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Aggarwal S, Selvaraj S, Subramanian JN, Vijayalakshmi MA, Patankar S, Srivastava S. Polyclonal Antibody Generation against PvTRAg for the Development of a Diagnostic Assay for Plasmodium vivax. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050835. [PMID: 36899977 PMCID: PMC10001162 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has set forth a global call for eradicating malaria, caused majorly by the protozoan parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The lack of diagnostic biomarkers for P. vivax, especially those that differentiate the parasite from P. falciparum, significantly hinders P. vivax elimination. Here, we show that P. vivax tryptophan-rich antigen (PvTRAg) can be a diagnostic biomarker for diagnosing P. vivax in malaria patients. We report that polyclonal antibodies against purified PvTRAg protein show interactions with purified PvTRAg and native PvTRAg using Western blots and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also developed an antibody-antigen-based qualitative assay using biolayer interferometry (BLI) to detect vivax infection using plasma samples from patients with different febrile diseases and healthy controls. The polyclonal anti-PvTRAg antibodies were used to capture free native PvTRAg from the patient plasma samples using BLI, providing a new expansion range to make the assay quick, accurate, sensitive, and high-throughput. The data presented in this report provides a proof of concept for PvTRAg, a new antigen, for developing a diagnostic assay for P. vivax identification and differentiation from the rest of the Plasmodium species and, at a later stage, translating the BLI assay into affordable, point-of-care formats to make it more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Aggarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610010, Israel
| | - Selvamano Selvaraj
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | | | | | - Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-(22)-2576-7779
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2
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Molina-Franky J, Reyes C, Picón Jaimes YA, Kalkum M, Patarroyo MA. The Black Box of Cellular and Molecular Events of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Invasion into Reticulocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314528. [PMID: 36498854 PMCID: PMC9739029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed malaria parasite affecting humans worldwide, causing ~5 million cases yearly. Despite the disease's extensive burden, there are gaps in the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which P. vivax invades reticulocytes. In contrast, this crucial step is better understood for P. falciparum, the less widely distributed but more often fatal malaria parasite. This discrepancy is due to the difficulty of studying P. vivax's exclusive invasion of reticulocytes, which represent 1-2% of circulating cells. Its accurate targeting mechanism has not yet been clarified, hindering the establishment of long-term continuous in vitro culture systems. So far, only three reticulocyte invasion pathways have been characterised based on parasite interactions with DARC, TfR1 and CD98 host proteins. However, exposing the parasite's alternative invasion mechanisms is currently being considered, opening up a large field for exploring the entry receptors used by P. vivax for invading host cells. New methods must be developed to ensure better understanding of the parasite to control malarial transmission and to eradicate the disease. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on cellular and molecular mechanisms of P. vivax's merozoite invasion to contribute to a better understanding of the parasite's biology, pathogenesis and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Molina-Franky
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - César Reyes
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Animal Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá 111166, Colombia
| | | | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.A.P.)
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3
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Moreno-Pérez DA, Patarroyo MA. Inferring Plasmodium vivax protein biology by using omics data. J Proteomics 2020; 218:103719. [PMID: 32092400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering Plasmodium vivax biology has long been a challenge for groups working on this parasite, mainly due to the complications involved in propagating it in vitro. However, adapting P. vivax strains in non-human primates and the arrival of high-performance analysis methods has led to increased knowledge regarding parasite protein composition and the ability of some molecules to trigger an immune response or participate in protein-protein interactions. This review describes the state of the art concerning proteomics-, immunomics- and interatomics-related P. vivax omic studies, discussing their potential use in developing disease control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24#63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia; Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222 No. 55-37, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24#63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
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4
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Venkatesh A, Aggarwal S, Kumar S, Rajyaguru S, Kumar V, Bankar S, Shastri J, Patankar S, Srivastava S. Comprehensive proteomics investigation of P. vivax-infected human plasma and parasite isolates. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:188. [PMID: 32122317 PMCID: PMC7053139 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent times, Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) has become a serious threat to public health due to its ability to cause severe infection with fatal outcomes. Its unique biology makes it resilient to control measures that are otherwise effective against P. falciparum. A deeper understanding of P. vivax biology and pathogenesis is, therefore, essential for developing the right control strategies. Proteomics of P. falciparum has been helpful in studying disease biology and elucidating molecular mechanisms involved in the development of disease. However, unlike P. falciparum, proteomics data for P. vivax infection is minimal due to the absence of a continuous culture system. The dependence on clinical samples and animal models has drastically limited P. vivax research, creating critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of the disease. This study describes an in-depth proteomics analysis of P. vivax-infected human plasma and parasite isolates, to understand parasite biology, pathogenesis, and to identify new diagnostic targets for P. vivax malaria. Methods A mass-spectrometry- (MS) based proteomics approach (Q Exactive) was applied to analyze human plasma and parasite isolates from vivax malaria patients visiting a primary health centre in India. Additionally, a targeted proteomics assay was standardized for validating unique peptides of most recurring parasite proteins. Results Thirty-eight P. vivax proteins were detected in human plasma with high confidence. Several glycolytic enzymes were found along with hypothetical, cytoskeletal, ribosomal, and nuclear proteins. Additionally, 103 highly abundant P. vivax proteins were detected in parasite isolates. This represents the highest number of parasite proteins to be reported from clinical samples so far. Interestingly, five of these; three Plasmodium exported proteins (PVX_003545, PVX_003555 and PVX_121935), a hypothetical protein (PVX_083555) and Pvstp1 (subtelomeric transmembrane protein 1, PVX_094303) were found in both plasma and parasite isolates. Conclusions A parasite proteomics investigation is essential to understand disease pathobiology and design novel interventions. Control strategies against P. vivax also depend on early diagnosis. This work provides deeper insights into the biology of P. vivax by identifying proteins expressed by the parasite during its complex life-cycle within the human host. The study also reports antigens that may be explored as diagnostic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Venkatesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Shalini Aggarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Swati Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Srushti Rajyaguru
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sheetal Bankar
- Department of Microbiology, T. N. Medical College and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Department of Microbiology, T. N. Medical College and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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5
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Yepes-Pérez Y, López C, Suárez CF, Patarroyo MA. Plasmodium vivax Pv12 B-cell epitopes and HLA-DRβ1*-dependent T-cell epitopes in vitro antigenicity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203715. [PMID: 30199554 PMCID: PMC6130872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites from the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum and P. vivax are responsible for 90% of all clinical cases); it is widely distributed throughout the world’s tropical and subtropical regions. The P. vivax Pv12 protein is involved in invasion, is expressed on merozoite surface and has been recognised by antibodies from individuals exposed to the disease. In this study, B- and T-cell epitopes from Pv12 were predicted and characterised to advance in the design of a peptide-based vaccine against malaria. For evaluating the humoral response of individuals exposed to natural P. vivax infection from two endemic areas in Colombia, BepiPred-1.0 software was used for selecting B-cell epitopes. B-cell epitope 39038 displayed the greatest recognition by naturally-acquired antibodies and induced an IgG2/IgG4 response. NetMHCIIpan-3.1 prediction software was used for selecting peptides having high affinity binding for HLA-DRβ1* allele lineages and this was confirmed by in-vitro binding assays. T-epitopes 39113 and 39117 triggered a memory T-cell response (Stimulation Index≥2) and significant cytokine production. Combining in-silico, in-vitro and functional assays, two Pv12 protein regions (containing peptides 39038, 39040, 39113 and 39117) have thus been characterised as promising vaccine candidates against P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoelis Yepes-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- MSc Programme in Microbiology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Carolina López
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Carlos Fernando Suárez
- Bio-mathematics Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- * E-mail:
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6
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Camargo-Ayala PA, Garzón-Ospina D, Moreno-Pérez DA, Ricaurte-Contreras LA, Noya O, Patarroyo MA. On the Evolution and Function of Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Surface Antigen ( pvrbsa). Front Genet 2018; 9:372. [PMID: 30250483 PMCID: PMC6139305 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The RBSA protein is encoded by a gene described in Plasmodium species having tropism for reticulocytes. Since this protein is antigenic in natural infections and can bind to target cells, it has been proposed as a potential candidate for an anti-Plasmodium vivax vaccine. However, genetic diversity (a challenge which must be overcome for ensuring fully effective vaccine design) has not been described at this locus. Likewise, the minimum regions mediating specific parasite-host interaction have not been determined. This is why the rbsa gene’s evolutionary history is being here described, as well as the P. vivax rbsa (pvrbsa) genetic diversity and the specific regions mediating parasite adhesion to reticulocytes. Unlike what has previously been reported, rbsa was also present in several parasite species belonging to the monkey-malaria clade; paralogs were also found in Plasmodium parasites invading reticulocytes. The pvrbsa locus had less diversity than other merozoite surface proteins where natural selection and recombination were the main evolutionary forces involved in causing the observed polymorphism. The N-terminal end (PvRBSA-A) was conserved and under functional constraint; consequently, it was expressed as recombinant protein for binding assays. This protein fragment bound to reticulocytes whilst the C-terminus, included in recombinant PvRBSA-B (which was not under functional constraint), did not. Interestingly, two PvRBSA-A-derived peptides were able to inhibit protein binding to reticulocytes. Specific conserved and functionally important peptides within PvRBSA-A could thus be considered when designing a fully-effective vaccine against P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Andrea Camargo-Ayala
