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Dembélé P, Cissoko M, Diarra AZ, Doumbia L, Koné A, Magassa MH, Mehadji M, Thera MA, Ranque S. Evaluation of the Performance of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria Diagnosis and Mapping of Different Plasmodium Species in Mali. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21:228. [PMID: 38397717 PMCID: PMC10888130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first-line diagnosis of malaria in Mali is based on the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) that detect the Histidin Rich Protein 2 (HRP2) antigen specific to Plasmodium falciparum. Our study, based on a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) gold standard, aimed to describe the distribution of the Plasmodium species in each administrative region of Mali and to assess the performance of RDTs. METHODS We randomly selected 150 malaria-negative and up to 30 malaria-positive RDTs in 41 sites distributed in 9 regions of Mali. DNA extracted from the RDT nitrocellulose strip was assayed with a pan-Plasmodium qPCR. Positive samples were then analyzed with P. falciparum-, P. malariae-, P. vivax-, or P. ovale-specific qPCRs. RESULTS Of the 1496 RDTs, 258 (18.6%) were positive for Plasmodium spp., of which 96.9% were P. falciparum. The P. vivax prevalence reached 21.1% in the north. RDT displayed acceptable diagnostic indices; the lower CI95% bounds of Youden indices were all ≥0.50, except in the north (Youden index 0.66 (95% CI [0.44-0.82]) and 0.63 (95% CI [0.33-0.83]. CONCLUSIONS Overall, RDT diagnostic indices are adequate for the biological diagnosis of malaria in Mali. We recommend the use of RDTs detecting P. vivax-specific antigens in the north.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Dembélé
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Mady Cissoko
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali;
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Lassana Doumbia
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée (LBMA), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Badalabougou, Bamako BP 423, Mali;
| | - Aïssata Koné
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée (LBMA), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Badalabougou, Bamako BP 423, Mali;
| | - Mahamadou H. Magassa
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Maissane Mehadji
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Mahamadou A. Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali;
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
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Tokponnon TF, Ossè R, Yovogan B, Guidi E, Adoha CJ, Sominanhouin A, Ahouandjinou J, Sidick A, Akogbeto MC. Presence of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles gambiae and absence in other malaria vectors in Cove-Zagnanando-Ouinhi health zone in southern Benin, West Africa. Malar J 2024; 23:20. [PMID: 38225627 PMCID: PMC10790420 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Benin. The present study aims to evaluate the different Plasmodium species transmitted by malaria vectors in the communes of Cove, Zagnanado and Ouinhi, Southern Benin. METHODS The study was conducted between December 2021 and October 2022 in 60 villages spread over the three study communes. Adult mosquitoes were collected from four houses in each village using human landing catches (HLCs). After morphological identification, a subsample of Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus and Anopheles nili was analysed by PCR to test for their infection to the different Plasmodium species. RESULTS Anopheles gambiae was collected at higher frequency in all the three study communes, representing 93.5% (95% CI 92.9-94) of all collected mosquitoes (n = 10,465). In total, five molecular species were found, An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles coluzzii of the Gambiae complex, An. funestus and Anopheles leesoni of the Funestus group, and An. nili s.s., the sole species of the Nili group. From the five molecular species, four (An. gambiae s.s., An. coluzzii, An. funestus s.s. and An. nili s.s.) were found to be infected. Plasmodium falciparum was the main Plasmodium species in the study area, followed by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. Only An. gambiae s.s. was infected with all three Plasmodium species, while An. coluzzii was infected with two species, P. falciparum and P. vivax. CONCLUSIONS Plasmodium falciparum was the only species tested for in malaria vectors in Benin, and remains the only one against which most control tools are directed. It is, therefore, necessary that particular attention be paid to secondary Plasmodium species for an efficient control of the disease. The presence of P. vivax emphasizes the need for an update of case management for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatchémè Filémon Tokponnon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin.
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Razaki Ossè
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
- Ecole de Gestion et d'Exploitation des Systèmes d'Elevage, Université Nationale d'Agriculture, Ketou, Benin
| | - Boulais Yovogan
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Ella Guidi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Constantin J Adoha
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - André Sominanhouin
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Juvenal Ahouandjinou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Aboubakar Sidick
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Martin C Akogbeto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin
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Dabaro D, Birhanu Z, Adissu W, Yilma D, Yewhalaw D. Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic malaria infection in Boricha District, Sidama Region, Ethiopia: implications for elimination strategies. Malar J 2023; 22:284. [PMID: 37752572 PMCID: PMC10521520 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health threat in Ethiopia despite the tremendous progress made towards the 2030 elimination targets. The silent transmission of asymptomatic infection is one of the factors that enhance the persistence of the disease as a public health issue and impedes efforts to eliminate malaria. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic malaria infection in Boricha district, Sidama region of Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in eight selected kebeles (smallest administrative unit) in Boricha district. Representative households were chosen using a multi-stage sampling technique. A total of 573 participants were included in the study. Malaria diagnosis was performed using rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopy. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect socio-demographic information. Epi data 3.1 was employed for data entry, and SPSS version 25 was used for analysis. RESULTS Of the 573 asymptomatic participants tested, 6.1% were found to be positive by RDT and 4.0% by microscopy. Participants aged under 5 years (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI 0.46-5.39) and 5-14 years old (AOR = 2.42, 95% CI 1.08-5.40), Insecticide-treated net utilization (AOR = 8.41; 95% CI 1.09-65.08), travel history (AOR = 6.85, 95% CI 2.32-20.26) and living in a house with windows (AOR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.02-4.36) were significantly associated with the asymptomatic malaria infection. CONCLUSION The findings of this study revealed that prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection was higher in the study area. As a result, rigorous implementation of existing interventions, such as vector control and anti-malaria drugs, is strongly recommended. In addition, devising new ones that are suited to the contextual situations is highly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Dabaro
- Yirgalem Hospital Medical College, Yirgalem, Ethiopia.
