1121. [PMID: 24072517 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Remorins play vital roles in signal transduction, energy transformation, ion flow and transport in plants. Upregulation of remorins correlates with dehiscence and cell maturation; however, no studies have been performed to elucidate the function of remorins in tree species. In this study, a Populus deltoides (Marsh.) plasma membrane-binding protein remorin gene (PdREM) was cloned and characterized by investigating its expression pattern and creating transgenic hybrid poplar (P. davidiana Dode × P. bolleana Lauche) lines expressing sense or antisense PdREM. PdREM was specifically expressed in leaf buds, and immature and mature phloem in P. deltoides. Downregulation of PdREM increased plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, size of the xylem and phloem zones and induced expression of cell wall biosynthesis- and microfibril angle (MFA)-related genes. Overexpression of PdREM retarded vegetative growth. PdREM may negatively regulate vascular growth by inhibiting secondary cell wall expansion in poplar. In addition, antisense PdREM transgenic poplar had a lower MFA, suggesting that PdREM might contribute to sheet strength and wood properties in poplar. This study sheds light on the molecular mechanism of PdREM in P. deltoides growth and development, and lays the foundation for future functional genomics research into wood formation and the genetic engineering of forest trees with improved wood quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Forestry Experiment Center of North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100023, P.R. China
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22
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Zheng Q, Song J, Campbell-Palmer L, Thompson K, Li L, Walker B, Cui Y, Li X. A proteomic investigation of apple fruit during ripening and in response to ethylene treatment. J Proteomics 2013; 93:276-94. [PMID: 23435059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A proteomic approach employing a two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) technique with SYPRO Ruby, a fluorescent stain with improved sensitivity and quantitative accuracy, was performed to separate the total proteins from apple fruit at different stages of ripening and senescence. After imaging and statistical analyses were performed on 2340 spots, a total of 316 spots, or approximately 13.5% of the total protein population, was found to be significantly changed in this study. Of the 316 proteins, 219 spots were only present at a specific ripening stage, while 97 spots were significantly different (p<0.05) throughout fruit ripening and in response to ethylene treatment. From 316 candidate spots, 221 proteins were further identified by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis with protein sequence and express sequence tag (EST) data searching. Analysis and identification of proteins revealed that apple fruit ripening is associated with increase of abundance of many proteins with functions such as ethylene production, antioxidation and redox, carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative stress, energy, and defense response. Ethylene treatment increased a group of unique proteins that were not present during normal fruit ripening and have not been previously reported. It also reduced some proteins involved in primary metabolism, including those of the last few steps of the glycolytic pathway. This study demonstrated the complexity and dynamic changes of protein profiles of apple fruit during ripening and in response to exogenous ethylene treatment. Identifying and tracking protein changes may allow us to better understand the mechanism of ripening in climacteric fruit. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Postharvest physiology and biochemistry has been conducted on apple fruit for many years. Ethylene plays an important role in ripening and senescence in many climacteric fruit. However, little information is available at the proteome level to investigate fruit ripening and effect of ethylene treatment. The significance of this paper is that it is the first study employing 2-DE and fluorescent dye in the investigation of the apple fruit ripening and influence of ethylene treatment. It reveals some significant biological changes in association with these events and demonstrates significant changed proteins under these conditions. Therefore, our study links the biological events with proteomic information and provides detailed peptide information on all identified proteins. Through the function analysis, those significantly changed proteins are also analyzed. These findings from this paper provide not only proteome information on fruit ripening, but also pave the ground for further quantitative studies using SMR to investigate certain proteins and pathways under the hypothesis involved in fruit ripening. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translational Plant Proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifa Zheng
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, 32 Main St., Kentville, NS., Canada B4N 1J5
