1
|
Pharmacometabolomics for the Study of Lipid-Lowering Therapies: Opportunities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043291. [PMID: 36834701 PMCID: PMC9960554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-lowering therapies are widely used to prevent the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and related mortality worldwide. "Omics" technologies have been successfully applied in recent decades to investigate the mechanisms of action of these drugs, their pleiotropic effects, and their side effects, aiming to identify novel targets for future personalized medicine with an improvement of the efficacy and safety associated with the treatment. Pharmacometabolomics is a branch of metabolomics that is focused on the study of drug effects on metabolic pathways that are implicated in the variation of response to the treatment considering also the influences from a specific disease, environment, and concomitant pharmacological therapies. In this review, we summarized the most significant metabolomic studies on the effects of lipid-lowering therapies, including the most commonly used statins and fibrates to novel drugs or nutraceutical approaches. The integration of pharmacometabolomics data with the information obtained from the other "omics" approaches could help in the comprehension of the biological mechanisms underlying the use of lipid-lowering drugs in view of defining a precision medicine to improve the efficacy and reduce the side effects associated with the treatment.
Collapse
|
2
|
Macrophage Phenotyping in Atherosclerosis by Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032613. [PMID: 36768933 PMCID: PMC9917096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous and plastic cells, able to adapt their phenotype and functions to changes in the microenvironment. They are involved in several homeostatic processes and also in many human diseases, including atherosclerosis, where they participate in all the stages of the disease. For these reasons, macrophages have been studied extensively using different approaches, including proteomics. Proteomics, indeed, may be a powerful tool to better understand the behavior of these cells, and a careful analysis of the proteome of different macrophage phenotypes can help to better characterize the role of these phenotypes in atherosclerosis and provide a broad view of proteins that might potentially affect the course of the disease. In this review, we discuss the different proteomic techniques that have been used to delineate the proteomic profile of macrophage phenotypes and summarize some results that can help to elucidate the roles of macrophages and develop new strategies to counteract the progression of atherosclerosis and/or promote regression.
Collapse
|
3
|
Greco MF, Rizzuto AS, Zarà M, Cafora M, Favero C, Solazzo G, Giusti I, Adorni MP, Zimetti F, Dolo V, Banfi C, Ferri N, Sirtori CR, Corsini A, Barbieri SS, Pistocchi A, Bollati V, Macchi C, Ruscica M. PCSK9 Confers Inflammatory Properties to Extracellular Vesicles Released by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13065. [PMID: 36361853 PMCID: PMC9655172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are key participants in both early- and late-stage atherosclerosis and influence neighbouring cells possibly by means of bioactive molecules, some of which are packed into extracellular vesicles (EVs). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is expressed and secreted by VSMCs. This study aimed to unravel the role of PCSK9 on VSMCs-derived EVs in terms of content and functionality. EVs were isolated from human VSMCs overexpressing human PCSK9 (VSMCPCSK9-EVs) and tested on endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages and in a model of zebrafish embryos. Compared to EVs released from wild-type VSMCs, VSMCPCSK9-EVs caused a rise in the expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells and of pro-inflammatory cytokines in monocytes. These acquired an increased migratory capacity, a reduced oxidative phosphorylation and secreted proteins involved in immune response and immune effector processes. Concerning macrophages, VSMCPCSK9-EVs enhanced inflammatory milieu and uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins, whereas the migratory capacity was reduced. When injected into zebrafish embryos, VSMCPCSK9-EVs favoured the recruitment of macrophages toward the site of injection. The results of the present study provide evidence that PCSK9 plays an inflammatory role by means of EVs, at least by those derived from smooth muscle cells of vascular origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Greco
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stefania Rizzuto
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Zarà
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cafora
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Favero
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Solazzo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Adorni
- Unit of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Stella Barbieri
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational, Università degli Studi di Milano, L.I.T.A., 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Banfi C, Baetta R, Barbieri SS, Brioschi M, Guarino A, Ghilardi S, Sandrini L, Eligini S, Polvani G, Bergman O, Eriksson P, Tremoli E. Prenylcysteine oxidase 1, an emerging player in atherosclerosis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1109. [PMID: 34548610 PMCID: PMC8455616 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The research into the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis has considerably increased our understanding of the disease complexity, but still many questions remain unanswered, both mechanistically and pharmacologically. Here, we provided evidence that the pro-oxidant enzyme Prenylcysteine Oxidase 1 (PCYOX1), in the human atherosclerotic lesions, is both synthesized locally and transported within the subintimal space by proatherogenic lipoproteins accumulating in the arterial wall during atherogenesis. Further, Pcyox1 deficiency in Apoe-/- mice retards atheroprogression, is associated with decreased features of lesion vulnerability and lower levels of lipid peroxidation, reduces plasma lipid levels and inflammation. PCYOX1 silencing in vitro affects the cellular proteome by influencing multiple functions related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and platelet adhesion. Collectively, these findings identify the pro-oxidant enzyme PCYOX1 as an emerging player in atherogenesis and, therefore, understanding the biology and mechanisms of all functions of this unique enzyme is likely to provide additional therapeutic opportunities in addressing atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Banfi
- grid.418230.c0000 0004 1760 1750Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - R. Baetta
- grid.418230.c0000 0004 1760 1750Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - S. S. Barbieri
- grid.418230.c0000 0004 1760 1750Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - M. Brioschi
- grid.418230.c0000 0004 1760 1750Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - A. Guarino
- grid.418230.c0000 0004 1760 1750Cardiovascular Tissue Bank of Milan, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - S. Ghilardi
- grid.418230.c0000 0004 1760 1750Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - L. Sandrini
- grid.418230.c0000 0004 1760 1750Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - S. Eligini
- grid.418230.c0000 0004 1760 1750Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - G. Polvani
- grid.418230.c0000 0004 1760 1750Cardiovascular Tissue Bank of Milan, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milan, Milano, Italy ,grid.418230.c0000 0004 1760 1750Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Development and Innovation Cardiac Surgery Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - O. Bergman