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,Microbiology Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Garzón-Ospina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Darwin Andrés Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,Livestock Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Oscar Noya
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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7
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Arévalo-Pinzón G, González-González M, Suárez CF, Curtidor H, Carabias-Sánchez J, Muro A, LaBaer J, Patarroyo MA, Fuentes M. Self-assembling functional programmable protein array for studying protein-protein interactions in malaria parasites. Malar J 2018; 17:270. [PMID: 30016987 PMCID: PMC6050706 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread malarial species, causing significant morbidity worldwide. Knowledge is limited regarding the molecular mechanism of invasion due to the lack of a continuous in vitro culture system for these species. Since protein–protein and host–cell interactions play an essential role in the microorganism’s invasion and replication, elucidating protein function during invasion is critical when developing more effective control methods. Nucleic acid programmable protein array (NAPPA) has thus become a suitable technology for studying protein–protein and host–protein interactions since producing proteins through the in vitro transcription/translation (IVTT) method overcomes most of the drawbacks encountered to date, such as heterologous protein production, stability and purification. Results Twenty P. vivax proteins on merozoite surface or in secretory organelles were selected and successfully cloned using gateway technology. Most constructs were displayed in the array expressed in situ, using the IVTT method. The Pv12 protein was used as bait for evaluating array functionality and co-expressed with P. vivax cDNA display in the array. It was found that Pv12 interacted with Pv41 (as previously described), as well as PvMSP142kDa, PvRBP1a, PvMSP8 and PvRAP1. Conclusions NAPPA is a high-performance technique enabling co-expression of bait and query in situ, thereby enabling interactions to be analysed rapidly and reproducibly. It offers a fresh alternative for studying protein–protein and ligand–receptor interactions regarding a parasite which is difficult to cultivate (i.e. P. vivax). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2414-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María González-González
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernando Suárez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A.), Calle 222 # 55-37, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Antonio Muro
- Unidad de Investigación Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales (e-INTRO), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Universitario Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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8
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Bourgard C, Albrecht L, Kayano ACAV, Sunnerhagen P, Costa FTM. Plasmodium vivax Biology: Insights Provided by Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:34. [PMID: 29473024 PMCID: PMC5809496 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the vast omics field has revolutionized biological research, especially the genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics branches, as technological tools become available to the field researcher and allow difficult question-driven studies to be addressed. Parasitology has greatly benefited from next generation sequencing (NGS) projects, which have resulted in a broadened comprehension of basic parasite molecular biology, ecology and epidemiology. Malariology is one example where application of this technology has greatly contributed to a better understanding of Plasmodium spp. biology and host-parasite interactions. Among the several parasite species that cause human malaria, the neglected Plasmodium vivax presents great research challenges, as in vitro culturing is not yet feasible and functional assays are heavily limited. Therefore, there are gaps in our P. vivax biology knowledge that affect decisions for control policies aiming to eradicate vivax malaria in the near future. In this review, we provide a snapshot of key discoveries already achieved in P. vivax sequencing projects, focusing on developments, hurdles, and limitations currently faced by the research community, as well as perspectives on future vivax malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Bourgard
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.,Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana C A V Kayano
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Per Sunnerhagen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fabio T M Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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9
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Meerstein-Kessel L, van der Lee R, Stone W, Lanke K, Baker DA, Alano P, Silvestrini F, Janse CJ, Khan SM, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Graumans W, Siebelink-Stoter R, Kooij TWA, Marti M, Drakeley C, Campo JJ, van Dam TJP, Sauerwein R, Bousema T, Huynen MA. Probabilistic data integration identifies reliable gametocyte-specific proteins and transcripts in malaria parasites. Sci Rep 2018; 8:410. [PMID: 29323249 PMCID: PMC5765010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium gametocytes are the sexual forms of the malaria parasite essential for transmission to mosquitoes. To better understand how gametocytes differ from asexual blood-stage parasites, we performed a systematic analysis of available 'omics data for P. falciparum and other Plasmodium species. 18 transcriptomic and proteomic data sets were evaluated for the presence of curated "gold standards" of 41 gametocyte-specific versus 46 non-gametocyte genes and integrated using Bayesian probabilities, resulting in gametocyte-specificity scores for all P. falciparum genes. To illustrate the utility of the gametocyte score, we explored newly predicted gametocyte-specific genes as potential biomarkers of gametocyte carriage and exposure. We analyzed the humoral immune response in field samples against 30 novel gametocyte-specific antigens and found five antigens to be differentially recognized by gametocyte carriers as compared to malaria-infected individuals without detectable gametocytes. We also validated the gametocyte-specificity of 15 identified gametocyte transcripts on culture material and samples from naturally infected individuals, resulting in eight transcripts that were >1000-fold higher expressed in gametocytes compared to asexual parasites and whose transcript abundance allowed gametocyte detection in naturally infected individuals. Our integrated genome-wide gametocyte-specificity scores provide a comprehensive resource to identify targets and monitor P. falciparum gametocytemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Meerstein-Kessel