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Wondimagegn Adissu
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Clinical Trial Unit, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Yilma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Clinical Trial Unit, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Ansah F, Nyame K, Laryea R, Owusu R, Amon D, Boyetey MJB, Ayeke D, Razak N, Kornu VE, Ashitei S, Owusu-Appiah C, Chirawurah JD, Abugri J, Aniweh Y, Opoku N, Sutherland CJ, Binka FN, Kweku M, Awandare GA, Dinko B. The temporal dynamics of Plasmodium species infection after artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) among asymptomatic children in the Hohoe municipality, Ghana. Malar J 2023; 22:271. [PMID: 37710288 PMCID: PMC10500816 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The routine surveillance of asymptomatic malaria using nucleic acid-based amplification tests is essential in obtaining reliable data that would inform malaria policy formulation and the implementation of appropriate control measures. METHODS In this study, the prevalence rate and the dynamics of Plasmodium species among asymptomatic children (n = 1697) under 5 years from 30 communities within the Hohoe municipality in Ghana were determined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The observed prevalence of Plasmodium parasite infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was 33.6% (571/1697), which was significantly higher compared to that obtained by microscopy [26.6% (451/1697)] (P < 0.0001). Based on species-specific analysis by nested PCR, Plasmodium falciparum infection [33.6% (570/1697)] was dominant, with Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium vivax infections accounting for 0.1% (1/1697), 0.0% (0/1697), and 0.0% (0/1697), respectively. The prevalence of P. falciparum infection among the 30 communities ranged from 0.0 to 82.5%. Following artesunate-amodiaquine (AS + AQ, 25 mg/kg) treatment of a sub-population of the participants (n = 184), there was a substantial reduction in Plasmodium parasite prevalence by 100% and 79.2% on day 7 based on microscopy and nested PCR analysis, respectively. However, there was an increase in parasite prevalence from day 14 to day 42, with a subsequent decline on day 70 by both microscopy and nested PCR. For parasite clearance rate analysis, we found a significant proportion of the participants harbouring residual Plasmodium parasites or parasite genomic DNA on day 1 [65.0% (13/20)], day 2 [65.0% (13/20)] and day 3 [60.0% (12/20)] after initiating treatment. Of note, gametocyte carriage among participants was low before and after treatment. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results indicate that a significant number of individuals could harbour residual Plasmodium parasites or parasite genomic DNA after treatment. The study demonstrates the importance of routine surveillance of asymptomatic malaria using sensitive nucleic acid-based amplification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ansah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwamina Nyame
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rukaya Laryea
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Richard Owusu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Denick Amon
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mark-Jefferson Buer Boyetey
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dzidzor Ayeke
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nasibatu Razak
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Victor E Kornu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sarah Ashitei
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Caleb Owusu-Appiah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jersley D Chirawurah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - James Abugri
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nicholas Opoku
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fred N Binka
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Margaret Kweku
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bismarck Dinko
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana.
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Permana DH, Hasmiwati, Suryandari DA, Rozi IE, Syahrani L, Setiadi W, Irawati N, Rizaldi, Wangsamuda S, Yusuf Y, Irdayanti, Aswad H, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D. The potential for zoonotic malaria transmission in five areas of Indonesia inhabited by non-human primates. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:267. [PMID: 37550692 PMCID: PMC10405420 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indonesia is home to many species of non-human primates (NHPs). Deforestation, which is still ongoing in Indonesia, has substantially reduced the habitat of NHPs in the republic. This has led to an intensification of interactions between NHPs and humans, which opens up the possibility of pathogen spillover. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of malarial parasite infections in NHPs in five provinces of Indonesia in 2022. Species of the genus Anopheles that can potentially transmit malarial pathogens to humans were also investigated. METHODS An epidemiological survey was conducted by capturing NHPs in traps installed in several localities in the five provinces, including in the surroundings of a wildlife sanctuary. Blood samples were drawn aseptically after the NHPs had been anesthetized; the animals were released after examination. Blood smears were prepared on glass slides, and dried blood spot tests on filter paper. Infections with Plasmodium spp. were determined morphologically from the blood smears, which were stained with Giemsa solution, and molecularly through polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing using rplU oligonucleotides. The NHPs were identified to species level by using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 gene as barcoding DNA markers. Mosquito surveillance included the collection of larvae from breeding sites and that of adults through the human landing catch (HLC) method together with light traps. RESULTS Analysis of the DNA extracted from the dried blood spot tests of the 110 captured NHPs revealed that 50% were positive for Plasmodium, namely Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium coatneyi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium sp. Prevalence determined by microscopic examination of the blood smears was 42%. Species of the primate genus Macaca and family Hylobatidae were identified by molecular analysis. The most common mosquito breeding sites were ditches, puddles and natural ponds. Some of the Anopheles letifer captured through HLC carried sporozoites of malaria parasites that can cause the disease in primates. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of malaria in the NHPs was high. Anopheles letifer, a potential vector of zoonotic malaria, was identified following its collection in Central Kalimantan by the HLC method. In sum, the potential for the transmission of zoonotic malaria in several regions of Indonesia is immense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dendi Hadi Permana
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Hasmiwati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Anita Suryandari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Ismail Ekoprayitno Rozi
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wuryantari Setiadi
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Nuzulia Irawati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Rizaldi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Suradi Wangsamuda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Yenni Yusuf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Irdayanti
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Hijral Aswad
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Puji Budi Setia Asih
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.