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. Eriksson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E. Tremoli
- grid.418230.c0000 0004 1760 1750Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cattaneo MG, Banfi C, Brioschi M, Lattuada D, Vicentini LM. Sex-dependent differences in the secretome of human endothelial cells. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:7. [PMID: 33413676 PMCID: PMC7791663 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular sex has rarely been considered as a biological variable in preclinical research, even when the pathogenesis of diseases with predictable sex differences is studied. In this perspective, proteomics, and “omics” approaches in general, can provide powerful tools to obtain comprehensive cellular maps, thus favoring the discovery of still unknown sex-biased physio-pathological mechanisms. Methods We performed proteomic and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses of the secretome from human serum-deprived male and female endothelial cells (ECs) followed by ELISA validation. Apoptosis was detected by FACS and Western blot techniques and efferocytosis through the ability of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 to engulf apoptotic ECs. PTX3 mRNA levels were measured by RT-qPCR. Results Proteomic and GO analyses of the secretome from starved human male and female ECs demonstrated a significant enrichment in proteins related to cellular responses to stress and to the regulation of apoptosis in the secretome of male ECs. Accordingly, a higher percentage of male ECs underwent apoptosis in response to serum deprivation in comparison with female ECs. Among the secreted proteins, we reliably found higher levels of PTX3 in the male EC secretome. The silencing of PTX3 suggested that male ECs were dependent on its expression to properly carry out the efferocytotic process. At variance, female EC efferocytosis seemed to be independent on PTX3 expression. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that serum-starved male and female ECs possess different secretory phenotypes that might take part in the sex-biased response to cellular stress. We identified PTX3 as a crucial player in the male-specific endothelial response to an apoptotic trigger. This novel and sex-related role for secreted proteins, and mainly for PTX3, may open the way to the discovery of still unknown sex-specific mechanisms and pharmacological targets for the prevention and treatment of endothelial dysfunction at the onset of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13293-020-00350-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Cattaneo
- Dept of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | - Donatella Lattuada
- Dept of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia M Vicentini
- Dept of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amadeo F, Barbuto M, Bernava G, Savini N, Brioschi M, Rizzi S, Banfi C, Polvani G, Pesce M. Culture Into Perfusion-Assisted Bioreactor Promotes Valve-Like Tissue Maturation of Recellularized Pericardial Membrane. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:80. [PMID: 32478099 PMCID: PMC7235194 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivation of tissue-engineered valve replacements is a strategy to overcome the limitations of the current valve prostheses, mechanical, or biological. In an effort to set living pericardial material for aortic valve reconstruction, we have previously assessed the efficiency of a recellularization strategy based on a perfusion system enabling mass transport and homogenous distribution of aortic valve-derived "interstitial" cells inside decellularized pericardial material. In the present report, we show that alternate perfusion promoted a rapid growth of valve cells inside the pericardial material and the activity of a proliferation-supporting pathway, likely controlled by the YAP transcription factor, a crucial component of the Hippo-dependent signaling cascade, especially between 3 and 14 days of culture. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of protein content in the tissue constructs showed deposition of valve proteins in the decellularized pericardium with a high variability at day 14 and a reproducible tissue maturation at 21 days. These results represent a step forward in the definition of strategies to produce a fully engineered tissue for replacing the calcified leaflets of failing aortic valves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Amadeo
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Barbuto
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bernava
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicla Savini
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Brioschi
- Unità di Proteomica, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Rizzi
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unità di Proteomica, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polvani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garoffolo G, Ruiter MS, Piola M, Brioschi M, Thomas AC, Agrifoglio M, Polvani G, Coppadoro L, Zoli S, Saccu C, Spinetti G, Banfi C, Fiore GB, Madeddu P, Soncini M, Pesce M. Coronary artery mechanics induces human saphenous vein remodelling via recruitment of adventitial myofibroblast-like cells mediated by Thrombospondin-1. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2597-2611. [PMID: 32194822 PMCID: PMC7052885 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Despite the preferred application of arterial conduits, the greater saphenous vein (SV) remains indispensable for coronary bypass grafting (CABG), especially in multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). The objective of the present work was to address the role of mechanical forces in the activation of maladaptive vein bypass remodeling, a process determining progressive occlusion and recurrence of ischemic heart disease. Methods: We employed a custom bioreactor to mimic the coronary shear and wall mechanics in human SV vascular conduits and reproduce experimentally the biomechanical conditions of coronary grafting and analyzed vein remodeling process by histology, histochemistry and immunofluorescence. We also subjected vein-derived cells to cyclic uniaxial mechanical stimulation in culture, followed by phenotypic and molecular characterization using RNA and proteomic methods. We finally validated our results in vitro and using a model of SV carotid interposition in pigs. Results: Exposure to pulsatile flow determined a remodeling process of the vascular wall involving reduction in media thickness. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) underwent conversion from contractile to synthetic phenotype. A time-dependent increase in proliferating cells expressing mesenchymal (CD44) and early SMC (SM22α) markers, apparently recruited from the SV adventitia, was observed especially in CABG-stimulated vessels. Mechanically stimulated SMCs underwent transition from contractile to synthetic phenotype. MALDI-TOF-based secretome analysis revealed a consistent release of Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a matricellular protein involved in TGF-β-dependent signaling. TSP-1 had a direct chemotactic effect on SV adventitia resident progenitors (SVPs); this effects was inhibited by blocking TSP-1 receptor CD47. The involvement of TSP-1 in adventitial progenitor cells differentiation and graft intima hyperplasia was finally contextualized in the TGF-β-dependent pathway, and validated in a saphenous vein into carotid interposition pig model. Conclusions: Our results provide the evidence of a matricellular mechanism involved in the human vein arterialization process controlled by alterations in tissue mechanics, and open the way to novel potential strategies to block VGD progression based on targeting cell mechanosensing-related effectors.
