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Urbańska DM, Pawlik M, Korwin-Kossakowska A, Czopowicz M, Rutkowska K, Kawecka-Grochocka E, Mickiewicz M, Kaba J, Bagnicka E. Effect of Supplementation with Curcuma longa and Rosmarinus officinalis Extract Mixture on Acute Phase Protein, Cathelicidin, Defensin and Cytolytic Protein Gene Expression in the Livers of Young Castrated Polish White Improved Bucks. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1932. [PMID: 37895281 PMCID: PMC10606746 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Goats are an excellent animal model for research on some physiological and pathophysiological processes in humans. The search for supplements that prevent homeostasis disorders and strengthen the immune system is necessary to reduce the risk of many diseases in both humans and animals. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of supplementation with a mixture of dried extracts of Curcuma longa and Rosmarinus officinalis on the expression of acute-phase protein (SAA, HP, CRP, LALBA, AGP, CP, FGA, FGB, and FGG), cathelicidin (BAC5, BAC7.5, BAC3.4, MAP28, MAP34, and HEPC), beta-defensin-1 (GBD1, DEFB1), and beta-defensin-2, and cytolytic protein (LIZ and LF) genes in the livers of young castrated bucks of the Polish White Improved breed. The higher expression of LF in the control group suggests that it is important for the first line of hepatic immune defense and its expression is downregulated by the mixture of turmeric and rosemary extracts; thus, the spice-herb mixture mutes its activity. The lower expression of FGB and the higher expression of BAC5 genes in the livers of healthy, young castrated bucks who were administered the supplement suggest the silencing effects of the mixture on the acute-phase response and the stimulating effect on the antimicrobial activity of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M. Urbańska
- Department of Animal Improvement and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (E.B.)
| | - Marek Pawlik
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Korwin-Kossakowska
- Department of Animal Improvement and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (E.B.)
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Karolina Rutkowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3c Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Kawecka-Grochocka
- Department of Animal Improvement and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (E.B.)
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Department of Animal Improvement and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (E.B.)
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2
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de Seny D, Baiwir D, Bianchi E, Cobraiville G, Deroyer C, Poulet C, Malaise O, Paulissen G, Kaiser MJ, Hauzeur JP, Mazzucchelli G, Delvenne P, Malaise M. New Proteins Contributing to Immune Cell Infiltration and Pannus Formation of Synovial Membrane from Arthritis Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010434. [PMID: 35008858 PMCID: PMC8745719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An inflamed synovial membrane plays a major role in joint destruction and is characterized by immune cells infiltration and fibroblast proliferation. This proteomic study considers the inflammatory process at the molecular level by analyzing synovial biopsies presenting a histological inflammatory continuum throughout different arthritis joint diseases. Knee synovial biopsies were obtained from osteoarthritis (OA; n = 9), chronic pyrophosphate arthropathy (CPPA; n = 7) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 8) patients. The histological inflammatory score was determined using a semi-quantitative scale based on synovial hyperplasia, lymphocytes, plasmocytes, neutrophils and macrophages infiltration. Proteomic analysis was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Differentially expressed proteins were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Out of the 1871 proteins identified and quantified by LC-MS/MS, 10 proteins (LAP3, MANF, LCP1, CTSZ, PTPRC, DNAJB11, EML4, SCARA5, EIF3K, C1orf123) were differentially expressed in the synovial membrane of at least one of the three disease groups (RA, OA and CPPA). Significant increased expression of the seven first proteins was detected in RA and correlated to the histological inflammatory score. Proteomics is therefore a powerful tool that provides a molecular pattern to the classical histology usually applied for synovitis characterization. Except for LCP1, CTSZ and PTPRC, all proteins have never been described in human synovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique de Seny
- Laboratory and Service of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.C.); (C.D.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (G.P.); (M.-J.K.); (J.-P.H.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-366-24-74
| | - Dominique Baiwir
- GIGA Proteomics Facility, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (D.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Elettra Bianchi
- Department of Pathology, GIGA Research, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Gaël Cobraiville
- Laboratory and Service of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.C.); (C.D.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (G.P.); (M.-J.K.); (J.-P.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Céline Deroyer
- Laboratory and Service of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.C.); (C.D.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (G.P.); (M.-J.K.); (J.-P.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Christophe Poulet
- Laboratory and Service of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.C.); (C.D.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (G.P.); (M.-J.K.); (J.-P.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Olivier Malaise
- Laboratory and Service of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.C.); (C.D.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (G.P.); (M.-J.K.); (J.-P.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Geneviève Paulissen
- Laboratory and Service of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.C.); (C.D.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (G.P.); (M.-J.K.); (J.-P.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Marie-Joëlle Kaiser
- Laboratory and Service of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.C.); (C.D.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (G.P.); (M.-J.K.); (J.-P.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Hauzeur
- Laboratory and Service of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.C.); (C.D.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (G.P.); (M.-J.K.); (J.-P.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- GIGA Proteomics Facility, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (D.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Michel Malaise
- Laboratory and Service of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.C.); (C.D.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (G.P.); (M.-J.K.); (J.-P.H.); (M.M.)