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Xu C, Wang Y, Li J, Zhou B, Xiao T, Sun H, Zhao G, Kong X, Wei Q, Yan G, Yin K. Molecular detection and species identification of Plasmodium spp. infection among imported cases in Eastern China, 2012-2018. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07865-9. [PMID: 37199766 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing number of returnees from malaria endemic areas, imported malaria has become a public health challenge in China. To better understand the characteristics of imported Plasmodium species and adjust appropriate strategies for malaria prevention and control in Eastern China, we conducted molecular detection and species identification on 1282 imported malaria cases in Shandong Province between 2012 and 2018. The findings showed that P. falciparum was predominant, particularly in cases imported from Africa. P. vivax was the dominant species imported from Asian countries. Additionally, imported P. ovale and P. malariae emerged in the province. Further surveillance and control of imported malaria among returnees from Africa and Southeast Asia is needed to be strengthened in Eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, China
| | - Yongbin Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, China
| | - Jin Li
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, China
| | | | - Ting Xiao
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, China
| | - Guihua Zhao
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, China
| | - Xiangli Kong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, China
| | - Qingkuan Wei
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, China
| | - Ge Yan
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, China
| | - Kun Yin
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, China.
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Tripathi H, Bhalerao P, Singh S, Arya H, Alotaibi BS, Rashid S, Hasan MR, Bhatt TK. Malaria therapeutics: are we close enough? Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:130. [PMID: 37060004 PMCID: PMC10103679 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by the apicomplexan protozoan parasite Plasmodium. Malaria is a significant health problem and the leading cause of socioeconomic losses in developing countries. WHO approved several antimalarials in the last 2 decades, but the growing resistance against the available drugs has worsened the scenario. Drug resistance and diversity among Plasmodium strains hinder the path of eradicating malaria leading to the use of new technologies and strategies to develop effective vaccines and drugs. A timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for any disease, including malaria. The available diagnostic methods for malaria include microscopy, RDT, PCR, and non-invasive diagnosis. Recently, there have been several developments in detecting malaria, with improvements leading to achieving an accurate, quick, cost-effective, and non-invasive diagnostic tool for malaria. Several vaccine candidates with new methods and antigens are under investigation and moving forward to be considered for clinical trials. This article concisely reviews basic malaria biology, the parasite's life cycle, approved drugs, vaccine candidates, and available diagnostic approaches. It emphasizes new avenues of therapeutics for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Preshita Bhalerao
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sujeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hemant Arya
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, 305817, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Bader Saud Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Alquwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, 11971, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Raghibul Hasan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Alquwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, 11971, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tarun Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, 305817, Rajasthan, India.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Matamoros G, Escobar D, Pinto A, Serrano D, Ksandrová E, Grimaldi N, Juárez-Fontecha G, Moncada M, Valdivia HO, Fontecha G. PET-PCR reveals low parasitaemia and submicroscopic malarial infections in Honduran Moskitia. Malar J 2023; 22:110. [PMID: 36978056 PMCID: PMC10053754 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a main parasitic disease of humans. Although the largest number of cases is reported in the African region, there are still endemic foci in the Americas. Central America reported 36,000 malaria cases in 2020, which represents 5.5% of cases in the Americas and 0.015% of cases globally. Most malaria infections in Central America are reported in La Moskitia, shared by Honduras and Nicaragua. In the Honduran Moskitia, less than 800 cases were registered in 2020, considering it an area of low endemicity. In low endemicity settings, the number of submicroscopic and asymptomatic infections tends to increase, leaving many cases undetected and untreated. These reservoirs challenge national malaria elimination programmes. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of Light Microscopy (LM), a nested PCR test and a photoinduced electron transfer polymerase chain reaction (PET-PCR) in a population of febrile patients from La Moskitia. METHODS A total of 309 febrile participants were recruited using a passive surveillance approach at the Puerto Lempira hospital. Blood samples were analysed by LM, nested PCR, and PET-PCR. Diagnostic performance including sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, kappa index, accuracy, and ROC analysis was evaluated. The parasitaemia of the positive samples was quantified by both LM and PET-PCR. RESULTS The overall prevalence of malaria was 19.1% by LM, 27.8% by nPCR, and 31.1% by PET-PCR. The sensitivity of LM was 67.4% compared to nPCR, and the sensitivity of LM and nPCR was 59.6% and 80.8%, respectively, compared to PET-PCR. LM showed a kappa index of 0.67, with a moderate level of agreement. Forty positive cases by PET-PCR were not detected by LM. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that LM is unable to detect parasitaemia at low levels and that there is a high degree of submicroscopic infections in the Honduran Moskitia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Matamoros
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Denis Escobar
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Alejandra Pinto
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Delmy Serrano
- Hospital de Puerto Lempira, Secretaría de Salud de Honduras, Gracias a Dios, Honduras
| | - Eliška Ksandrová
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Nicole Grimaldi
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gabriel Juárez-Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Marcela Moncada
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Hugo O Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), 07006, Lima, Peru
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
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10
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Aggarwal S, Selvaraj S, Subramanian JN, Vijayalakshmi MA, Patankar S, Srivastava S. Polyclonal Antibody Generation against PvTRAg for the Development of a Diagnostic Assay for Plasmodium vivax. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050835. [PMID: 36899977 PMCID: PMC10001162 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has set forth a global call for eradicating malaria, caused majorly by the protozoan parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The lack of diagnostic biomarkers for P. vivax, especially those that differentiate the parasite from P. falciparum, significantly hinders P. vivax elimination. Here, we show that P. vivax tryptophan-rich antigen (PvTRAg) can be a diagnostic biomarker for diagnosing P. vivax in malaria patients. We report that polyclonal antibodies against purified PvTRAg protein show interactions with purified PvTRAg and native PvTRAg using Western blots and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also developed an antibody-antigen-based qualitative assay using biolayer interferometry (BLI) to detect vivax infection using plasma samples from patients with different febrile diseases and healthy controls. The polyclonal anti-PvTRAg antibodies were used to capture free native PvTRAg from the patient plasma samples using BLI, providing a new expansion range to make the assay quick, accurate, sensitive, and high-throughput. The data presented in this report provides a proof of concept for PvTRAg, a new antigen, for developing a diagnostic assay for P. vivax identification and differentiation from the rest of the Plasmodium species and, at a later stage, translating the BLI assay into affordable, point-of-care formats to make it more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Aggarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610010, Israel
| | - Selvamano Selvaraj