Collapse
|
8
|
Martinez Fernandez A, Regazzoni L, Brioschi M, Gianazza E, Agostoni P, Aldini G, Banfi C. Pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects of glycated albumin on cardiomyocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:245-255. [PMID: 31260731 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant circulating protein in the body and presents an extensive range of biological functions. As such, it is prone to undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs). The non-enzymatic early glycation of HSA, one of the several PTMs undergone by HSA, arises from the addition of reducing sugars to amine group residues, thus modifying the structure of HSA. These changes may affect HSA functions impairing its biological activity, finally leading to cell damage. The aim of this study was to quantitate glycated-HSA (GA) levels in the plasma of heart failure (HF) patients and to evaluate the biological effects of GA on HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Plasma GA content from HF patients and healthy subjects was measured by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Results pointed out a significant increase of GA in HF patients with respect to the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, after stimulation with GA, proteomic analysis of HL-1 secreted proteins showed the modulation of several proteins involved, among other processes, in the response to stress. Further, stimulated cells showed a rapid increase in ROS generation, higher mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and higher levels of the oxidative 4-HNE-protein adducts and carbonylated proteins. Our findings show that plasma GA is increased in HF patients. Further, GA exerts pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant effects on cardiomyocytes, which suggest a causal role in the etiopathogenesis of HF.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Death
- Cell Line
- Dyslipidemias/blood
- Dyslipidemias/genetics
- Dyslipidemias/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Ontology
- Glycation End Products, Advanced
- Glycosylation
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Heart Failure/blood
- Heart Failure/genetics
- Heart Failure/pathology
- Humans
- Hypertension/blood
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/pathology
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Lysine/analogs & derivatives
- Lysine/blood
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Annotation
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/blood
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/genetics
- Protein Carbonylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Reactive Oxygen Species/agonists
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Serum Albumin/pharmacology
- Serum Albumin, Human/chemistry
- Serum Albumin, Human/genetics
- Serum Albumin, Human/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Glycated Serum Albumin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Regazzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies over the past 3 decades have uncovered a multitude of signaling pathways involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. From these studies, signaling by proteins of the Wnt family has recently emerged as an important player in the development of atherosclerosis. Wnt signaling is characterized by a large number of ligands, receptors, and coreceptors and can be regulated at many different levels. Among Wnt modulators, the evolutionary conserved Dkk (Dickkopf) proteins, and especially Dkk-1, the founding member of the family, are the best characterized. The role of Dkks in the pathophysiology of the arterial wall is only partially understood, but their involvement in atherosclerosis is becoming increasingly evident. This review introduces recent key findings on Dkk proteins and their functions in atherosclerosis and discusses the potential importance of modulating Dkk signaling as part of a novel, improved strategy for preventing and treating atherosclerosis-related diseases.