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Petriccione M, Di Cecco I, Arena S, Scaloni A, Scortichini M. Proteomic changes in Actinidia chinensis shoot during systemic infection with a pandemic Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae strain. J Proteomics 2013; 78:461-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gong CY, Wang T. Proteomic evaluation of genetically modified crops: current status and challenges. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:41. [PMID: 23471542 PMCID: PMC3590489 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Hectares of genetically modified (GM) crops have increased exponentially since 1996, when such crops began to be commercialized. GM biotechnology, together with conventional breeding, has become the main approach to improving agronomic traits of crops. However, people are concerned about the safety of GM crops, especially GM-derived food and feed. Many efforts have been made to evaluate the unintended effects caused by the introduction of exogenous genes. "Omics" techniques have advantages over targeted analysis in evaluating such crops because of their use of high-throughput screening. Proteins are key players in gene function and are directly involved in metabolism and cellular development or have roles as toxins, antinutrients, or allergens, which are essential for human health. Thus, proteomics can be expected to become one of the most useful tools in safety assessment. This review assesses the potential of proteomics in evaluating various GM crops. We further describe the challenges in ensuring homogeneity and sensitivity in detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tai Wang
- *Correspondence: Tai Wang, Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Haidianqu, Beijing 100093, China. e-mail:
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Delano-Frier JP, Pearce G, Huffaker A, Stratmann JW. Systemic Wound Signaling in Plants. LONG-DISTANCE SYSTEMIC SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36470-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Buchholz AL, Davidson GR, Marks BP, Todd ECD, Ryser ET. Transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from equipment surfaces to fresh-cut leafy greens during processing in a model pilot-plant production line with sanitizer-free water. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1920-9. [PMID: 23127700 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination of fresh-cut leafy greens has become a public health concern as a result of several large outbreaks. The goal of this study was to generate baseline data for E. coli O157:H7 transfer from product-inoculated equipment surfaces to uninoculated lettuce during pilot-scale processing without a sanitizer. Uninoculated cored heads of iceberg and romaine lettuce (22.7 kg) were processed using a commercial shredder, step conveyor, 3.3-m flume tank with sanitizer-free tap water, shaker table, and centrifugal dryer, followed by 22.7 kg of product that had been dip inoculated to contain ∼10(6), 10(4), or 10(2) CFU/g of a four-strain avirulent, green fluorescent protein-labeled, ampicillin-resistant E. coli O157:H7 cocktail. After draining the flume tank and refilling the holding tank with tap water, 90.8 kg of uninoculated product was similarly processed and collected in ∼5-kg aliquots. After processing, 42 equipment surface samples and 46 iceberg or 36 romaine lettuce samples (25 g each) from the collection baskets were quantitatively examined for E. coli O157:H7 by direct plating or membrane filtration using tryptic soy agar containing 0.6% yeast extract and 100 ppm of ampicillin. Initially, the greatest E. coli O157:H7 transfer was seen from inoculated lettuce to the shredder and conveyor belt, with all equipment surface populations decreasing 90 to 99% after processing 90.8 kg of uncontaminated product. After processing lettuce containing 10(6) or 10(4) E. coli O157:H7 CFU/g followed by uninoculated lettuce, E. coli O157:H7 was quantifiable throughout the entire 90.8 kg of product. At an inoculation level of 10(2) CFU/g, E. coli O157:H7 was consistently detected in the first 21.2 kg of previously uninoculated lettuce at 2 to 3 log CFU/100 g and transferred to 78 kg of product. These baseline E. coli O157:H7 transfer results will help determine the degree of sanitizer efficacy required to better ensure the safety of fresh-cut leafy greens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie L Buchholz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Buchholz AL, Davidson GR, Marks BP, Todd ECD, Ryser ET. Quantitative transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to equipment during small-scale production of fresh-cut leafy greens. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1184-97. [PMID: 22980000 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Postharvest contamination and subsequent spread of Escherichia coli O157:H7 can occur during shredding, conveying, fluming, and dewatering of fresh-cut leafy greens. This study quantified E. coli O157:H7 transfer from leafy greens to equipment surfaces during simulated small-scale commercial processing. Three to five batches (22.7 kg) of baby spinach, iceberg lettuce, and romaine lettuce were dip inoculated with a four-strain cocktail of avirulent, green fluorescent protein-labeled, ampicillinresistant E. coli O157:H7 to contain ∼10(6), 10(4), and 10(2) CFU/g, and then were processed after 1 h of draining at ∼23°C or 24 h of storage at 4°C. Lettuce was shredded using an Urschel TransSlicer at two different blade and belt speeds to obtain normal (5 by 5 cm) and more finely shredded (0.5 by 5 cm) lettuce. Thereafter, the lettuce was step conveyed to a flume tank and was washed and then dried using a shaker table and centrifugal dryer. Product (25-g) and water (40-ml) samples were collected at various points during processing. After processing, product contact surfaces (100 cm(2)) on the shredder (n = 14), conveyer (n = 8), flume tank (n = 11), shaker table (n = 9), and centrifugal dryer (n = 8) were sampled using one-ply composite tissues. Sample homogenates diluted in phosphate or neutralizing buffer were plated, with or without prior 0.45- m m membrane filtration, on Trypticase soy agar containing 0.6% yeast extract supplemented with 100 ppm of ampicillin to quantify green fluorescent protein-labeled E. coli O157:H7 under UV light. During leafy green processing, ∼90% of the E. coli O157:H7 inoculum transferred to the wash water. After processing, E. coli O157:H7 populations were highest on the conveyor and shredder (P<0.05), followed by the centrifugal dryer, flume tank, and shaker table, with ∼29% of the remaining product inoculum lost during centrifugal drying. Overall, less (P<0.05) of the inoculum remained on the product after centrifugally drying iceberg lettuce that was held for 1 h (8.13%) as opposed to 24 h (42.18%) before processing, with shred size not affecting the rate of E. coli O157:H7 transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie L Buchholz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Zhang L, Moosekian SR, Todd ECD, Ryser ET. Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in different retail delicatessen meats during simulated home storage. J Food Prot 2012; 75:896-905. [PMID: 22564939 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Delicatessen meats are reported to be the leading vehicle of foodborne listeriosis in the United States. Listeria monocytogenes can reach high numbers in these products during storage, and the growth rate is largely dictated by product formulation and storage temperature. To assess the impact of product age on Listeria growth, five commercial brands each of cured and uncured turkey breast, ham, and roast beef (three lots per brand) were sliced (approximately 25 g per slice) at the beginning of the shelf life, the midpoint, and the last allowable day of sale, surface inoculated with an eight-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes (approximately 40 CFU/g), and then quantitatively examined for Listeria, lactic acid bacteria, and mesophilic aerobic bacteria during aerobic storage at 4, 7, or 10°C. As expected, L. monocytogenes grew faster in deli meats without rather than with Listeria inhibitors (lactate and/or diacetate) and at the highest storage temperature (10°C). Lag-phase durations for L. monocytogenes in deli meats with and without Listeria inhibitors were 9.21, 6.96, and 5.00 and 6.35, 3.30, and 2.19 days at 4, 7, and 10°C, respectively. Generation times for L. monocytogenes in deli meats with and without Listeria inhibitors were 1.59, 1.53, and 0.85 and 0.94, 0.50, and 0.36 at 4, 7, and 10°C, respectively. Maximum population densities for L. monocytogenes in deli meats with and without Listeria inhibitors were 5.26, 5.92, and 5.97 and 8.47, 8.96 and 9.34 log CFU/g at 4, 7, and 10°C, respectively. Although lactate and diacetate suppressed L. monocytogenes growth, the extent of inhibition differed, ranging from total inhibition in roast beef to only partial inhibition in ham and cured turkey. Listeria growth was also impacted by lot-to-lot variation in the concentrations of Listeria inhibitors, product pH, and background microflora. These data will be useful for developing recommendations for "best consumed by" dating for deli meats using a risk-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Corrado G, Alagna F, Rocco M, Renzone G, Varricchio P, Coppola V, Coppola M, Garonna A, Baldoni L, Scaloni A, Rao R. Molecular interactions between the olive and the fruit fly Bactrocera oleae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:86. [PMID: 22694925 PMCID: PMC3733423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fruit fly Bactrocera oleae is the primary biotic stressor of cultivated olives, causing direct and indirect damages that significantly reduce both the yield and the quality of olive oil. To study the olive-B. oleae interaction, we conducted transcriptomic and proteomic investigations of the molecular response of the drupe. The identifications of genes and proteins involved in the fruit response were performed using a Suppression Subtractive Hybridisation technique and a combined bi-dimensional electrophoresis/nanoLC-ESI-LIT-MS/MS approach, respectively. RESULTS We identified 196 ESTs and 26 protein spots as differentially expressed in olives with larval feeding tunnels. A bioinformatic analysis of the identified non-redundant EST and protein collection indicated that different molecular processes were affected, such as stress response, phytohormone signalling, transcriptional control and primary metabolism, and that a considerable proportion of the ESTs could not be classified. The altered expression of 20 transcripts was also analysed by real-time PCR, and the most striking differences were further confirmed in the fruit of a different olive variety. We also cloned the full-length coding sequences of two genes, Oe-chitinase I and Oe-PR27, and showed that these are wound-inducible genes and activated by B. oleae punctures. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first report that reveals the molecular players and signalling pathways involved in the interaction between the olive fruit and its most damaging biotic stressor. Drupe response is complex, involving genes and proteins involved in photosynthesis as well as in the production of ROS, the activation of different stress response pathways and the production of compounds involved in direct defence against phytophagous larvae. Among the latter, trypsin inhibitors should play a major role in drupe resistance reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giandomenico Corrado
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Pianta, Ambiente e Produzioni Animali, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Napoli, 80055, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Alagna
- Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via della Madonna Alta 130, Perugia, 06128, Italy
| | - Mariapina Rocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Biologia, la Geologia e l’Ambiente, Universita’ del Sannio, Via dei Mulini 59/A, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Argine 1085, Napoli, 80147, Italy
| | - Paola Varricchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Pianta, Ambiente e Produzioni Animali, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Napoli, 80055, Italy
| | - Valentina Coppola