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | | | | | - Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-(22)-2576-7779
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Tsegaye A, Demissew A, Hawaria D, Getachew H, Habtamu K, Asale A, Yan G, Yewhalaw D. Susceptibility of primary, secondary and suspected vectors to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:384. [PMID: 36271436 PMCID: PMC9587640 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide-based vector control interventions in combination with case management with artemisinin-based combination therapy has reduced malaria incidence and prevalence worldwide. Current control methods focus on the primary malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) and the An. funestus group; however, the impact of secondary and suspected vectors has been either sidelined or received limited attention. Defining the susceptibility of secondary, suspected vector species to different parasites in time and space is essential for efficient malaria control and elimination programs. The aim of this study was to assess the susceptibility of An. gambiae s.l., An. coustani complex and An. pharoensis to Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum infection in Ethiopia. METHODS Larvae of Anopheles spp. were collected from different aquatic habitats and reared to adults under laboratory conditions, with the temperature and humidity maintained at 27 ± 1 °C and 75 ± 5%, respectively. Adult female mosquitoes were identified to species as An. gambiae s.l., An. coustani complex and An. pharoensis. Females of these three Anopheles spp. were allowed to feed in parallel feeding assays on infected blood containing the same gametocytes isolated from P. falciparum and P. vivax gametocyte-positive patients by indirect membrane feeding assays. All blood-fed mosquitoes were held under laboratory conditions. After 7 days, all surviving mosquitoes were dissected to detect mid-gut oocyst and enumerated under a microscope. RESULTS Of 5915 female Anopheles mosquitoes exposed to gametocyte-infected blood, 2106 (35.6%)s fed successfully in the 32 independent infection experiments. There was a significant variation in feeding rates among An. gambiae s.l., An. pharoensis and An. coustani complex (G-test = 48.43, P = 3.049e-11). All three exposed mosquito species were receptive to P. vivax and P. falciparum infection development. The percentage of infected mosquitoes following feeding on an infected blood meal was significantly different among species (G-test = 6.49, P = 0.03886). The median infection intensity (II) for An. coustani complex, An. gambiae s.l. and An. pharoensis was 1.16, 2.00 and 1.25, respectively. Although the proportion of infected mosquitoes significantly differed in terms of II, infection rate (IR) and mean oocyst density among the species, mean oocyst density and IR were highly correlated with gametocyte density in all tests (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Primary, secondary and suspected vectors were experimentally susceptible to both P. vivax and P. falciparum infection. An effective malaria elimination program might include surveillance and control tools which target secondary and suspected vectors that might play an outdoor transmission role, possibly resulting in reduced focal malaria transmission. Comparison of the three species' mean infection rates with standard deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arega Tsegaye
- grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia ,grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia ,grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Assalif Demissew
- grid.427581.d0000 0004 0439 588XDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia ,grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia ,grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Hawaria
- grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia ,grid.192268.60000 0000 8953 2273School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia ,grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Hallelujah Getachew
- grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia ,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arbaminch, Ethiopia ,grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Habtamu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Menelik II College of Medicine and Health Science, Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ,grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia ,grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Department of Microbial, Cellular & Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Asale
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICEPE), LRI Campus, Gurd Shola, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Guiyun Yan
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia ,grid.411903.e0000 0001 2034 9160Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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12
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Ansah F, Krampa F, Donkor JK, Owusu-Appiah C, Ashitei S, Kornu VE, Danku RK, Chirawurah JD, Awandare GA, Aniweh Y, Kanyong P. Ultrasensitive electrochemical genosensors for species-specific diagnosis of malaria. Electrochim Acta 2022; 429:140988. [PMID: 36225971 PMCID: PMC9472471 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absence of reliable species-specific diagnostic tools for malaria at point-of-care (POC) remains a major setback towards effective disease management. This is partly due to the limited sensitivity and specificity of the current malaria POC diagnostic kits especially in cases of low-density parasitaemia and mixed species infections. In this study, we describe the first label-free DNA-based genosensors based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for species-specific detection of P. falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale. The limits of detection (LOD) for the three species-specific genosensors were down in attomolar concentrations ranging from 18.7 aM to 43.6 aM, which is below the detection limits of previously reported malaria genosensors. More importantly, the diagnostic performance of the three genosensors were compared to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays using purified genomic DNA and the paired whole blood lysates from clinical samples. Remarkably, all the qPCR-positive purified genomic DNA samples were correctly identified by the genosensors indicating 100% sensitivity for each of the three malaria species. The specificities of the three genosensors ranged from 66.7% to 100.0% with a Therapeutic Turnaround Time (TTAT) within 30 min, which is comparable to the TTAT of current POC diagnostic tools for malaria. This work represents a significant step towards the development of accurate and rapid species-specific nucleic acid-based toolkits for the diagnosis of malaria at the POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ansah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Krampa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge,CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob K. Donkor
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Caleb Owusu-Appiah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sarah Ashitei
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Victor E. Kornu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Reinhard K. Danku
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jersley D. Chirawurah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gordon A. Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prosper Kanyong
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Siemens Healthineers, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products Ltd, Llanberis, Gwynedd LL55 4EL, United Kingdom
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13