Visual Overview—
An online visual overview is available for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Baetta
- From the Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- From the Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Z, Zhang HY, Zhang Y, Li H. Inactivation of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis alleviates diabetic mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction through suppression of corpus cavernosal endothelial cell apoptosis by inhibiting HMGCS2 expression. Endocrine 2019; 63:615-631. [PMID: 30460485 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction (DMED) represents a significant complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) that greatly affects human life quality. Various reports have highlighted the involvement of mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) in the regulation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, which has also been linked with DM. Through bioinformatics analysis, HMGCS2 was determined to be a novel target among DM patients suffering from erectile dysfunction (ED), and enriched in the Ras/ERK/PPAR signaling axis. Owing to the fact that the key mechanism HMGCS2 involved in DM remains largely unknown, we set out to investigate the role of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis and HMGCS2 in the corpus cavernosal endothelial cells (CCECs) of rats with DMED. METHODS Firstly, bioinformatics analysis was used to screen out differentially expressed genes in DMED. Then, to investigate the influence of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis and HMGCS2 on DMED, a rat model of DMED was established and injected with Simvastatin and si-Hmgcs2. The individual expression patterns of Ras, MAPK, PPARγ and HMGCS2 were determined by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis methods. Afterwards, to investigate the mechanism of Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis and HMGCS2, CCECs were isolated from DMED rats and transfected with agonists and inhibitors of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis and siRNA of HMGCS2, with their respective functions in apoptosis and impairment of CCECs evaluated using TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. RESULTS Microarray analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that Ras/ERK/PPAR signaling axis mediated HMGCS2 in DMED. Among the DMED rats, the Ras/MAPK/PPAR signaling axis was also activated while the expression of HMGCS2 was upregulated. The activation of Ras was determined to be capable of upregulating ERK expression which resulted in the inhibition of the transcription of PPARγ and subsequent upregulation of HMGCS2 expression. The inhibited activation of the Ras/ERK/PPAR signaling axis and silencing HMGCS2 were observed to provide an alleviatory effect on the injury of DMED while acting to inhibit the apoptosis of CCECs. CONCLUSION Collectively, the key findings suggested that suppression of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis could downregulate expression of HMGCS2, so as to alleviate DMED. This study defines the potential treatment for DMED through inhibition of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis and silencing HMGCS2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Banfi C, Brioschi M, Karjalainen MK, Huusko JM, Gianazza E, Agostoni P. Immature surfactant protein-B impairs the antioxidant capacity of HDL. Int J Cardiol 2019; 285:53-58. [PMID: 30857841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Circulating immature surfactant protein B (proSP-B) forms emerged as the most reliable lung-specific circulating marker for alveolar-capillary membrane (ACM) dysfunction and for the overall clinical status of heart failure (HF). Notably, in terms of HF hospitalization, immature SP-B overwhelms the prognostic role of other most frequently used clinical parameters such as those related to lung dysfunction. The strong prognostic value of circulating proSP-B in HF suggests more widespread and possible systemic effects. Thus, we assessed the plasma distribution of proSP-B evaluating whether it exists in a lipoprotein-bound form and its impact on lipoprotein structure and function. ProSP-B forms were detectable in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) only. To assess the impact of proSP-B on HDL, HDL from healthy subjects were enriched with proSP-B produced by a stably transfected CHO cell line that specifically expresses and releases the human proSP-B. After enrichment, HDL size and lipoprotein electrophoretic mobility, and protein composition did not show apparent differences. HDL antioxidant capacity (HOI), assessed as their ability to inhibit air-induced LDL oxidation, was impaired after proSP-B enrichment. HOI was also higher in HF patients with respect to age-matched control healthy subjects (p = 0.013). Circulating proSP-B, besides its potential role as a specific marker for ACM dysfunction in HF patients with diagnostic and prognostic value, binds to human HDL impairing their antioxidant capacity. These findings shed light on proSP-B as a molecule that contributes to the reduction of the defense against oxidative stress, a key mediator in the pathogenesis of HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minna K Karjalainen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna M Huusko
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Sezione Cardiovascolare, Università di Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pontremoli M, Brioschi M, Baetta R, Ghilardi S, Banfi C. Identification of DKK-1 as a novel mediator of statin effects in human endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16671. [PMID: 30420710 PMCID: PMC6232108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that DKK-1, a member of the Dickkopf family and a regulator of the Wnt pathways, represents a novel target of statins which, through the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and of non-steroidal isoprenoid intermediates, exert extra-beneficial effect in preventing atherosclerosis beyond their effect on the lipid profile. We found that atorvastatin downregulates DKK-1 protein (−88.3 ± 4.1%) and mRNA expression (−90 ± 4.2%) through the inhibition of Cdc42, Rho and Rac geranylgeranylated proteins. Further, a combined approach based on the integration of label-free quantitative mass spectrometry based-proteomics and gene silencing allowed us to demonstrate that DKK-1 itself mediates, at least in part, statin effects on human endothelial cells. Indeed, DKK-1 is responsible for the regulation of the 21% of the statin-modulated proteins, which include, among others, clusterin/apoJ, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), and pentraxin 3 (PTX3). The Gene Ontology enrichment annotation revealed that DKK-1 is also a potential mediator of the extracellular matrix organization, platelet activation and response to wounding processes induced by statin. Finally, we found that plasma level of DKK-1 from cholesterol-fed rabbits treated with atorvastatin (2.5 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks) was lower (−42 ± 23%) than that of control animals. Thus, DKK-1 is not only a target of statin but it directly regulates the expression of molecules involved in a plethora of biological functions, thus expanding its role, which has been so far restricted mainly to cancer.