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Pianta, Ambiente e Produzioni Animali, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Napoli, 80055, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Pianta, Ambiente e Produzioni Animali, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Napoli, 80055, Italy
| | - Antonio Garonna
- Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria “F. Silvestri”, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Italy
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via della Madonna Alta 130, Perugia, 06128, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Argine 1085, Napoli, 80147, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Pianta, Ambiente e Produzioni Animali, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Napoli, 80055, Italy
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Gong CY, Li Q, Yu HT, Wang Z, Wang T. Proteomics insight into the biological safety of transgenic modification of rice as compared with conventional genetic breeding and spontaneous genotypic variation. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:3019-29. [PMID: 22509807 DOI: 10.1021/pr300148w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential of unintended effects caused by transgenic events is a key issue in the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops. To investigate whether transgenic events cause unintended effects, we used comparative proteomics approaches to evaluate proteome differences in seeds from 2 sets of GM indica rice, herbicide-resistant Bar68-1 carrying bar and insect-resistant 2036-1a carrying cry1Ac/sck, and their respective controls D68 and MH86, as well as indica variety MH63, a parental line for breeding MH86, and japonica variety ZH10. This experimental design allowed for comparing proteome difference caused by transgenes, conventional genetic breeding, and natural genetic variation. Proteomics analysis revealed the maximum numbers of differentially expressed proteins between indica and japonica cultivars, second among indica varieties with relative small difference between MH86 and MH63, and the minimum between GM rice and respective control, thus indicating GM events do not substantially alter proteome profiles as compared with conventional genetic breeding and natural genetic variation. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed 234 proteins differentially expressed in the 6 materials, and these proteins were involved in different cellular and metabolic processes with a prominent skew toward metabolism (31.2%), protein synthesis and destination (25.2%), and defense response (22.4%). In these seed proteomes, proteins implicated in the 3 prominent biological processes showed significantly different composite expression patterns and were major factors differentiating japonica and indica cultivars, as well as indica varieties. Thus, metabolism, protein synthesis and destination, and defense response in seeds are important in differentiating rice cultivars and varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yan Gong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100093, China
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Marondedze C, Thomas LA. Insights into fruit function from the proteome of the hypanthium. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:12-19. [PMID: 22050892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) was used as a model to studying essential biological processes occurring in mature fruit hypanthium, commonly referred to as the fruit flesh or pulp, a highly active tissue where numerous metabolic processes such as carbohydrate metabolism and signal transduction occur. To understand the complex biological processes occurring in the hypanthium, a proteomics approach was used to analyze the proteome from freshly harvested ripe apple fruits. A total of 290 well-resolved spots were detected using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Out of these, 216 proteins were identified representing 116 non-redundant proteins using matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and either the MASCOT or ProteinProspector engine for peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) database searching. Identified proteins were classified into 13 major functional categories. Among these, the energy metabolism class was the most represented and included 50% of proteins homologous to Arabidopsis proteins that are involved in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses, suggesting a dual role for these proteins in addition to energy metabolism. We also identified dynein heavy chain in the hypanthium although this protein has been proposed as absent from angiosperms and thus suggest that the lack of dyneins in higher plants studied to date may not be a general characteristic to angiosperm genomic organisation. We therefore conclude that the detection and elucidation of the apple hypanthium proteome is an indispensable step towards the comprehension of fruit metabolism, the integration of genomic, proteomic and metabolomic data to agronomic trait information and thus fruit quality improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Marondedze
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