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Boussougou-Sambe ST, Woldearegai TG, Doumba-Ndalembouly AG, Ngossanga B, Mba RB, Edoa JR, Zinsou JF, Honkpehedji YJ, Ngoa UA, Dejon-Agobé JC, Borrmann S, Kremsner PG, Mordmüller B, Adegnika AA. Assessment of malaria transmission intensity and insecticide resistance mechanisms in three rural areas of the Moyen Ogooué Province of Gabon. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:217. [PMID: 35725630 PMCID: PMC9208124 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector control is considered to be the most successful component of malaria prevention programs and a major contributor to the reduction of malaria incidence over the last two decades. However, the success of this strategy is threatened by the development of resistance to insecticides and behavioural adaptations of vectors. The aim of this study was to monitor malaria transmission and the distribution of insecticide resistance genes in Anopheles populations from three rural areas of the Moyen Ogooué Province of Gabon. Methods Anopheles spp. were collected using human landing catches in Bindo, Nombakélé and Zilé, three villages located in the surroundings of Lambaréné, during both the rainy and dry seasons. Mosquitoes were identified morphologically, and DNA was extracted from heads and thoraces. Members of the Anopheles gambiae complex were identified by molecular methods using the PCR SINE200 protocol and by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 region. Taqman assays were used to determine Plasmodium infection and the presence of resistance alleles. Results Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (97.7%), An. moucheti (1.7%) and An. coustani (0.6%) were the three groups of species collected. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (98.5%) and An. coluzzii (1.5%) were the only species of the An. gambiae complex present in the collection. Of the 1235 Anopheles collected, 1193 were collected during the rainy season; these exhibited an exophagic behaviour, and consistently more mosquitoes were collected outdoor than indoor in the three study areas. Of the 1166 Anopheles screened, 26 (2.2%) were infected with Plasmodium species, specifically Plasmodium falciparum (66.7%), P. malariae (15.4%), P. ovale curtisi (11.5%) and P. ovale wallikeri (3.8%). Malaria transmission intensity was high in Zilé, with an average annual entomological inoculation rate (aEIR) of 243 infective bites per year, while aEIRs in Bindo and Nombakélé were 80.2 and 17 infective bites per year, respectively. Both the L1014F and L1014S mutations were present at frequencies > 95% but no Ace1G119S mutation was found. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that malaria transmission intensity is heterogeneous in these three rural areas of Moyen Ogooué Province, with areas of high transmission, such as Zilé. The exophagic behaviour of the mosquitoes as well as the high frequency of resistance mutations are serious challenges that need to be addressed by the deployment of control measures adapted to the local setting. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05320-9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamirat Gebru Woldearegai
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Romuald Beh Mba
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | | | - Jeannot Fréjus Zinsou
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yabo Josiane Honkpehedji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Jean Claude Dejon-Agobé
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center (UMC), 6524 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ayôla A Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
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Slater L, Ashraf S, Zahid O, Ali Q, Oneeb M, Akbar MH, Riaz MI, Afshan K, Sargison N, Chaudhry U. Current methods for the detection of Plasmodium parasite species infecting humans. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2022; 2:100086. [PMID: 35434694 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is the world’s fatal parasitic disease. The ability to quickly and accurately identify malaria infection in challenging environments is crucial to allow efficient administration of the best treatment regime for human patients. If those techniques are accessible and efficient, global detection of Plasmodium species will become more sensitive, allowing faster and more precise action to be taken for disease control strategies. Recent advances in technology have enhanced our ability to diagnose different species of Plasmodium parasites with greater sensitivity and specificity. This literature review provides a summary and discussion of the current methods for the diagnosis and identification of Plasmodium spp. in human blood samples. So far not a single method is precise, but advanced technologies give consistent identification of a Plasmodium infection in endemic regions. By using the power of the recent methods, we can provide a broader understanding of the multiplicity of infection and or transmission dynamics of Plasmodium spp. This will result in improved disease control strategies, better-informed policy, and effective treatment for malaria-positive patients. Summary of the methods currently available for the detection of Plasmodium spp. infecting humans. No single method is perfect for every application to identify Plasmodium spp. Newly developed methods give promise for more reliable characterisation of Plasmodium spp.
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Manirakiza G, Kassaza K, Taremwa IM, Bazira J, Byarugaba F. Molecular identification and anti-malarial drug resistance profile of Plasmodium falciparum from patients attending Kisoro Hospital, southwestern Uganda. Malar J 2022; 21:21. [PMID: 35033082 PMCID: PMC8761270 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-04023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of malaria infection has necessitated the development of highly sensitive diagnostic assays, as well as the use of dried blood spots (DBS) as a potential source of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) yield for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. This study identified the different Plasmodium species in malaria-positive patients, and the anti-malarial drug resistance profile for Plasmodium falciparum using DBS samples collected from patients attending Kisoro Hospital in Kisoro district, Southwestern Uganda. Methods The blood samples were prospectively collected from patients diagnosed with malaria to make DBS, which were then used to extract DNA for real-time PCR and high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Plasmodium species were identified by comparing the control and test samples using HRM-PCR derivative curves. Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine (CQ) resistance transporter (pfcrt) and kelch13 to screen the samples for anti-malarial resistance markers. The HRM-PCR derivative curve was used to present a summary distribution of the different Plasmodium species as well as the anti-malarial drug profile. Results Of the 152 participants sampled, 98 (64.5%) were females. The average age of the participants was 34.9 years (range: 2 months–81 years). There were 134 samples that showed PCR amplification, confirming the species as Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum (N = 122), Plasmodium malariae (N = 6), Plasmodium ovale (N = 4), and Plasmodium vivax (N = 2) were the various Plasmodium species and their proportions. The results showed that 87 (71.3%) of the samples were sensitive strains/wild type (CVMNK), 4 (3.3%) were resistant haplotypes (SVMNT), and 31 (25.4%) were resistant haplotypes (CVIET). Kelch13 C580Y mutation was not detected. Conclusion The community served by Kisoro hospital has a high Plasmodium species burden, according to this study. Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant species, and it has shown that resistance to chloroquine is decreasing in the region. Based on this, molecular identification of Plasmodium species is critical for better clinical management. Besides, DBS is an appropriate medium for DNA preservation and storage for future epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Manirakiza
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Kennedy Kassaza
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Ivan Mugisha Taremwa
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Clarke International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joel Bazira
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Fredrick Byarugaba
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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Okagu IU, Aguchem RN, Ezema CA, Ezeorba TPC, Eje OE, Ndefo JC. Molecular mechanisms of hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria: A review. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 247:111446. [PMID: 34953384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a dangerous disease that contributes to millions of hospital visits and hundreds of thousands of deaths, especially in children residing in sub-Saharan Africa. Although several interventions such as vector control, case detection, and treatment are already in place, there is no substantive reduction in the disease burden. Several studies in the past have reported the emergence of resistant strains of malaria parasites (MPs) and mosquitoes, and poor adherence and inaccessibility to effective antimalarial drugs as the major factors for this persistent menace of malaria infections. Moreover, victory against MP infections for many years has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the complex nature of malaria pathogenesis. Very recent studies have identified different complex interactions and hematological alterations induced by malaria parasites. However, no studies have hybridized these alterations for a better understanding of Malaria pathogenesis. Hence, this review thoroughly discusses the molecular mechanisms of all reported hematological and biochemical alterations induced by MPs infections. Specifically, the mechanisms in which MP-infection induces anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, dyslipidemia, hypoglycemia, oxidative stress, and liver and kidney malfunctions were presented. The study also discussed how MPs evade the host's immune response and suggested strategies to limit evasion of the host's immune response to combat malaria and its complications.