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3
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Ribeiro DM, Planchon S, Leclercq CC, Dentinho MTP, Bessa RJB, Santos-Silva J, Paulos K, Jerónimo E, Renaut J, Almeida AM. The effects of improving low dietary protein utilization on the proteome of lamb tissues. J Proteomics 2020; 223:103798. [PMID: 32380293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cistus ladanifer L. is a common shrub endemic to the Mediterranean region with high levels of condensed tannins (CT). CT form complexes with dietary protein resisting microbial degradation in the rumen, which enhances dietary protein utilization in ruminant diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utilization of CT in the diet of lambs on the proteomes of muscle, hepatic and adipose tissues. Twenty-four Merino Branco ram lambs were randomly allocated to three treatments (n = 8): C - control (160 g crude protein (CP)) per kg DM, RP - reduced protein (120 g CP/kg DM); and RPCT - reduced protein (120 g CP/kg DM) treated with CT extract. At the end of the trial, lambs were slaughtered and the longissimus lumborum muscle, hepatic and peri-renal adipose tissues sampled. A two-way approach was used for proteomic analysis: 2D-DIGE and nanoLC-MS. In the muscle, C lambs had lower abundance proteins that partake in the glycolysis pathway than the lambs of other treatments. Control lambs had lower abundance of Fe-carrying proteins in the hepatic tissue than RP and RPCT lambs. The latter lambs had highest abundance of hepatic flavin reductase. In the adipose tissue, C lambs had lowest abundance of fatty-acid synthase. SIGNIFICANCE: soybean meal is an expensive feedstuff in which intensive animal production systems heavily rely on. It is a source of protein extensively degraded in the rumen, leading to efficiency losses on dietary protein utilization during digestion. Protection of dietary protein from extensive ruminal degradation throughout the use of plants or extracts rich in CT allow an increase in the digestive utilization of feed proteins. In addition to enhance the protein digestive utilization, dietary CT may induce other beneficial effects in ruminants such as the improvement of the antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ribeiro
- LEAF Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal; Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Green Tech platform, Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - S Planchon
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Green Tech platform, Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - C C Leclercq
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Green Tech platform, Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - M T P Dentinho
- CIISA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Univ. Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Pólo Investigação da Fonte Boa (INIAV-Fonte Boa), 2005-048 Santarém, Portugal
| | - R J B Bessa
- CIISA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Univ. Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Santos-Silva
- CIISA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Univ. Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Pólo Investigação da Fonte Boa (INIAV-Fonte Boa), 2005-048 Santarém, Portugal
| | - K Paulos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Pólo Investigação da Fonte Boa (INIAV-Fonte Boa), 2005-048 Santarém, Portugal
| | - E Jerónimo
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal; MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - J Renaut
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Green Tech platform, Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - A M Almeida
- LEAF Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Ribeiro D, Planchon S, Leclercq C, Raundrup K, Alves S, Bessa R, Renaut J, Almeida A. The muscular, hepatic and adipose tissues proteomes in muskox (Ovibos moschatus): Differences between males and females. J Proteomics 2019; 208:103480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Ceciliani F, Lecchi C. The Immune Functions of α 1 Acid Glycoprotein. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:505-524. [PMID: 30950347 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190405101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid, AGP) is an Acute Phase Protein produced by liver and peripheral tissues in response to systemic reaction to inflammation. AGP functions have been studied mostly in human, cattle and fish, although the protein has been also found in many mammalian species and birds. AGP fulfils at least two set of functions, which are apparently different from each other but in fact intimately linked. On one hand, AGP is an immunomodulatory protein. On the other hand, AGP is one of the most important binding proteins in plasma and, beside modulating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs, it is also able to bind and transport several endogen ligands related to inflammation. The focus of this review is the immunomodulatory activity of AGP. This protein regulates every single event related to inflammation, including binding of pathogens and modulating white blood cells activity throughout the entire leukocyte attacking sequence. The regulation of AGP activity is complex: the inflammation induces not only an increase in AGP serum concentration, but also a qualitative change in its carbohydrate moiety, generating a multitude of glycoforms, each of them with different, and sometimes opposite and contradictory, activities. We also present the most recent findings about the relationship between AGP and adipose tissue: AGP interacts with leptin receptor and, given its immunomodulatory function, it may be included among the potential players in the field of immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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6