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin van der Lee
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Will Stone
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kjerstin Lanke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Alano
- Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chris J Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shahid M Khan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter Graumans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Siebelink-Stoter
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W A Kooij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Trust Center for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Teunis J P van Dam
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Patankar S, Sharma S, Rathod PK, Duraisingh MT. Malaria in India: The Need for New Targets for Diagnosis and Detection of Plasmodium vivax. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1700024. [PMID: 29193853 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoan parasite that is one of the causative agents of human malaria. Due to several occult features of its life cycle, P. vivax threatens to be a problem for the recent efforts toward elimination of malaria globally. With an emphasis on malaria elimination goals, the authors summarize the major gaps in P. vivax diagnosis and describe how proteomics technologies have begun to contribute toward the discovery of antigens that could be used for various technology platforms and applications. The authors suggest areas where, in the future, proteomics technologies could fill in gaps in P. vivax diagnosis that have proved difficult. The discovery of new parasite antigens, host responses, and immune signatures using proteomics technologies will be a key part of the global malaria elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shobhona Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Armistead JS, Adams JH. Advancing Research Models and Technologies to Overcome Biological Barriers to Plasmodium vivax Control. Trends Parasitol 2017; 34:114-126. [PMID: 29153587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria prevalence has declined in the past 10 years, especially outside of sub-Saharan Africa. However, the proportion of cases due to Plasmodium vivax is increasing, accounting for up to 90-100% of the malaria burden in endemic regions. Nonetheless, investments in malaria research and control still prioritize Plasmodium falciparum while largely neglecting P. vivax. Specific biological features of P. vivax, particularly invasion of reticulocytes, occurrence of dormant liver forms of the parasite, and the potential for transmission of sexual-stage parasites prior to onset of clinical illness, promote its persistence and hinder development of research tools and interventions. This review discusses recent advances in P. vivax research, current knowledge of its unique biology, and proposes priorities for P. vivax research and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Armistead
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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12
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Anderson DC, Lapp SA, Barnwell JW, Galinski MR. A large scale Plasmodium vivax- Saimiri boliviensis trophozoite-schizont transition proteome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182561. [PMID: 28829774 PMCID: PMC5567661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is a complex protozoan parasite with over 6,500 genes and stage-specific differential expression. Much of the unique biology of this pathogen remains unknown, including how it modifies and restructures the host reticulocyte. Using a recently published P. vivax reference genome, we report the proteome from two biological replicates of infected Saimiri boliviensis host reticulocytes undergoing transition from the late trophozoite to early schizont stages. Using five database search engines, we identified a total of 2000 P. vivax and 3487 S. boliviensis proteins, making this the most comprehensive P. vivax proteome to date. PlasmoDB GO-term enrichment analysis of proteins identified at least twice by a search engine highlighted core metabolic processes and molecular functions such as glycolysis, translation and protein folding, cell components such as ribosomes, proteasomes and the Golgi apparatus, and a number of vesicle and trafficking related clusters. Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) v6.8 enriched functional annotation clusters of S. boliviensis proteins highlighted vesicle and trafficking-related clusters, elements of the cytoskeleton, oxidative processes and response to oxidative stress, macromolecular complexes such as the proteasome and ribosome, metabolism, translation, and cell death. Host and parasite proteins potentially involved in cell adhesion were also identified. Over 25% of the P. vivax proteins have no functional annotation; this group includes 45 VIR members of the large PIR family. A number of host and pathogen proteins contained highly oxidized or nitrated residues, extending prior trophozoite-enriched stage observations from S. boliviensis infections, and supporting the possibility of oxidative stress in relation to the disease. This proteome significantly expands the size and complexity of the known P. vivax and Saimiri host iRBC proteomes, and provides in-depth data that will be valuable for ongoing research on this parasite’s biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. C. Anderson
- Bioscience Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stacey A. Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - John W. Barnwell
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mary R. Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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13