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Avilés-Arnaut H, Délano-Frier JP. Characterization of the tomato prosystemin promoter: organ-specific expression, hormone specificity and methyl jasmonate responsiveness by deletion analysis in transgenic tobacco plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:15-32. [PMID: 22044436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tomato systemin is a bioactive peptide that regulates the systemic activation of wound-responsive genes. It is released from its 200 amino acid precursor called prosystemin. Initial tissue-localization and hormone-induced expression assays indicated that the tomato prosystemin gene (SlPS) accumulates mainly in floral tissues and in response to exogenous abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments, respectively. Later, the promoter regions of the PS gene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Castlemart), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) were isolated and an in silico analysis of the SlPS promoter revealed an over-representation of stress- and MeJA-responsive motifs. A subsequent 5' deletion analysis of the SlPS promoter fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter (GUS) gene showed that the -221 to +40 bp proximal SlPS promoter region was sufficient to direct the stigma, vascular bundle-specific and MeJA-responsive expression of GUS in transgenic tobacco plants. Important vascular-tissue-specific, light- and MeJA-responsive cis-elements were also present in this region. These findings provide relevant information regarding the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of the SlPS promoter operating in transgenic tobacco plants. They also suggest that its tissue-specificity and inducible nature could have wide applicability in plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamlet Avilés-Arnaut
- Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) at Irapuato, Unit for Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico, PO Box 36821, Mexico
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Pradhan AK, Ivanek R, Gröhn YT, Bukowski R, Wiedmann M. Comparison of public health impact of Listeria monocytogenes product-to-product and environment-to-product contamination of deli meats at retail. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1860-8. [PMID: 22054186 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the relative public health impact in deli meats at retail contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes by either (i) other products or (ii) the retail environment. Modeling was performed using the risk of listeriosis-associated deaths as a public health outcome of interest and using two deli meat products (i.e., ham and turkey, both formulated without growth inhibitors) as model systems. Based on reported data, deli meats coming to retail were assumed to be contaminated at a frequency of 0.4%. Three contamination scenarios were investigated: (i) a baseline scenario, in which no additional cross-contamination occurred at retail, (ii) a scenario in which an additional 2.3% of products were cross-contaminated at retail due to transfer of L. monocytogenes cells from already contaminated ready-to-eat deli meats, and (iii) a scenario in which an additional 2.3% of products were contaminated as a result of cross-contamination from a contaminated retail environment. By using a previously reported L. monocytogenes risk assessment model that uses product-specific growth kinetic parameters, cross-contamination of deli ham and turkey was estimated to increase the relative risk of listeriosis-associated deaths by 5.9- and 6.1-fold, respectively, for contamination from other products and by 4.9- and 5.8-fold, respectively, for contamination from the retail environment. Sensitivity and scenario analyses indicated that the frequency of cross-contamination at retail from any source (other food products or environment) was the most important factor affecting the relative risk of listeriosis-associated deaths. Overall, our data indicate that retail-level cross-contamination of ready-to-eat deli meats with L. monocytogenes has the potential to considerably increase the risk of human listeriosis cases and deaths, and thus precise estimates of cross-contamination frequency are critical for accurate risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Singh DK, McNellis TW. Fibrillin protein function: the tip of the iceberg? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:432-41. [PMID: 21571574 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillins are nuclear-encoded, plastid proteins associated with chromoplast fibrils and chloroplast plastoglobules, thylakoids, photosynthetic antenna complexes, and stroma. There are 12 sub-families of fibrillins. However, only three of these sub-families have been characterized genetically or functionally. We review evidence indicating that fibrillins are involved in plastoglobule structural development, chromoplast pigment accumulation, hormonal responses, protection of the photosynthetic apparatus from photodamage, and plant resistance to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses. The area of fibrillin research has substantial growth potential and will contribute to better understanding of mechanisms of plant stress tolerance and plastid structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra K Singh
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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García-Cañas V, Simó C, León C, Ibáñez E, Cifuentes A. MS-based analytical methodologies to characterize genetically modified crops. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:396-416. [PMID: 21500243 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of genetically modified crops has had a great impact on the agriculture and food industries. However, the development of any genetically modified organism (GMO) requires the application of analytical procedures to confirm the equivalence of the GMO compared to its isogenic non-transgenic counterpart. Moreover, the use of GMOs in foods and agriculture faces numerous criticisms from consumers and ecological organizations that have led some countries to regulate their production, growth, and commercialization. These regulations have brought about the need of new and more powerful analytical methods to face the complexity of this topic. In this regard, MS-based technologies are increasingly used for GMOs analysis to provide very useful information on GMO composition (e.g., metabolites, proteins). This review focuses on the MS-based analytical methodologies used to characterize genetically modified crops (also called transgenic crops). First, an overview on genetically modified crops development is provided, together with the main difficulties of their analysis. Next, the different MS-based analytical approaches applied to characterize GM crops are critically discussed, and include "-omics" approaches and target-based approaches. These methodologies allow the study of intended and unintended effects that result from the genetic transformation. This information is considered to be essential to corroborate (or not) the equivalence of the GM crop with its isogenic non-transgenic counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia García-Cañas
- Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Benitez-Alfonso Y, Faulkner C, Ritzenthaler C, Maule AJ. Plasmodesmata: gateways to local and systemic virus infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1403-12. [PMID: 20687788 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-10-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As channels that provide cell-to-cell connectivity, plasmodesmata are central to the local and systemic spread of viruses in plants. This review discusses the current state of knowledge of the structure and function of these channels and the ways in which viruses bring about functional changes that allow macromolecular trafficking to occur. Despite the passing of two decades since the first identification of a viral movement protein that mediates these changes, our understanding of the relevant molecular mechanisms remains in its infancy. However, viral movement proteins provide valuable tools for the modification of plasmodesmata and will continue to assist in the dissection of plasmodesmal properties in relation to their core roles in cell-to-cell communication.
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37
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Iibuchi R, Hara-Kudo Y, Hasegawa A, Kumagai S. Survival of Salmonella on a polypropylene surface under dry conditions in relation to biofilm-formation capability. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1506-10. [PMID: 20819362 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.8.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to gain insights into the survival of Salmonella on a polypropylene surface in relation to the ability of these bacteria to form a biofilm. We selected Salmonella strains known for the relative ease or difficulty with which they formed biofilms based on microtiter plate assays and studied the survival of these strains on polypropylene discs in a desiccation chamber by sequentially counting CFUs. The biofilm-forming strains survived longer on the plastic disc surface than did biofilm-deficient strains. The biofilm-forming strains remained at over 10(4) CFU per plate until day 175, whereas the biofilm-deficient strains decreased to below 10(2) CFU per plate on day 20 or below 10(4) CFU per plate on day 108. Extracellular materials on the polypropylene surface were observed by scanning electron microscopy and crystal violet staining for the biofilm-forming strains but not for the biofilm-deficient strains. The extracellular polymeric materials on the polypropylene surface may have protected the bacterial cells from dryness, although the possibility of some inherent resistance to environmental stresses linked to biofilm formation could not be excluded. These results indicate that Salmonella strains with high biofilm productivity may be a greater risk to human health via food contamination by surviving for longer periods compared with strains with low biofilm productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruriko Iibuchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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38
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Soni KA, Nannapaneni R. Removal of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms with bacteriophage P100. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1519-24. [PMID: 20819365 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.8.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen with a persistent ability to form biofilm matrices in the food processing environments. In this study, we have determined the ability of bacteriophage P100 to reduce L. monocytogenes cell populations under biofilm conditions by using 21 L. monocytogenes strains representing 13 different serotypes. There were considerable differences in the ability of various strains of L. monocytogenes to form biofilms, with strains of serotype 1/2a showing maximum biofilm formation. Irrespective of the serotype, growth conditions, or biofilm levels, the phage P100 treatment significantly reduced L. monocytogenes cell populations under biofilm conditions. On the stainless steel coupon surface, there was a 3.5- to 5.4-log/cm2 reduction in L. monocytogenes cells by phage treatment. These findings illustrate that phage P100 is active against a wide range of L. monocytogenes strains in biofilm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh A Soni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
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39