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Domingues W, Dos Santos EH, Yamamoto L, Di Santi SM, Kanunfre KA, Okay TS. Single-round multiplex PCR with species-specific mitochondrial primers of P. falciparum, P. vivax/P. simium and P. malariae/P. brasilianum: Comparison with standard techniques. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 193:106398. [PMID: 34953974 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A single-round multiplex PCR (mPCR) with species-specific primers (SSP) of three mitochondrial genes of Plasmodium, namely COX I, COX III and CYT B, was compared to microscopy and 18S rRNA semi-nested PCR, nested-PCR and Real Time PCRs (*PCRs). Each parasite has between 20 and 150 mitochondria and each mitochondria has one copy of each target gene, while 18S rRNA gene is repeated 4 to 8 times. The specificity of mPCR was assessed by testing Plasmodium from rodents and birds, parasites responsible for other endemic diseases in the country such as schistosomiasis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis in addition to microorganisms that, like Plasmodium, can cause anemia (Bartonella henselae, Babesia vogeli, Rickettsia vini). No cross-reactions were detected. From a total of 149 specimens from suspected cases of malaria were tested, 97 were positive by microscopy (49 P. falciparum, 38 P. vivax, 6 P. malariae, 4 P. falciparum/P. vivax- mixed infections) and 52 were negative; 148 samples were positive by *PCRs (49 P. falciparum, 53 P. vivax, 7 P. malariae and 39 mixed infections) and one was negative; 146 were positive by mPCR (49 P. falciparum, 56 P. vivax, 9 P. malariae and 32 mixed infections) and three were negative. The comparison of groups found statistically significant differences between microscopy vs.*PCRs or vs. mPCR (p-values <0.0001), but no difference was found between mPCR vs. *PCRs (p=0.946). The agreement in the identification of Plasmodium species was only regular, with Kappa indices of 0.407 (microscopy vs. *PCRs), 0.433 (microscopy vs. mPCR) and 0.558 (*PCRs vs. mPCR). In conclusion, the diagnostic performance of mPCR was comparable to those of *PCRs, and superior to microscopy, although the identification of Plasmodium species showed many disagreements. In conclusion, a sensitive and specific one-round SSP multiplex PCR, capable of simultaneously detecting and identifying P. falciparum, P. vivax/P. simium and P. malariae/P. brasilianum may be useful in resource-constrained countries where quantitative amplifications are not yet fully accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Domingues
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emilly Henrique Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lidia Yamamoto
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Maria Di Santi
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Kanunfre
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; LIM 48, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thelma Suely Okay
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kassegne K, Fei SW, Ananou K, Noussougnon KS, Komi Koukoura K, Abe EM, Guo XK, Chen JH, Zhou XN. A Molecular Investigation of Malaria Infections From High-Transmission Areas of Southern Togo Reveals Different Species of Plasmodium Parasites. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:732923. [PMID: 34925255 PMCID: PMC8674532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.732923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria particularly burdens people in poor and neglected settings across the tropics of Africa. Meanwhile, a large proportion of the Togo population have poor understanding of malaria epidemiology and parasites. This study carried out a molecular survey of malaria cases in southern Togo during 2017–2019. We estimated Plasmodium species infection rates and microscopic examination compliance with nested PCR results. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed in conjunction with predictive values. Also, phylogenetic characterization of species of malaria parasites was assessed. Plasmodium genus-specific nested PCR identified 565 positive cases including 536/611 (87.8%) confirmed cases from the microscopy-positive group and 29/199 (14.6%) diagnosed malaria cases from the microscopy-negative group. Our findings revealed a disease prevalence (69.8%) higher than that reported (25.5–55.1%) for the country. The diagnostic test had 94.9% sensitivity and 69.4% specificity, i.e., it missed 120 of the people who had malaria and about one-third of the people tested positive for the disease, which they did not have, respectively. In conjunction, the test showed 87.7% positive predictive value and 85.4% negative predictive value, which, from a clinical perspective, indicates the chance that a person with a positive diagnostic test truly has the disease and the probability that a person with a negative test does not have the disease, respectively. Further species-specific nested PCR followed by analysis of gene sequences confirmed species of malaria parasites and indicated infection rates for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), 95.5% (540/565); P. ovale (Po), 0.5% (3/565); and P. malariae (Pm), 0.4% (2/565). In addition, 20 cases were coinfection cases of Pf-Po (15/565) and Pf-Pm (5/565). This study publicly reports, for the first time, a molecular survey of malaria cases in Togo and reveals the presence of other malaria parasites (Po and Pm) other than Pf. These findings might provide answers to some basic questions on the malaria scenario and, knowledge gained could help with intervention deployment for effective malaria control in Togo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokouvi Kassegne
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Wei Fei
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Koffigan Ananou
- Centre Médico-Social Notre Dame de la Consolation, Atakpamé, Togo
| | | | - Komi Komi Koukoura
- Laboratoire des Sciences Biomédicales, Alimentaires et Santé Environnementale, Département des Analyses Biomédicales, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Eniola Michael Abe
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Kui Guo
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Akindeh NM, Ngum LN, Niba PTN, Ali IM, Ayem OLO, Chedjou JPK, Fomboh CT, Ekollo AHM, Mbu’u CM, Mbacham WF. Assessing Asymptomatic Malaria Carriage of Plasmodium falciparum and Non- falciparum Species in Children Resident in Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Children (Basel) 2021; 8:children8110960. [PMID: 34828673 PMCID: PMC8623063 DOI: 10.3390/children8110960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is still a threat to public health as it remains the first endemic disease in the world. It is a pervasive parasitic disease in tropical and subtropical regions where asymptomatic malaria infection among humans serves as a significant reservoir for transmission. A rapid and correct diagnosis is considered to be an important strategy in the control of the disease especially in children, who are the most vulnerable group. This study assessed the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in children at the Nkolbisson health area in Yaoundé, Cameroon. A cross-sectional study design and a convenience sampling plan were used. A total of 127 participants were recruited after informed and signed consent from parents and/or guardians. Blood samples were collected by finger-pricking and venipuncture from children aged 6 months to 10 years and then screened for asymptomatic parasitemia by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), light microscopy (LM) staining with Giemsa and 18S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for speciation. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. The study identified 85 children who were positive from the PCR, 95 positive from the RDT and 71 from the LM, revealing a malaria prevalence of 66.9%, 74.8% and 55.9%, respectively. The prevalence was not observed to be dependent on the sex and age group of the participants. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species followed by Plasmodium malariae and then Plasmodium ovale. The RDT and LM had the same sensitivity (90.6%) with a slight difference in their specificity (RDT: 57.1%; LM: 54.8%). The RDT also demonstrated higher positive and negative predictive values compared with those of the LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nji Mbuh Akindeh