Collapse
|
13
|
Amadeo F, Boschetti F, Polvani G, Banfi C, Pesce M, Santoro R. Aortic valve cell seeding into decellularized animal pericardium by perfusion-assisted bioreactor. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1481-1493. [PMID: 29702745 DOI: 10.1002/term.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal-derived pericardium is the elective tissue employed in manufacturing heart valve prostheses. The preparation of this tissue for biological valve production consists of fixation with aldehydes, which reduces, but not eliminates, the xenoantigens and the donor cellular material. As a consequence, especially in patients below 65-70 years of age, the employment of valve substitutes contaning pericardium is not indicated due to progressive calcification that causes tissue degeneration and recurrence of valve insufficiency. Decellularization with ionic or nonionic detergents has been proposed as an alternative procedure to prepare aldehyde- or xenoantigen-free pericardium for biological valve manufacturing. In the present contribution, we optimized a decellularization procedure that is permissive for seeding and culturing valve competent cells able to colonize and reconstitute a valve-like tissue. A high-efficiency cellularization was achieved by forcing cell penetration inside the pericardium matrix using a perfusion bioreactor. Because the decellularization procedure was found not to alter the collagen composition of the pericardial matrix and cells seeded in the tissue constructs consistently grew and acquired the phenotype of "quiescent" valve interstitial cells, our investigation sets a novel standard in pericardium application for tissue engineering of "living" valve implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Amadeo
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Polvani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unità di Proteomica, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria Santoro
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Segers VFM, Brutsaert DL, De Keulenaer GW. Cardiac Remodeling: Endothelial Cells Have More to Say Than Just NO. Front Physiol 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 29695980 PMCID: PMC5904256 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a highly structured organ consisting of different cell types, including myocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, and inflammatory cells. This pluricellularity provides the opportunity of intercellular communication within the organ, with subsequent optimization of its function. Intercellular cross-talk is indispensable during cardiac development, but also plays a substantial modulatory role in the normal and failing heart of adults. More specifically, factors secreted by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells modulate cardiac performance and either positively or negatively affect cardiac remodeling. The role of endothelium-derived small molecules and peptides—for instance NO or endothelin-1—has been extensively studied and is relatively well defined. However, endothelial cells also secrete numerous larger proteins. Information on the role of these proteins in the heart is scattered throughout the literature. In this review, we will link specific proteins that modulate cardiac contractility or cardiac remodeling to their expression by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. The following proteins will be discussed: IL-6, periostin, tenascin-C, thrombospondin, follistatin-like 1, frizzled-related protein 3, IGF-1, CTGF, dickkopf-3, BMP-2 and−4, apelin, IL-1β, placental growth factor, LIF, WISP-1, midkine, and adrenomedullin. In the future, it is likely that some of these proteins can serve as markers of cardiac remodeling and that the concept of endothelial function and dysfunction might have to be redefined as we learn more about other factors secreted by ECs besides NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F M Segers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Dirk L Brutsaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Gilles W De Keulenaer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Middelheim Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
El Karkouri K, Kowalczewska M, Armstrong N, Azza S, Fournier PE, Raoult D. Multi-omics Analysis Sheds Light on the Evolution and the Intracellular Lifestyle Strategies of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia spp. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1363. [PMID: 28775717 PMCID: PMC5517468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne Rickettsia species are obligate intracellular bacteria which are pathogenic for humans. Within this genus, Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia conorii cause frequent and potentially severe infections, whereas Rickettsia raoultii and Rickettsia massiliae cause rare and milder infections. All four species belong to spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae. However, R. slovaca and R. raoultii cause scalp eschar and neck lymphadenopathy (SENLAT) and are mainly associated with Dermacentor ticks, whereas the other two species cause Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) and are mainly transmitted by Rhipicephalus ticks. To identify the potential genes and protein profiles and to understand the evolutionary processes that could, comprehensively, relate to the differences in virulence and pathogenicity observed between these four species, we compared their genomes and proteomes. The virulent and milder agents displayed divergent phylogenomic evolution in two major clades, whereas either SENLAT or MSF disease suggests a discrete convergent evolution of one virulent and one milder agent, despite their distant genetic relatedness. Moreover, the two virulent species underwent strong reductive genomic evolution and protein structural variations, as well as a probable loss of plasmid(s), compared to the two milder species. However, an abundance of mobilome genes was observed only in the less pathogenic species. After infecting Xenopus laevis cells, the virulent agents displayed less up-regulated than down-regulated proteins, as well as less number of identified core proteins. Furthermore, their similar and distinct protein profiles did not contain some genes (e.g., ompA/B and rickA) known to be related to rickettsial adhesion, motility and/or virulence, but may include other putative virulence-, antivirulence-, and/or disease-related proteins. The identified evolutionary forces herein may have a strong impact on intracellular expressions and strategies in these rickettsiae, and that may contribute to the emergence of distinct virulence and diseases in humans. Thus, the current multi-omics data provide new insights into the evolution and fitness of SFG virulence and pathogenicity, and intracellular pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Karkouri
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Malgorzata Kowalczewska
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Nicholas Armstrong
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Said Azza
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 7278, IRD 198, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Banfi C, Guarino A, Brioschi M, Ghilardi S, Mastrullo V, Tremoli E, Polvani G. Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28654069 DOI: 10.3791/55762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the cellular proteome can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases due to the development of technologies that permit the large-scale identification and quantification of the proteins present in complex biological systems.The knowledge gained from a proteomic approach can potentially lead to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying diseases, allowing for the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic disease markers, and, hopefully, of therapeutic targets. However, the cardiac mitral valve represents a very challenging sample for proteomic analysis because of the low cellularity in proteoglycan and collagen-enriched extracellular matrix. This makes it challenging to extract proteins for a global proteomic analysis. This work describes a protocol that is compatible with subsequent protein analysis, such as quantitative proteomics and immunoblotting. This can allow for the correlation of data concerning protein expression with data on quantitative mRNA expression and non-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Indeed, these approaches, when performed together, will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases, from mRNA to post-translational protein modification. Thus, this method can be relevant to researchers interested in the study of cardiac valve physiopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Guarino
- Cardiovascular Tissue Bank of Milan, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS
| | | | | | | | | | - Gianluca Polvani
- Cardiovascular Tissue Bank of Milan, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milan; Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Development and Innovation Cardiac Surgery Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Technological advances and proteomic applications in drug discovery and target deconvolution: identification of the pleiotropic effects of statins. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:848-869. [PMID: 28284830 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic-based techniques provide a powerful tool for identifying the full spectrum of protein targets of a drug, elucidating its mechanism(s) of action, and identifying biomarkers of its efficacy and safety. Herein, we outline the technological advancements in the field, and illustrate the contribution of proteomics to the definition of the pharmacological profile of statins, which represent the cornerstone of the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Statins act by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, thus reducing cholesterol biosynthesis and consequently enhancing the clearance of low-density lipoproteins from the blood; however, HMG-CoA reductase inhibition can result in a multitude of additional effects beyond lipid lowering, known as 'pleiotropic effects'. The case of statins highlights the unique contribution of proteomics to the target profiling of a drug molecule.