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Wang L, Cheng B, Li H, Wang Y. Proteomics analysis of preadipocytes between fat and lean broilers. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:522-529. [PMID: 31132862 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1621989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
1. Reducing excessive chicken body fat deposition is a main goal of the poultry industry. Preadipocytes are important in adipose tissue growth and development. 2. To discover proteins related to chicken fat deposition, two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in preadipocytes derived from Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content (NEAUHLF). 3. A total of 46 differentially expressed protein spots were found in the preadipocytes between fat and lean broilers. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis showed the protein spots corresponded to 33 different proteins. The proteins were mainly related to biological oxidation, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton, lipid metabolism, molecular chaperone, protein synthesis and signal transduction. 4. From the perspective of protein expression, these results lay a foundation for further study of the genetic mechanism of broiler adipose tissue growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding , Harbin , P. R. China.,Department of Education of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction , Harbin , P. R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - B Cheng
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding , Harbin , P. R. China.,Department of Education of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction , Harbin , P. R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - H Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding , Harbin , P. R. China.,Department of Education of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction , Harbin , P. R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - Y Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding , Harbin , P. R. China.,Department of Education of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction , Harbin , P. R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , P. R. China
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7
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Coelho TLS, Braga FMS, Silva NMC, Dantas C, Lopes Júnior CA, de Sousa SAA, Vieira EC. Optimization of the protein extraction method of goat meat using factorial design and response surface methodology. Food Chem 2019; 281:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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8
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Rong B, Feng R, Liu C, Wu Q, Sun C. Reduced delivery of epididymal adipocyte-derived exosomal resistin is essential for melatonin ameliorating hepatic steatosis in mice. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12561. [PMID: 30659651 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipocyte-derived exosomes (Exos) serve as bioinformation-containing messengers in cell-to-cell communications, and numerous reports demonstrate that resistin, an adipokine, is strongly associated with hepatic steatosis and other fatty liver diseases, suggesting that adipose dysfunction-generated altered pattern of exosomal cytokines may contribute to shaping the physiological activities in liver. Admittedly, melatonin-mediated positive effects on various tissues/organs have been respectively reported, but regulatory mechanisms of melatonin on the crosstalk between adipose tissue and liver have been investigated rarely. Overall, we hypothesize that the crosstalk originating from adipose tissue may be another worthy regulatory pathway for melatonin ameliorating of hepatic steatosis. Here, we first found the amount of adipocyte-derived exosomal resistin to be significantly decreased by melatonin supplementation. Compared to mice with ExosHFD or Exosresistin treatment, ExosMT remarkably ameliorated hepatic steatosis. Further test demonstrated that resistin was a pivotal cytokine which repressed phosphorylation of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (pAMPKα Thr172 ) to trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, resulting in hepatic steatosis, whereas ExosMT reversed these risks in hepatocytes. In adipocytes, we identified melatonin to reduce the production of resistin through the brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1 (Bmal1) transcriptional inhibition. Notably, we also confirmed that melatonin enhanced N6 -Methyladenosine (m6 A) RNA demethylation to degrade resistin mRNA in adipocytes. Overall, melatonin decreases traffic volume of adipocyte-generated exosomal resistin from adipocytes to hepatocytes, which further alleviates ER stress-induced hepatic steatosis. Our findings illustrate a novel melatonin-mediated regulatory pathway from adipocytes to hepatocytes, indicating that adipocyte-derived exosome is a new potential target for treating obesity and related hepatorenal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Rong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruonan Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenlong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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9