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
- Correspondence: (N.M.A.); (W.F.M.); Tel.: +237-675354405 (N.M.A.); +237-677579180 (W.F.M.)
| | - Lesley Ngum Ngum
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
- Institute of Medicine and Medicinal Plants Studies, Dschang 00237, Cameroon
| | - Peter Thelma Ngwa Niba
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
| | - Innocent Mbulli Ali
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang 00237, Cameroon
| | - Ornella Laetitia Oben Ayem
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
| | - Jean Paul Kengne Chedjou
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Calvino Tah Fomboh
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
| | - Aristid Herve Mbange Ekollo
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Institut Universitaire de Technologie, University of Ngoundere, Ngoundere BP 61207, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Mbanwi Mbu’u
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
| | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
- Correspondence: (N.M.A.); (W.F.M.); Tel.: +237-675354405 (N.M.A.); +237-677579180 (W.F.M.)
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Badiane AS, Ndiaye T, Thiaw AB, Binta DA, Diallo MA, Seck MC, Diongue K, Garba MN, Ndiaye M, Ndiaye D. High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection in Bandafassi, South-East Senegal. Malar J 2021; 20:218. [PMID: 33980241 PMCID: PMC8117620 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria control and elimination strategies are based on levels of transmission that are usually determined by data collected from health facilities. In endemic areas, asymptomatic Plasmodium infection is thought to represent the majority of infections, though they are not diagnosed nor treated. Therefore, there might be an underestimation of the malaria reservoir, resulting in inadequate control strategies. In addition, these untreated asymptomatic Plasmodium infections maintain transmission, making it difficult or impossible to reach malaria elimination goals. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in southeastern Senegal. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted among asymptomatic individuals (N = 122) living in the village of Andiel located in Bandafassi, Kédougou, which consisted of about 200 inhabitants during the malaria transmission season in late October 2019. For each individual without malaria-related symptoms and who consented to participate, a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was performed in the field. Results were confirmed in the laboratory with photo-induced electron transfer (PET-PCR). Results Malaria prevalence was 70.3% by PET-PCR and 41.8% by RDT. During the same period, the health post of the area reported 49. 1% test positivity rate by RDT. The majority of the infected study population, 92.9%, was infected with a single species and 7.1% had two or three species of Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum was predominant and represented 90.2% of the infections, while 6.5% were due to Plasmodium ovale and 3.3% to Plasmodium malariae. 59.4% of children targeted for SMC (zero to ten years old) were infected. Conclusion In southeastern Senegal, where the transmission is the highest, malaria control strategies should address asymptomatic Plasmodium infections at the community level. The results suggest that this area could be eligible for mass drug administration. Moreover, non-falciparum species could be more common and its prevalence should be determined countrywide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Sadikh Badiane
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. .,Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Tolla Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alphonse Birane Thiaw
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Deme Awa Binta
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Alpha Diallo
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mame Cheikh Seck
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Khadim Diongue
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamane Nassirou Garba
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mouhamadou Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
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Kloehn J, Harding CR, Soldati-Favre D. Supply and demand-heme synthesis, salvage and utilization by Apicomplexa. FEBS J 2020; 288:382-404. [PMID: 32530125 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Apicomplexa phylum groups important human and animal pathogens that cause severe diseases, encompassing malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. In common with most organisms, apicomplexans rely on heme as cofactor for several enzymes, including cytochromes of the electron transport chain. This heme derives from de novo synthesis and/or the development of uptake mechanisms to scavenge heme from their host. Recent studies have revealed that heme synthesis is essential for Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, as well as for the mosquito and liver stages of Plasmodium spp. In contrast, the erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasites rely on scavenging heme from the host red blood cell. The unusual heme synthesis pathway in Apicomplexa spans three cellular compartments and comprises enzymes of distinct ancestral origin, providing promising drug targets. Remarkably given the requirement for heme, T. gondii can tolerate the loss of several heme synthesis enzymes at a high fitness cost, while the ferrochelatase is essential for survival. These findings indicate that T. gondii is capable of salvaging heme precursors from its host. Furthermore, heme is implicated in the activation of the key antimalarial drug artemisinin. Recent findings established that a reduction in heme availability corresponds to decreased sensitivity to artemisinin in T. gondii and Plasmodium falciparum, providing insights into the possible development of combination therapies to tackle apicomplexan parasites. This review describes the microeconomics of heme in Apicomplexa, from supply, either from de novo synthesis or scavenging, to demand by metabolic pathways, including the electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clare R Harding
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