Collapse
|
18
|
Brioschi M, Baetta R, Ghilardi S, Gianazza E, Guarino A, Parolari A, Polvani G, Tremoli E, Banfi C. Normal human mitral valve proteome: A preliminary investigation by gel-based and gel-free proteomic approaches. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2633-2643. [PMID: 27450324 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitral valve is a highly complex structure which regulates blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle (LV) avoiding a significant forward gradient during diastole or regurgitation during systole. The integrity of the mitral valve is also essential for the maintenance of normal LV size, geometry, and function. Significant advances in the comprehension of the biological, functional, and mechanical behavior of the mitral valve have recently been made. However, current knowledge of protein components in the normal human mitral valve is still limited and complicated by the low cellularity of this tissue and the presence of high abundant proteins from the extracellular matrix. We employed here an integrated proteomic approach to analyse the protein composition of the normal human mitral valve and reported confident identification of 422 proteins, some of which have not been previously described in this tissue. In particular, we described the ability of pre-MS separation technique based on liquid-phase IEF and SDS-PAGE to identify the largest number of proteins. We also demonstrated that some of these proteins, e.g. αB-Crystallin, septin-11, four-and-a-half LIM domains protein 1, and dermatopontin, are synthesised by interstitial cells isolated from human mitral valves. These initial results provide a valuable basis for future studies aimed at analysing in depth the mitral valve protein composition and at investigating potential pathogenetic molecular mechanisms. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD004397.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anna Guarino
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Banca Tessuti Cardiovascolari Regione Lombardia, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Parolari
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia cardiaca, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polvani
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Sezione Cardiovascolare, Milan, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Roverso M, Brioschi M, Banfi C, Visentin S, Burlina S, Seraglia R, Traldi P, Lapolla A. A preliminary study on human placental tissue impaired by gestational diabetes: a comparison of gel-based versus gel-free proteomics approaches. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2016; 22:71-82. [PMID: 27419900 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is the most common complication of pregnancy and it is associated with maternal and fetal short- and long-term consequences. GDM modifies placental structure and function, but many of the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The aim of this study is to develop and compare two different methods, based respectively on gel-based and gel-free proteomics, in order to investigate the placental proteome in the absence or in the presence of GDM and to identify, through a comparative approach, possible changes in protein expression due to the GDM condition. Placenta homogenates obtained by pooling six control samples and six samples from GDM pregnant women were analyzed by two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry [nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS)] and by a label-free mass spectrometry method based on LC-MS(E). The gel-based approach highlights 13 over-expressed proteins and 16 under-expressed proteins, while the label-free method shows the over- expression of 10 proteins and the under-expression of nine proteins. As regards 2D gel electrophoresis, a comparison between two different protein identification methods, based respectively on nLC-electrospray ionization-MS/MS and MALDI-MS/MS, was performed taking into consideration the sequence coverage, the MASCOT score and the exponentially modified protein abundance index. The analysis of the complex proteome through an integrated strategy revealed that the quantitative gel-free and label-free MS approach might be suitable to identify candidate markers of GDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Roverso
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Maura Brioschi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino I.R.C.C.S, Via Parea 4, Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino I.R.C.C.S, Via Parea 4, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Visentin
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Burlina
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | - Annunziata Lapolla
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Data for proteomic analysis of murine cardiomyocytic HL-1 cells treated with siRNA against tissue factor. Data Brief 2015. [PMID: 26217730 PMCID: PMC4510070 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This data article is related to the research article entitled Proteomics of Tissue Factor silencing in cardiomyocytic cells reveals a new role for this coagulation factor in splicing machinery control by Lento et al. [1]. Tissue Factor (TF) is a key player in the coagulation cascade, but it has additional functions ranging from angiogenesis, tumour invasion and, in the heart, the maintenance of the integrity of cardiac cells. This article reports the nano-LC-MS(E) analysis of the cardiomyocytic HL-1 cell line proteome and describes the results obtained from a Gene Ontology analysis of those proteins affected by TF-gene silencing.