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Reczyńska D, Zalewska M, Czopowicz M, Kaba J, Zwierzchowski L, Bagnicka E. Small ruminant lentivirus infection influences expression of acute phase proteins and cathelicidin genes in milk somatic cells and peripheral blood leukocytes of dairy goats. Vet Res 2018; 49:113. [PMID: 30424807 PMCID: PMC6234539 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze acute phase protein and cathelicidin gene responses to small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection in goats. In uninfected goats, we found higher Cp and lower Fbγ mRNA levels in blood leucocytes (BL) than in milk somatic cells (MSC), as well as lower SAA, Hp, and CRP and higher Cp and AGP concentrations in blood serum than in milk. In SRLV-infected goats, we found higher Fbγ and MAP28 and lower Cp expression in MSC than in BL, and higher SAA, Hp, Fb, and MAP28 and lower AGP concentrations in milk than in blood serum. Higher SAA and Hp expressions in BL and Hp expression in MSC were found in SRLV-infected goats. In SRLV-infected goats, we observed a higher concentration of SAA in blood serum, while in milk, lower SAA, Cp, and MAP28 and higher MAP34 concentrations were observed. The expression profiles of the studied genes differed between BL/serum and MSC/milk. The elevated SAA concentration in blood serum was accompanied by a decreased concentration of SAA and Cp in the milk of infected goats. No differences in the expression of the other studied genes may mean that the SRLV has the ability to evade the immune system, continuing to replicate. The elevated concentration of SAA in blood serum may promote viral multiplication. This higher concentration of SAA in blood serum and simultaneous reduced concentration of SAA and Cp in milk may be additive indicators of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Reczyńska
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 38A St., 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zalewska
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 38A St., 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lech Zwierzchowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 38A St., 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 38A St., 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland.
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10
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A Rahaman SN, Mat Yusop J, Mohamed-Hussein ZA, Aizat WM, Ho KL, Teh AH, Waterman J, Tan BK, Tan HL, Li AY, Chen ES, Ng CL. Crystal structure and functional analysis of human C1ORF123. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5377. [PMID: 30280012 PMCID: PMC6166629 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the DUF866 superfamily are exclusively found in eukaryotic cells. A member of the DUF866 superfamily, C1ORF123, is a human protein found in the open reading frame 123 of chromosome 1. The physiological role of C1ORF123 is yet to be determined. The only available protein structure of the DUF866 family shares just 26% sequence similarity and does not contain a zinc binding motif. Here, we present the crystal structure of the recombinant human C1ORF123 protein (rC1ORF123). The structure has a 2-fold internal symmetry dividing the monomeric protein into two mirrored halves that comprise of distinct electrostatic potential. The N-terminal half of rC1ORF123 includes a zinc-binding domain interacting with a zinc ion near to a potential ligand binding cavity. Functional studies of human C1ORF123 and its homologue in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (SpEss1) point to a role of DUF866 protein in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jastina Mat Yusop
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Center for Frontier Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Aizat
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aik-Hong Teh
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jitka Waterman
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, England, United Kingdom
| | - Boon Keat Tan
- Division of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hwei Ling Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adelicia Yongling Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee Sin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chyan Leong Ng
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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Benabdelkamel H, Masood A, Alanazi IO, Alfadda AA. Comparison of protein precipitation methods from adipose tissue using difference gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1745-1753. [PMID: 29736990 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic methods have great potential to aid our understanding of the functional and pathological roles of adipose tissue. A critical initial step in the proteomic studies is the efficient isolation of proteins before conducting detailed analysis. In this study, three different methods were used for precipitating proteins; we analyzed samples from visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and stromal visceral fraction extracts after chloroform/methanol, acetone, and trichloroacetic acid precipitation. The proteins recovered after the precipitation steps were examined by 2D-DIGE. Statistical analyses were carried out using simple linear regression analyses and R2 values were calculated for the intra- and inter-method comparisons. We found that all three precipitation methods provided highly reproducible protein spots that were recovered when run in duplicate using the same method of precipitation, irrespective of whether it was solvent (R2 = 0.85-0.98) or acid-based (R2 = 0.80-0.96). A higher variation and poor correlation was noted for the recovered protein spots when comparisons were made between the methods (R2 = 0.40-0.88) and also when the same method was compared between different sample types. In this study, TCA-precipitated samples were enriched in lower molecular mass proteins compared to the samples extracted by solvent-based precipitation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Benabdelkamel
- Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Afshan Masood
- Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim O Alanazi
- National Centre for Biotechnolgy King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Assim A Alfadda
- Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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12
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Association of changes among body condition score during the transition period with NEFA and BHBA concentrations, milk production, fertility, and health of Holstein cows. Theriogenology 2017; 104:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Restelli L, Marques AT, Savoini G, Invernizzi G, Carisetti M, Lecchi C, Bendixen E, Ceciliani F. Saturated or unsaturated fat supplemented maternal diets influence omental adipose tissue proteome of suckling goat-kids. Res Vet Sci 2017; 125:451-458. [PMID: 29128114 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate how maternal diet can influence the adipose tissue of goat kids. Omental adipose tissue proteomes of goat-kids from mothers fed with diet enriched with stearic acid (ST-kids), fish oil (FO-kids) and standard diets (CTRL) were determined by quantitative iTRAQ 2D-LC-MS/MS analysis. Twenty proteins were found to be differentially expressed in suckling kids' omental adipose tissue. Stearic acid induces changes in a higher number of proteins when compared to fish oil. Eleven proteins, namely AARS, ECl1, PMSC2, CP, HSPA8, GPD1, RPL7, OGDH, RPL24, FGA and RPL5 were decreased in ST-kids only. Four proteins, namely DLST, EEF1G, BCAP31 and RALA were decreased in FO-kids only, and one, NUCKS1, was increased. Four proteins, namely PMSC1, PPIB, TUB5×2 and EIF5A1, were be less abundant in both ST- and FO- kids. Most of the protein whose abundance was decreased in ST kids (10 out of 15) are involved in protein metabolism and catabolism pathways. Qualitative gene expression analysis confirmed that all the proteins identified by mass spectrometry, with the exception of FGA, were produced by adipose tissue. Quantitative gene expression analysis demonstrated that two proteins, namely CP, a minor acute phase protein, and ECl1, involved in fatty acid beta oxidation, were downregulated at mRNA level as well. ECl1 gene expression was downregulated in ST-kids AT as compared to Ctrl-kids and CP was downregulated in both ST- and FO-kids. The present results demonstrate that it is possible to influence adipose goat-kid proteome by modifying the maternal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Restelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andreia T Marques
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savoini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Invernizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Carisetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emoke Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Osorio JS, Vailati-Riboni M, Palladino A, Luo J, Loor JJ. Application of nutrigenomics in small ruminants: Lactation, growth, and beyond. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Invited review: Pre- and postnatal adipose tissue development in farm animals: from stem cells to adipocyte physiology. Animal 2017; 10:1839-1847. [PMID: 27751202 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both white and brown adipose tissues are recognized to be differently involved in energy metabolism and are also able to secrete a variety of factors called adipokines that are involved in a wide range of physiological and metabolic functions. Brown adipose tissue is predominant around birth, except in pigs. Irrespective of species, white adipose tissue has a large capacity to expand postnatally and is able to adapt to a variety of factors. The aim of this review is to update the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with pre- and postnatal adipose tissue development with a special focus on pigs and ruminants. In contrast to other tissues, the embryonic origin of adipose cells remains the subject of debate. Adipose cells arise from the recruitment of specific multipotent stem cells/progenitors named adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. Recent studies have highlighted the existence of a variety of those cells being able to differentiate into white, brown or brown-like/beige adipocytes. After commitment to the adipocyte lineage, progenitors undergo large changes in the expression of many genes involved in cell cycle arrest, lipid accumulation and secretory functions. Early nutrition can affect these processes during fetal and perinatal periods and can also influence or pre-determinate later growth of adipose tissue. How these changes may be related to adipose tissue functional maturity around birth and can influence newborn survival is discussed. Altogether, a better knowledge of fetal and postnatal adipose tissue development is important for various aspects of animal production, including neonatal survival, postnatal growth efficiency and health.