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Panthee DR, Chen F. Genomics of fungal disease resistance in tomato. Curr Genomics 2010; 11:30-9. [PMID: 20808521 PMCID: PMC2851114 DOI: 10.2174/138920210790217927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important vegetable crop worldwide. Often times, its production is hindered by fungal diseases. Important fungal diseases limiting tomato production are late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, early blight, caused by Alternaria solanii, and septoria leaf spot, caused by Septoria lycopersici, fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporium fsp. oxysporium, and verticilium wilt caused by Verticilium dahlea. The Phytophthora infestans is the same fungus that caused the devastating loss of potato in Europe in 1845. A similar magnitude of crop loss in tomato has not occurred but Phytophthora infestans has caused the complete loss of tomato crops around the world on a small scale. Several attempts have been made through conventional breeding and the molecular biological approaches to understand the biology of host-pathogen interaction so that the disease can be managed and crop loss prevented. In this review, we present a comprehensive analysis of information produced by molecular genetic and genomic experiments on host-pathogen interactions of late blight, early blight, septoria leaf spot, verticilim wilt and fusarium wilt in tomato. Furthermore, approaches adopted to manage these diseases in tomato including genetic transformation are presented. Attempts made to link molecular markers with putative genes and their use in crop improvement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip R. Panthee
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, 455 Research Dr., Mills River, NC 28759, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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40
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A remorin protein interacts with symbiotic receptors and regulates bacterial infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2343-8. [PMID: 20133878 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913320107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Remorin proteins have been hypothesized to play important roles during cellular signal transduction processes. Induction of some members of this multigene family has been reported during biotic interactions. However, no roles during host-bacteria interactions have been assigned to remorin proteins until now. We used root nodule symbiosis between Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti to study the roles of a remorin that is specifically induced during nodulation. Here we show that this oligomeric remorin protein attaches to the host plasma membrane surrounding the bacteria and controls infection and release of rhizobia into the host cytoplasm. It interacts with the core set of symbiotic receptors that are essential for perception of bacterial signaling molecules, and thus might represent a plant-specific scaffolding protein.
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41
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Malinowski R, Higgins R, Luo Y, Piper L, Nazir A, Bajwa VS, Clouse SD, Thompson PR, Stratmann JW. The tomato brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 increases binding of systemin to tobacco plasma membranes, but is not involved in systemin signaling. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:603-16. [PMID: 19404750 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The tomato wound signal systemin is perceived by a specific high-affinity, saturable, and reversible cell surface receptor. This receptor was identified as the receptor-like kinase SR160, which turned out to be identical to the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1. Recently, it has been shown that the tomato bri1 null mutant cu3 is as sensitive to systemin as wild type plants. Here we explored these contradictory findings by studying the responses of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) to systemin. A fluorescently-labeled systemin analog bound specifically to plasma membranes of tobacco suspension-cultured cells that expressed the tomato BRI1-FLAG transgene, but not to wild type tobacco cells. On the other hand, signaling responses to systemin, such as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and medium alkalinization, were neither increased in BRI1-FLAG-overexpressing tobacco cells nor decreased in BRI1-silenced cells as compared to levels in untransformed control cells. Furthermore, in transgenic tobacco plants BRI1-FLAG became phosphorylated on threonine residues in response to brassinolide application, but not in response to systemin. When BRI1 transcript levels were reduced by virus-induced gene silencing in tomato plants, the silenced plants displayed a phenotype characteristic of bri1 mutants. However, their response to overexpression of the Prosystemin transgene was the same as in control plants. Taken together, our data suggest that BRI1 can function as a systemin binding protein, but that binding of the ligand does not transduce the signal into the cell. This unusual behavior and the nature of the elusive systemin receptor will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Malinowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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42
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Di Carli M, Villani ME, Renzone G, Nardi L, Pasquo A, Franconi R, Scaloni A, Benvenuto E, Desiderio A. Leaf proteome analysis of transgenic plants expressing antiviral antibodies. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:838-48. [PMID: 19099506 DOI: 10.1021/pr800359d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression of exogenous antibodies in plant is an effective strategy to confer protection against viral infection or to produce molecules with pharmaceutical interest. However, the acceptance of the transgenic technology to obtain self-protecting plants depends on the assessment of their substantial equivalence compared to non-modified crops with an established history of safe use. In fact, the possibility exists that the introduction of transgenes in plants may alter expression of endogenous genes and/or normal production of metabolites. In this study, we investigated whether the expression in plant of recombinant antibodies directed against viral proteins may influence the host leaf proteome. Two transgenic plant models, generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, were analyzed for this purpose, namely, Lycopersicon