Collapse
|
21
|
Eligini S, Brioschi M, Fiorelli S, Tremoli E, Banfi C, Colli S. Human monocyte-derived macrophages are heterogenous: Proteomic profile of different phenotypes. J Proteomics 2015; 124:112-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
22
|
Eligini S, Brioschi M, Fiorelli S, Tremoli E, Colli S, Banfi C. Data for proteomic analysis of Human monocyte-derived macrophages. Data Brief 2015. [PMID: 26217784 PMCID: PMC4510452 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This data article is referred to the research article entitled Human monocyte-derived macrophages are heterogeneous: proteomic profile of different phenotypes by Eligini et al. Eligini S., Brioschi M., Fiorelli S., Tremoli E., Banfi C., Colli S. Human monocyte-derived macrophages are heterogeneous: proteomic profile of different phenotypes. J. Proteomics 124, 2015, 112-123. Macrophages obtained in vitro from blood monocytes are largely used as surrogate model of tissue macrophages that are heterogeneous and not easy to obtain and handle. Under spontaneous differentiation in vitro, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) display two dominant subsets (round and spindle) that show different transcriptional, antigenic, and functional profiles mimicking, at least in part, the heterogeneity of tissue macrophages. This article reports the nano-LC-MSE analysis of the proteome of round and spindle MDMs allowing a deeper comprehension of macrophage heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Eligini
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino I.R.C.C.S, Milan, Italy
| | - M Brioschi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino I.R.C.C.S, Milan, Italy
| | - S Fiorelli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino I.R.C.C.S, Milan, Italy
| | - E Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino I.R.C.C.S, Milan, Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Colli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - C Banfi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino I.R.C.C.S, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Baetta R, Lento S, Ghilardi S, Barbati E, Corsini A, Tremoli E, Banfi C. Atorvastatin reduces long pentraxin 3 expression in vascular cells by inhibiting protein geranylgeranylation. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 67-69:38-47. [PMID: 25849951 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long pentraxin PTX3 is an acute-phase multi-functional protein that might play both positive and detrimental effects under different pathophysiological conditions. We previously showed that statins down-regulate the release of PTX3 in human endothelial cells (ECs). The present study investigated the mechanism mediating this effect, its occurrence in other cells involved in atherogenesis, and whether it takes place in experimental atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that atorvastatin (1-5 μmol/L) decreased the production and release of PTX3 in human ECs through a post-transcriptional effect. Co-incubation with mevalonate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate prevented this effect. Direct blockade of geranylgeranyl transferase I by GGTI-286, treatment with the Rac inhibitor NSC23766 or silencing of the geranylgeranylated GTPase Rac2 by siRNA closely mimicked the action of atorvastatin. In contrast, inactivation of other geranylgeranylated proteins such as RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC or Rac1 did not affect PTX3 release. In addition, we found that atorvastatin also decreased PTX3 secretion in aortic SMCs through a mechanism likely dependent on protein geranylgeranylation, while no effect was observed in monocytes. Finally, we found that atherosclerotic lesions from cholesterol-fed rabbits treated with atorvastatin (2.5 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks) showed less immunoreactive PTX3 than lesions from control animals. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that statins may interfere with PTX3 expression in vascular cells via inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation. Since PTX3 is increasingly regarded as an important mediator of the inflammatory response underlying atherosclerosis and its complications, these results highlight the need for further studies of the role of PTX3 and its potential pharmacological modulation in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Baetta
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lento
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Barbati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; MultiMedica IRCCS, Via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lento S, Brioschi M, Barcella S, Nasim MT, Ghilardi S, Barbieri SS, Tremoli E, Banfi C. Proteomics of tissue factor silencing in cardiomyocytic cells reveals a new role for this coagulation factor in splicing machinery control. J Proteomics 2015; 119:75-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
25
|
Xiao H, Chen W, Tang GX, Smeekens JM, Wu R. Systematic Investigation of Cellular Response and Pleiotropic Effects in Atorvastatin-Treated Liver Cells by MS-Based Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1600-11. [DOI: 10.1021/pr501277g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Xiao
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Weixuan Chen
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - George X. Tang
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Johanna M. Smeekens
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Distler U, Kuharev J, Tenzer S. Biomedical applications of ion mobility-enhanced data-independent acquisition-based label-free quantitative proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:675-84. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.971114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
27
|
Campos-Martorell M, Salvador N, Monge M, Canals F, García-Bonilla L, Hernández-Guillamon M, Ayuso MI, Chacón P, Rosell A, Alcazar A, Montaner J. Brain proteomics identifies potential simvastatin targets in acute phase of stroke in a rat embolic model. J Neurochem 2014; 130:301-12. [PMID: 24661059 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Finding an efficient neuroprotectant is of urgent need in the field of stroke research. The goal of this study was to test the effect of acute simvastatin administration after stroke in a rat embolic model and to explore its mechanism of action through brain proteomics. To that end, male Wistar rats were subjected to a Middle Cerebral Arteria Occlusion and simvastatin (20 mg/kg s.c) (n = 11) or vehicle (n = 9) were administered 15 min after. To evaluate the neuroprotective mechanisms of simvastatin, brain homogenates after 48 h were analyzed by two-dimensional fluorescence Difference in Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) technology. We confirmed that simvastatin reduced the infarct volume and improved neurological impairment at 48 h after the stroke in this model. Considering our proteomics analysis, 66 spots, which revealed significant differences between groups, were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry allowing the identification of 27 proteins. From these results, we suggest that simvastatin protective effect can be partly explained by the attenuation of the oxidative and stress response at blood-brain barrier level after cerebral ischemia. Interestingly, analyzing one of the proteins (HSP75) in plasma from stroke patients who had received simvastatin during the acute phase, we confirmed the results found in the pre-clinical model. Our aim was to study statins benefits when administered during the acute phase of stroke and to explore its mechanisms of action through brain proteomics assay. Using an embolic model, simvastatin-treated rats showed significant infarct volume reduction and neurological improvement compared to vehicle-treated group. Analyzing their homogenated brains by two-dimensional fluorescence Difference in Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) technology, we concluded that the protective effect of simvastatin can be attributable to oxidative stress response attenuation and blood-brain barrier protection after cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Campos-Martorell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
A mass spectrometry-based workflow for the proteomic analysis of in vitro cultured cell subsets isolated by means of laser capture microdissection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2817-25. [PMID: 24633565 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a microproteomic workflow that is useful for simultaneously identifying and quantifying proteins from a minimal number of morphotypically heterogeneous cultured adherent cells. The analytical strategy makes use of laser capture microdissection, an effective means of harvesting pure cell populations, and label-free mass spectrometry. We optimised the workflow with particular reference to cell fixation which is crucial for successful laser-based microdissection and also downstream molecular studies. In addition, we defined the minimum number of cells to be isolated and analysed for satisfactory proteome coverage. To set up this workflow, we choose human monocyte-derived macrophages spontaneously differentiated in vitro. These cells, under our culture conditions, show distinct morphotypes, reminiscent of the heterogeneity observed in tissues in various homeostatic and pathological states, e.g. atherosclerosis. This optimised workflow may provide new insights into biology and pathology of heterogeneous cell in culture, particularly when other cell selection approaches are not suitable.