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Proteogenomic analysis of the total and surface-exposed proteomes of Plasmodium vivax salivary gland sporozoites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005791. [PMID: 28759593 PMCID: PMC5552340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax cause the majority of human malaria cases. Research efforts predominantly focus on P. falciparum because of the clinical severity of infection and associated mortality rates. However, P. vivax malaria affects more people in a wider global range. Furthermore, unlike P. falciparum, P. vivax can persist in the liver as dormant hypnozoites that can be activated weeks to years after primary infection, causing relapse of symptomatic blood stages. This feature makes P. vivax unique and difficult to eliminate with the standard tools of vector control and treatment of symptomatic blood stage infection with antimalarial drugs. Infection by Plasmodium is initiated by the mosquito-transmitted sporozoite stage, a highly motile invasive cell that targets hepatocytes in the liver. The most advanced malaria vaccine for P. falciparum (RTS,S, a subunit vaccine containing of a portion of the major sporozoite surface protein) conferred limited protection in Phase III trials, falling short of WHO-established vaccine efficacy goals. However, blocking the sporozoite stage of infection in P. vivax, before the establishment of the chronic liver infection, might be an effective malaria vaccine strategy to reduce the occurrence of relapsing blood stages. It is also thought that a multivalent vaccine comprising multiple sporozoite surface antigens will provide better protection, but a comprehensive analysis of proteins in P. vivax sporozoites is not available. To inform sporozoite-based vaccine development, we employed mass spectrometry-based proteomics to identify nearly 2,000 proteins present in P. vivax salivary gland sporozoites. Analysis of protein post-translational modifications revealed extensive phosphorylation of glideosome proteins as well as regulators of transcription and translation. Additionally, the sporozoite surface proteins CSP and TRAP, which were recently discovered to be glycosylated in P. falciparum salivary gland sporozoites, were also observed to be similarly modified in P. vivax sporozoites. Quantitative comparison of the P. vivax and P. falciparum salivary gland sporozoite proteomes revealed a high degree of similarity in protein expression levels, including among invasion-related proteins. Nevertheless, orthologs with significantly different expression levels between the two species could be identified, as well as highly abundant, species-specific proteins with no known orthologs. Finally, we employed chemical labeling of live sporozoites to isolate and identify 36 proteins that are putatively surface-exposed on P. vivax salivary gland sporozoites. In addition to identifying conserved sporozoite surface proteins identified by similar analyses of other Plasmodium species, our analysis identified several as-yet uncharacterized proteins, including a putative 6-Cys protein with no known ortholog in P. falciparum. Malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases in the world with hundreds of millions of new cases every year. Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium which have a complex life cycle, alternating between mosquito and mammalian hosts. Human infections are initiated with a sporozoite inoculum deposited into the skin by parasite-infected mosquitoes as they probe for blood. Sporozoites must locate blood vessels and enter the circulation to reach the liver where they invade and grow in hepatocytes. In the case of Plasmodium vivax, one of the two Plasmodium species responsible for the majority of the disease burden in the world, the parasite has the ability to persist for months in the liver after the initial infection and its activation causes the recurring appearance of the parasite in the blood. Though all clinical symptoms are attributable to the blood stages, it is only by attacking the transmission stages before the formation of hypnozoites (the persisting parasites in the liver) that an impact on the burden of vivax malaria can be achieved. We used state-of-the-art mass spectrometry-based proteomics tools to identify the total protein make-up of P. vivax sporozoites. By analyzing which proteins are exposed to the parasite surface and determining the degree of protein’s post-translational modifications, our investigation will aid the understanding of the novel biology of sporozoites and importantly, advise the development of potential vaccine candidates targeting this parasite stage.
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Baquero LA, Moreno-Pérez DA, Garzón-Ospina D, Forero-Rodríguez J, Ortiz-Suárez HD, Patarroyo MA. PvGAMA reticulocyte binding activity: predicting conserved functional regions by natural selection analysis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:251. [PMID: 28526096 PMCID: PMC5438544 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adhesin proteins are used by Plasmodium parasites to bind and invade target cells. Hence, characterising molecules that participate in reticulocyte interaction is key to understanding the molecular basis of Plasmodium vivax invasion. This study focused on predicting functionally restricted regions of the P. vivax GPI-anchored micronemal antigen (PvGAMA) and characterising their reticulocyte binding activity. Results The pvgama gene was initially found in P. vivax VCG-I strain schizonts. According to the genetic diversity analysis, PvGAMA displayed a size polymorphism very common for antigenic P. vivax proteins. Two regions along the antigen sequence were highly conserved among species, having a negative natural selection signal. Interestingly, these regions revealed a functional role regarding preferential target cell adhesion. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study describes PvGAMA reticulocyte binding properties for the first time. Conserved functional regions were predicted according to natural selection analysis and their binding ability was confirmed. These findings support the notion that PvGAMA may have an important role in P. vivax merozoite adhesion to its target cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2183-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Baquero
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Darwin A Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Diego Garzón-Ospina
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Johanna Forero-Rodríguez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Heidy D Ortiz-Suárez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia. .,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá DC, Colombia.