esculentum cv. MicroTom and Nicotiana benthamiana, expressing recombinant antibodies against cucumber mosaic virus and tomato spotted wilt virus, respectively. To obtain a significant representation of plant proteomes, optimized extraction procedures have been devised for each plant species. The proteome repertoire of antibody-expressing and control plants was compared by 2-DE associated to DIGE technology. Among the 2000 spots detected within the gels, about 10 resulted differentially expressed in each transgenic model and were identified by MALDI-TOF PMF and muLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS procedures. Protein variations were restricted to a limited number of defined differences with an average ratio below 2.4. Most of the differentially expressed proteins were related to photosynthesis or defense function. The overall results suggest that the expression of recombinant antibodies in both systems does not significantly alter the leaf proteomic profile, contributing to assess the biosafety of resistant plants expressing antiviral antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariasole Di Carli
- Sezione Genetica e Genomica Vegetale, Dipartimento BAS-BIOTEC, ENEA Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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43
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Todd ECD, Greig JD, Bartleson CA, Michaels BS. Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 6. Transmission and survival of pathogens in the food processing and preparation environment. J Food Prot 2009; 72:202-19. [PMID: 19205488 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.1.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article, the sixth in a series reviewing the role of food workers in foodborne outbreaks, describes the source and means of pathogen transfer. The transmission and survival of enteric pathogens in the food processing and preparation environment through human and raw food sources is reviewed, with the main objective of providing information critical to the reduction of illness due to foodborne outbreaks. Pathogens in the food preparation area can originate from infected food workers, raw foods, or other environmental sources. These pathogens can then spread within food preparation or processing facilities through sometimes complex pathways and may infect one or more workers or the consumer of foods processed or prepared by these infected workers. The most frequent means of worker contamination is the fecal-oral route, and study results have indicated that toilet paper may not stop transmission of pathogens to hands. However, contact with raw foods of animal origin, worker aerosols (from sneezes), vomitus, and exposed hand lesions also have been associated with outbreaks. Transfer of pathogens has been documented through contaminated fabrics and carpets, rings, currency, skin surfaces, dust, and aerosols and though person-to-person transmission. Results of experiments on pathogen survival have indicated that transmission depends on the species, the inoculum delivery route, the contact surface type, the duration and temperature of exposure, and the relative humidity. Generally, viruses and encysted parasites are more resistant than enteric bacteria to adverse environmental conditions, but all pathogens can survive long enough for transfer from a contaminated worker to food, food contact surfaces, or fellow workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen C D Todd
- Food Safety Policy Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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44
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Todd ECD, Greig JD, Bartleson CA, Michaels BS. Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 4. Infective doses and pathogen carriage. J Food Prot 2008; 71:2339-73. [PMID: 19044283 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.11.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the fourth in a series reviewing the role of food workers in foodborne outbreaks, background information on the presence of enteric pathogens in the community, the numbers of organisms required to initiate an infection, and the length of carriage are presented. Although workers have been implicated in outbreaks, they were not always aware of their infections, either because they were in the prodromic phase before symptoms began or because they were asymptomatic carriers. Pathogens of fecal, nose or throat, and skin origin are most likely to be transmitted by the hands, highlighting the need for effective hand hygiene and other barriers to pathogen contamination, such as no bare hand contact with ready-to-eat food. The pathogens most likely to be transmitted by food workers are norovirus, hepatitis A virus, Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus aureus. However, other pathogens have been implicated in worker-associated outbreaks or have the potential to be implicated. In this study, the likelihood of pathogen involvement in foodborne outbreaks where infected workers have been implicated was examined, based on infectious dose, carriage rate in the community, duration of illness, and length of pathogen excretion. Infectious dose estimates are based on volunteer studies (mostly early experiments) or data from outbreaks. Although there is considerable uncertainty associated with these data, some pathogens appear to be able to infect at doses as low as 1 to 100 units, including viruses, parasites, and some bacteria. Lengthy postsymptomatic shedding periods and excretion by asymptomatic individuals of many enteric pathogens is an important issue for the hygienic management of food workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen C D Todd
- Department of Advertising Public Relations and Retailing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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