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16
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Rahaman SNA, Mat Yusop J, Mohamed-Hussein ZA, Ho KL, Teh AH, Waterman J, Ng CL. Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and X-ray crystallographic analysis of recombinant human C1ORF123 protein. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:207-13. [PMID: 26919524 PMCID: PMC4774879 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
C1ORF123 is a human hypothetical protein found in open reading frame 123 of chromosome 1. The protein belongs to the DUF866 protein family comprising eukaryote-conserved proteins with unknown function. Recent proteomic and bioinformatic analyses identified the presence of C1ORF123 in brain, frontal cortex and synapses, as well as its involvement in endocrine function and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), indicating the importance of its biological role. In order to provide a better understanding of the biological function of the human C1ORF123 protein, the characterization and analysis of recombinant C1ORF123 (rC1ORF123), including overexpression and purification, verification by mass spectrometry and a Western blot using anti-C1ORF123 antibodies, crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of the protein crystals, are reported here. The rC1ORF123 protein was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method with a reservoir solution comprised of 20% PEG 3350, 0.2 M magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M sodium citrate pH 6.5. The crystals diffracted to 1.9 Å resolution and belonged to an orthorhombic space group with unit-cell parameters a = 59.32, b = 65.35, c = 95.05 Å. The calculated Matthews coefficient (VM) value of 2.27 Å(3) Da(-1) suggests that there are two molecules per asymmetric unit, with an estimated solvent content of 45.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jastina Mat Yusop
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aik-Hong Teh
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jitka Waterman
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
| | - Chyan Leong Ng
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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17
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Bonnet M, Tournayre J, Cassar-Malek I. Integrated data mining of transcriptomic and proteomic datasets to predict the secretome of adipose tissue and muscle in ruminants. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:2722-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00224b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue and muscle are endocrine organs releasing signalling and mediator proteins termed adipokines and myokines. The identification of the complete set of proteins secreted by adipose tissue and muscle is a challenge to understand the molecular cross-talk between these tissues and to reveal potential targets to control body or muscle composition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bonnet
- INRA
- UMR1213 Herbivores
- F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle
- France
- Clermont Université
| | - J. Tournayre
- INRA
- UMR1213 Herbivores
- F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle
- France
- Clermont Université
| | - I. Cassar-Malek
- INRA
- UMR1213 Herbivores
- F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle
- France
- Clermont Université
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18
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Yu GJ, Yin YL, Yu WH, Liu W, Jin YX, Shrestha A, Yang Q, Ye XD, Sun H. Proteome exploration to provide a resource for the investigation of Ganoderma lucidum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119439. [PMID: 25756518 PMCID: PMC4355618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a basidiomycete white rot fungus that has been used for medicinal purposes worldwide. Although information concerning its genome and transcriptome has recently been reported, relatively little information is available for G. lucidum at the proteomic level. In this study, protein fractions from G. lucidum at three developmental stages (16-day mycelia, and fruiting bodies at 60 and 90 days) were prepared and subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. A search against the G. lucidum genome database identified 803 proteins. Among these proteins, 61 lignocellulose degrading proteins were detected, most of which (49 proteins) were found in the 90-day fruiting bodies. Fourteen TCA-cycle related proteins, 17 peptidases, two argonaute-like proteins, and two immunomodulatory proteins were also detected. A majority (470) of the 803 proteins had GO annotations and were classified into 36 GO terms, with "binding", "catalytic activity", and "hydrolase activity" having high percentages. Additionally, 357 out of the 803 proteins were assigned to at least one COG functional category and grouped into 22 COG classifications. Based on the results from the proteomic and sequence alignment analyses, a potentially new immunomodulatory protein (GL18769) was expressed and shown to have high immunomodulatory activity. In this study, proteomic and biochemical analyses of G. lucidum were performed for the first time, revealing that proteins from this fungus can play significant bioactive roles and providing a new foundation for the further functional investigations that this fungus merits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Lin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Hui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Xia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alok Shrestha
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Kim EY, Kim WK, Oh KJ, Han BS, Lee SC, Bae KH. Recent advances in proteomic studies of adipose tissues and adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4581-99. [PMID: 25734986 PMCID: PMC4394436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease that is associated with significantly increased levels of risk of a number of metabolic disorders. Despite these enhanced health risks, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically over the past few decades. Obesity is caused by the accumulation of an abnormal amount of body fat in adipose tissue, which is composed mostly of adipocytes. Thus, a deeper understanding of the regulation mechanism of adipose tissue and/or adipocytes can provide a clue for overcoming obesity-related metabolic diseases. In this review, we describe recent advances in the study of adipose tissue and/or adipocytes, focusing on proteomic approaches. In addition, we suggest future research directions for proteomic studies which may lead to novel treatments of obesity and obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Functional Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Functional Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Functional Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Baek Soo Han
- Functional Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Functional Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Functional Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
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