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15
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Moreno-Pérez DA, Baquero LA, Chitiva-Ardila DM, Patarroyo MA. Characterising PvRBSA: an exclusive protein from Plasmodium species infecting reticulocytes. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:243. [PMID: 28521840 PMCID: PMC5437689 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax uses multiple ligand-receptor interactions for preferential invasion of human reticulocytes. Several of these ligands have been identified by in silico approaches based on the role displayed by their orthologs in other Plasmodium species during initial adhesion or invasion. However, the cell adhesion role of proteins that are exclusive to species that specifically invade reticulocytes (as P. vivax and P. cynomolgi) has not been evaluated to date. This study aimed to characterise an antigen shared between Plasmodium species that preferentially infect reticulocytes with a focus on assessing its binding activity to target cells. Results An in silico analysis was performed using P. vivax proteome data to identify and characterise one antigen shared between P. vivax and P. cynomolgi. This led to identification of the pvrbsa gene present in the P. vivax VCG-I strain genome. This gene is transcribed in mature schizonts and encodes a protein located on the parasite surface. rPvRBSA was antigenic and capable of binding to a population of reticulocytes with a different Duffy phenotype. Interestingly, the molecule showed a higher percentage of binding to immature human reticulocytes (CD71hi). Conclusions This study describes for the first time, a molecule involved in host cell binding that is exclusive in reticulocyte-infecting Plasmodium species. This suggest that PvRBSA is an antigenic adhesin that plays a role in parasite binding to target cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2185-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin A Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.,Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Luis A Baquero
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Diana M Chitiva-Ardila
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. .,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
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16
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Joyner C, Moreno A, Meyer EVS, Cabrera-Mora M, Kissinger JC, Barnwell JW, Galinski MR. Plasmodium cynomolgi infections in rhesus macaques display clinical and parasitological features pertinent to modelling vivax malaria pathology and relapse infections. Malar J 2016; 15:451. [PMID: 27590312 PMCID: PMC5010691 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax infections in humans or in new world monkeys pose research challenges that necessitate the use of alternative model systems. Plasmodium cynomolgi is a closely related species that shares genetic and biological characteristics with P. vivax, including relapses. Here, the haematological dynamics and clinical presentation of sporozoite-initiated P. cynomolgi infections in Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaques) are evaluated over a 100-day period. Methods Five M. mulatta were inoculated with 2000 P. cynomolgi B strain sporozoites. Parasitological and haematological data were collected daily to study the clinical presentations of primary infections and relapses. Peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirates were collected at specific time points during infection for future and retrospective systems biology analyses. Results Patent infections were observed between days 10 and 12, and the acute, primary infection consisted of parasitaemias ranging from 269,962 to 1,214,842 parasites/µl (4.42–19.5 % parasitaemia). All animals presented with anaemia, ranging from moderate (7–10 g/dl) to severe (<7 g/dl), based on peripheral haemoglobin concentrations. Minimum haemoglobin levels coincided with the clearance of parasites and peripheral reticulocytosis was evident at this time. Mild thrombocytopaenia (<150,000 platelets/µl) was observed in all animals, but unlike haemoglobin, platelets were lowest whenever peripheral parasitaemia peaked. The animals’ conditions were classified as non-severe, severe or lethal (in one case) based upon their clinical presentation. The lethal phenotype presented uniquely with an exceptionally high parasitaemia (19.5 %) and lack of a modest reticulocyte release, which was observed in the other animals prior to acute manifestations. One or two relapses were observed in the four surviving animals, and these were characterized by significantly lower parasitaemias and minimal changes in clinical parameters compared to pre-infection values. Conclusions Rhesus macaque infections initiated by P. cynomolgi B strain sporozoites recapitulated pathology of human malaria, including anaemia and thrombocytopaenia, with inter-individual differences in disease severity. Importantly, this study provides an in-depth assessment of clinical and parasitological data, and shows that unlike the primary infections, the relapses did not cause clinical malaria. Notably, this body of research has provided experimental plans, large accessible datasets, and blood and bone marrow samples pertinent for ongoing and iterative systems biology investigations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1480-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Joyner
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alberto Moreno
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Esmeralda V S Meyer
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Bioinformatics, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John W Barnwell
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Venkatesh A, Patel SK, Ray S, Shastri J, Chatterjee G, Kochar SK, Patankar S, Srivastava S. Proteomics ofPlasmodium vivaxmalaria: new insights, progress and potential. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:771-82. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1210515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vembar SS, Droll D, Scherf A. Translational regulation in blood stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium spp.: systems-wide studies pave the way. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 7:772-792. [PMID: 27230797 PMCID: PMC5111744 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium spp. varies the expression profile of its genes depending on the host it resides in and its developmental stage. Virtually all messenger RNA (mRNA) is expressed in a monocistronic manner, with transcriptional activation regulated at the epigenetic level and by specialized transcription factors. Furthermore, recent systems-wide studies have identified distinct mechanisms of post-transcriptional and translational control at various points of the parasite lifecycle. Taken together, it is evident that 'just-in-time' transcription and translation strategies coexist and coordinate protein expression during Plasmodium development, some of which we review here. In particular, we discuss global and specific mechanisms that control protein translation in blood stages of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, once a cytoplasmic mRNA has been generated, and its crosstalk with mRNA decay and storage. We also focus on the widespread translational delay observed during the 48-hour blood stage lifecycle of P. falciparum-for over 30% of transcribed genes, including virulence factors required to invade erythrocytes-and its regulation by cis-elements in the mRNA, RNA-processing enzymes and RNA-binding proteins; the first-characterized amongst these are the DNA- and RNA-binding Alba proteins. More generally, we conclude that translational regulation is an emerging research field in malaria parasites and propose that its elucidation will not only shed light on the complex developmental program of this parasite, but may also reveal mechanisms contributing to drug resistance and define new targets for malaria intervention strategies. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:772-792. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1365 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Sridhar Vembar
- Unité Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite, Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Dorothea Droll
- Unité Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite, Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Artur Scherf
- Unité Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite, Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Beeson JG, Drew DR, Boyle MJ, Feng G, Fowkes FJI, Richards JS. Merozoite surface proteins in red blood cell invasion, immunity and vaccines against malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:343-72. [PMID: 26833236 PMCID: PMC4852283 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria accounts for an enormous burden of disease globally, with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for the majority of malaria, and P. vivax being a second important cause, especially in Asia, the Americas and the Pacific. During infection with Plasmodium spp., the merozoite form of the parasite invades red blood cells and replicates inside them. It is during the blood-stage of infection that malaria disease occurs and, therefore, understanding merozoite invasion, host immune responses to merozoite surface antigens, and targeting merozoite surface proteins and invasion ligands by novel vaccines and therapeutics have been important areas of research. Merozoite invasion involves multiple interactions and events, and substantial processing of merozoite surface proteins occurs before, during and after invasion. The merozoite surface is highly complex, presenting a multitude of antigens to the immune system. This complexity has proved challenging to our efforts to understand merozoite invasion and malaria immunity, and to developing merozoite antigens as malaria vaccines. In recent years, there has been major progress in this field, and several merozoite surface proteins show strong potential as malaria vaccines. Our current knowledge on this topic is reviewed, highlighting recent advances and research priorities. The authors summarize current knowledge of merozoite surface proteins of malaria parasites; their function in invasion, processing of surface proteins before, during and after invasion, their importance as targets of immunity, and the current status of malaria vaccines that target merozoite surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien R Drew
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaoqian Feng
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Freya J I Fowkes
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack S Richards
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Challenges in Antimalarial Drug Treatment for Vivax Malaria Control. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:776-788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Cheng Y, Li J, Ito D, Kong DH, Ha KS, Lu F, Wang B, Sattabongkot J, Lim CS, Tsuboi T, Han ET. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of PvRALP1, a novel Plasmodium vivax rhoptry neck protein. Malar J 2015; 14:186. [PMID: 25925592 PMCID: PMC4435652 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins secreted from the rhoptry in Plasmodium merozoites are associated with the formation of tight junctions and parasitophorous vacuoles during invasion of erythrocytes and are sorted within the rhoptry neck or bulb. Very little information has been obtained to date about Plasmodium vivax rhoptry-associated leucine (Leu) zipper-like protein 1 (PvRALP1; PVX_096245), a putative rhoptry protein. PvRALP1 contains a signal peptide, a glycine (Gly)/glutamate (Glu)-rich domain, and a Leu-rich domain, all of which are conserved in other Plasmodium species. METHODS Recombinant PvRALP1s were expressed as full-length protein without the signal peptide (PvRALP1-Ecto) and as truncated protein consisting of the Gly/Glu- and Leu-rich domains (PvRALP1-Tr) using the wheat germ cell-free expression system. The immunoreactivity to these two fragments of recombinant PvRALP1 protein in serum samples from P. vivax-infected patients and immunized mice, including analysis of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or protein microarray technology. The subcellular localization of PvRALP1 in blood stage parasites was also determined. RESULTS Recombinant PvRALP1-Ecto and PvRALP1-Tr proteins were successfully expressed, and in serum samples from P. vivax patients from the Republic of Korea, the observed immunoreactivities to these proteins had 58.9% and 55.4% sensitivity and 95.0% and 92.5% specificity, respectively. The response to PvRALP1 in humans was predominantly cytophilic antibodies (IgG1 and IgG3), but a balanced Th1/Th2 response was observed in mice. Unexpectedly, there was no significant inverse correlation between levels of parasitaemia and levels of antibody against either PvRALP1-Ecto (R2=0.11) or PvRALP1-Tr (R2=0.14) antigens. PvRALP1 was localized in the rhoptry neck of merozoites, and this was the first demonstration of the localization of this protein in P. vivax. CONCLUSIONS This study analysed the antigenicity and immunogenicity of PvRALP1 and suggested that PvRALP1 may be immunogenic in humans during parasite infection and might play an important role during invasion of P. vivax parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Hyoja2-dong, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea. .,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Hyoja2-dong, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Parasitology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, 442000, China.
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. .,Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Deok-Hoon Kong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Hyoja2-dong, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea. .,Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Hyoja2-dong, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea.