Collapse
|
29
|
Li S, Li X, Wang Y, Yang J, Chen Z, Shan S. Global secretome characterization of A549 human alveolar epithelial carcinoma cells during Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:27. [PMID: 24507763 PMCID: PMC3922035 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is one of the major etiological agents for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in all age groups. The early host response to M. pneumoniae infection relies on the concerted release of proteins with various biological activities. However, no comprehensive analysis of the secretory proteins has been conducted to date regarding the host response upon M. pneumoniae infection. RESULTS We employed the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based label-free quantitative proteomic technology to identify and characterize the members of the human alveolar epithelial carcinoma A549 cell secretome during M. pneumoniae infection. A total of 256 proteins were identified, with 113 being differentially expressed (>1.5-fold change), among which 9 were only expressed in control cells, 10 only in M. pneumoniae-treated cells, while 55 were up-regulated and 39 down-regulated by M. pneumoniae. The changed expression of some of the identified proteins was validated by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. Cellular localization analysis of the secretome data revealed 59.38% of the proteins were considered as "putative secretory proteins". Functional analysis revealed that the proteins affected upon M. pneumoniae infection were mainly related to metabolic process, stress response, and immune response. We further examined the level of one up-regulated protein, IL-33, in clinical samples. The result showed that IL-33 levels were significantly higher in the plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) patients. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided systematic information about the changes in the expression of secretory proteins during M. pneumoniae infection, which is useful for the discovery of specific biomarkers and targets for pharmacological intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bleijerveld OB, Zhang YN, Beldar S, Hoefer IE, Sze SK, Pasterkamp G, de Kleijn DPV. Proteomics of plaques and novel sources of potential biomarkers for atherosclerosis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:490-503. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Onno B. Bleijerveld
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Surgery & Cardiovascular Research Institute; National University (NUS) & National University Hospital (NUH); Singapore
| | - Serap Beldar
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Imo E. Hoefer
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Siu K. Sze
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Dominique P. V. de Kleijn
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
- Surgery & Cardiovascular Research Institute; National University (NUS) & National University Hospital (NUH); Singapore
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands; Utrecht the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Eberini I, Wait R, Calabresi L, Sensi C, Miller I, Gianazza E. A proteomic portrait of atherosclerosis. J Proteomics 2013; 82:92-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
32
|
Yin X, Bern M, Xing Q, Ho J, Viner R, Mayr M. Glycoproteomic analysis of the secretome of human endothelial cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:956-78. [PMID: 23345538 PMCID: PMC3617342 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.024018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous proteomics studies have partially unraveled the complexity of endothelial protein secretion but have not investigated glycosylation, a key modification of secreted and membrane proteins for cell communication. In this study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were kept in serum-free medium before activation by phorbol-12-myristate-13 acetate, a commonly used secretagogue that induces exocytosis of endothelial vesicles. In addition to 123 secreted proteins, the secretome was particularly rich in membrane proteins. Glycopeptides were enriched by zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography resins and were either treated with PNGase F and H218O or directly analyzed using a recently developed workflow combining higher-energy C-trap dissociation (HCD) with electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) for a hybrid linear ion trap–orbitrap mass spectrometer. After deglycosylation with PNGase F in the presence of H218O, 123 unique peptides displayed 18O-deamidation of asparagine, corresponding to 86 proteins with a total of 121 glycosylation sites. Direct glycopeptide analysis via HCD-ETD identified 131 glycopeptides from 59 proteins and 118 glycosylation sites, of which 41 were known, 51 were predicted, and 26 were novel. Two methods were compared: alternating HCD-ETD and HCD-product-dependent ETD. The former detected predominantly high-intensity, multiply charged glycopeptides, whereas the latter preferentially selected precursors with complex/hybrid glycans for fragmentation. Validation was performed by means of glycoprotein enrichment and analysis of the input, the flow-through, and the bound fraction. This study represents the most comprehensive characterization of endothelial protein secretion to date and demonstrates the potential of new HCD-ETD workflows for determining the glycosylation status of complex biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Yin
- The King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|