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Hyoja2-dong, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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Arévalo-Pinzón G, Bermúdez M, Curtidor H, Patarroyo MA. The Plasmodium vivax rhoptry neck protein 5 is expressed in the apical pole of Plasmodium vivax VCG-1 strain schizonts and binds to human reticulocytes. Malar J 2015; 14:106. [PMID: 25888962 PMCID: PMC4359499 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different proteins derived from the membrane or the apical organelles become involved in malarial parasite invasion of host cells. Among these, the rhoptry neck proteins (RONs) interact with a protein component of the micronemes to enable the formation of a strong bond which is crucial for the parasite's successful invasion. The present study was aimed at identifying and characterizing the RON5 protein in Plasmodium vivax and evaluating its ability to bind to reticulocytes. METHODS Taking the Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi RON5 amino acid sequences as template, an in-silico search was made in the P. vivax genome for identifying the orthologous gene. Different molecular tools were used for experimentally ascertaining pvron5 gene presence and transcription in P. vivax VCG-1 strain schizonts. Polyclonal antibodies against PvRON5 peptides were used for evaluating protein expression (by Western blot) and sub-cellular localization (by immunofluorescence). A 33 kDa PvRON5 fragment was expressed in Escherichia coli and used for evaluating the reactivity of sera from patients infected by P. vivax. Two assays were made for determining the RON5 recombinant fragment's ability to bind to reticulocyte-enriched human umbilical cord samples. RESULTS The pvron5 gene (3,477 bp) was transcribed in VCG-1 strain schizonts and encoded a ~133 kDa protein which was expressed in the rhoptry neck of VCG-1 strain late schizonts, together with PvRON2 and PvRON4. Polyclonal sera against PvRON5 peptides specifically detected ~85 and ~30 kDa fragments in parasite lysate, thereby suggesting proteolytic processing in this protein. Comparative analysis of VCG-1 strain PvRON5 with other P. vivax strains having different geographic localizations suggested its low polymorphism regarding other malarial antigens. A recombinant fragment of the PvRON5 protein (rPvRON5) was recognized by sera from P. vivax-infected patients and bound to red blood cells, having a marked preference for human reticulocytes. CONCLUSIONS The pvron5 gene is transcribed in the VCG-1 strain, the encoded protein is expressed at the parasite's apical pole and might be participating in merozoite invasion of host cells, taking into account its marked binding preference for human reticulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Maritza Bermúdez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Plasmodium vivax trophozoite-stage proteomes. J Proteomics 2014; 115:157-76. [PMID: 25545414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plasmodium vivax is the causative infectious agent of 80-300 million annual cases of malaria. Many aspects of this parasite's biology remain unknown. To further elucidate the interaction of P. vivax with its Saimiri boliviensis host, we obtained detailed proteomes of infected red blood cells, representing the trophozoite-enriched stage of development. Data from two of three biological replicate proteomes, emphasized here, were analyzed using five search engines, which enhanced identifications and resulted in the most comprehensive P. vivax proteomes to date, with 1375 P. vivax and 3209 S. boliviensis identified proteins. Ribosome subunit proteins were noted for both P. vivax and S. boliviensis, consistent with P. vivax's known reticulocyte host-cell specificity. A majority of the host and pathogen proteins identified belong to specific functional categories, and several parasite gene families, while 33% of the P. vivax proteins have no reported function. Hemoglobin was significantly oxidized in both proteomes, and additional protein oxidation and nitration was detected in one of the two proteomes. Detailed analyses of these post-translational modifications are presented. The proteins identified here significantly expand the known P. vivax proteome and complexity of available host protein functionality underlying the host-parasite interactive biology, and reveal unsuspected oxidative modifications that may impact protein function. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Plasmodium vivax malaria is a serious neglected disease, causing an estimated 80 to 300 million cases annually in 95 countries. Infection can result in significant morbidity and possible death. P. vivax, unlike the much better-studied Plasmodium falciparum species, cannot be grown in long-term culture, has a dormant form in the liver called the hypnozoite stage, has a reticulocyte host-cell preference in the blood, and creates caveolae vesicle complexes at the surface of the infected reticulocyte membranes. Studies of stage-specific P. vivax expressed proteomes have been limited in scope and focused mainly on pathogen proteins, thus limiting understanding of the biology of this pathogen and its host interactions. Here three P. vivax proteomes are reported from biological replicates based on purified trophozoite-infected reticulocytes from different Saimiri boliviensis infections (the main non-human primate experimental model for P. vivax biology and pathogenesis). An in-depth analysis of two of the proteomes using 2D LC/MS/MS and multiple search engines identified 1375 pathogen proteins and 3209 host proteins. Numerous functional categories of both host and pathogen proteins were identified, including several known P. vivax protein family members (e.g., PHIST, eTRAMP and VIR), and 33% of protein identifications were classified as hypothetical. Ribosome subunit proteins were noted for both P. vivax and S. boliviensis, consistent with this parasite species' known reticulocyte host-cell specificity. In two biological replicates analyzed for post-translational modifications, hemoglobin was extensively oxidized, and various other proteins were also oxidized or nitrated in one of the two replicates. The cause of such protein modification remains to be determined but could include oxidized heme and oxygen radicals released from the infected red blood cell's parasite-induced acidic digestive vacuoles. In any case, the data suggests the presence of distinct infection-specific conditions whereby both the pathogen and host infected red blood cell proteins may be subject to significant oxidative stress.
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