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Feleke DG, Adamu A, Gebreweld A, Tesfaye M, Demisiss W, Molla G. Asymptomatic malaria infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in malaria endemic areas of North-Shoa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Malar J 2020; 19:67. [PMID: 32046733 PMCID: PMC7014710 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effort to reduce the burden of malaria should target transmission in the community by accurate identification of asymptomatic infections. In malaria-endemic areas, asymptomatic malaria infection is still associated with complications. Malaria during pregnancy is characterized by anaemia and placental malaria, leading to low birth weight and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to provide reliable data on the burden of asymptomatic malaria among pregnant women in malaria endemic areas of North-Shoa, Ethiopia. Methods Cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic malaria in pregnant women from November 2018 to January 2019. Multistage sampling technique was employed to include 263 study participants. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20.0 statistical software. In all comparisons, p-values ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection was 5.7% (15/263) and 3.4% (9/263) by using microscopy and RDTs, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum was a dominant species 9 (3.4%) and Plasmodium vivax accounted for 6 (2.3%) of Plasmodium infections as detected by microscopy. Multivariate analysis showed that ITN usage and haemoglobin level had a statistically significant association with Plasmodium infection after adjusting other possible factors. Compared to those who were using ITN always, the odds of Plasmodium infection was 18.16 times higher (95% CI 1.84–179.07) in pregnant women who were not using ITN, and 5.19 times higher (95% CI 0.55–49.21) in pregnant women who were using ITN sometimes. Asymptomatic malaria infected pregnant women were 3.78 times (95% CI 0.98–14.58) more likely to be anaemic compared to non-infected pregnant women. Conclusion The present study showed asymptomatic malaria is prevalent in pregnant women and it has statistically significance association with the haemoglobin level of pregnant women. This indicates pregnant women have to be screened for asymptomatic malaria to avoid health consequences of malaria infection during pregnancy for the mother and fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Getacher Feleke
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - Aderaw Adamu
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Angesom Gebreweld
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Melkam Tesfaye
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Wondmagegn Demisiss
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Genet Molla
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Feleke SM, Brhane BG, Mamo H, Assefa A, Woyessa A, Ogawa GM, Cama V. Sero-identification of the aetiologies of human malaria exposure (Plasmodium spp.) in the Limu Kossa District of Jimma Zone, South western Ethiopia. Malar J 2019; 18:292. [PMID: 31455373 PMCID: PMC6712699 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a very important public health problem in Ethiopia. Currently, only Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are considered in the malaria diagnostic and treatment policies. However, the existence and prevalence of Plasmodium ovale spp. and Plasmodium malariae in Ethiopia have not been extensively investigated. The objective of this study was to use a multiplex IgG antibody detection assay to evaluate evidence for exposure to any of these four human malaria parasites among asymptomatic individuals. METHODS Dried blood spots (DBS) were collected from 180 healthy study participants during a 2016 onchocerciasis survey in the Jimma Zone, southwest Ethiopia. IgG antibody reactivity was detected using a multiplex bead assay for seven Plasmodium antigens: P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP), P. falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1), P. falciparum liver stage antigen-1 (LSA1), and homologs of the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1)-19kD antigens that are specific for P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale spp. and P. malariae. RESULTS One hundred six participants (59%) were IgG seropositive for at least one of the Plasmodium antigens tested. The most frequent responses were against P. falciparum AMA1 (59, 33%) and P. vivax (55, 28%). However, IgG antibodies against P. ovale spp. and P. malariae were detected in 19 (11%) and 13 (7%) of the participants, respectively, providing serological evidence that P. malariae and P. ovale spp., which are rarely reported, may also be endemic in Jimma. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the informative value of multiplex serology and the need to confirm whether P. malariae and P. ovale spp. are aetiologies of malaria in Ethiopia, which is critical for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hassen Mamo
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Woyessa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Guilherme Maerschner Ogawa
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vitaliano Cama
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
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Rukundo HAM, Taremwa IM, Muwanguzi E, Ndyomubantu M, Byarugaba F, Natukunda B. Assessment of the quality of stored blood for transfusion at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Southwestern Uganda. J Blood Med 2019; 10:161-169. [PMID: 31308775 PMCID: PMC6612949 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s205708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and objective: To assess the quality of blood stored for transfusion at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) regarding bacterial contamination, malaria infection, and laboratory audit status. Materials and methods: Whole blood and packed red blood cells at MRRH were critically inspected for visual anomalies, and a portion of this blood was aseptically collected and analyzed for Plasmodium species and bacterial contamination using culture methods. For culture positive samples, drug susceptibility testing (DST) was done using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. An audit using Stepwise Laboratory quality Improvement Process Towards Accreditation (SLIPTA) quality checklist was conducted. The obtained data were analyzed as frequencies and proportions at 95% confidence interval (CI), and significance levels of relatedness were set at p-values<0.05. Results: Of the 202 samples analyzed, 6 (3%) had bacteria while 3 (1.5%) had Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites. The bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (N=4, 66.7%); Corynebacterium spp (N=1, 16.7%) and Micrococcus spp (N=1, 16.7%). Staphylococcus aureus showed sensitivity to chloramphenicol, oxacillin, amikacin, and gentamycin. Thirty (14.9%) of these units had visually detectable anomalies, and the laboratory audit score was 53.8%. Conclusion: The quality of some blood stored for transfusion at MRRH was inadequate, and the laboratory quality standard based on SLIPTA was low. Based on this, it is crucial to always insist on aseptic measures at all stages (phlebotomy, processing, transporting, and blood storage) and consider more assessment of the donor risk to minimize transfusion-transmitted malaria. It is plausible to standardize the hospital blood transfusion laboratory and revive hemovigilance by the hospital transfusion committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Alice Mbabazi Rukundo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Ivan Mugisha Taremwa
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Clarke International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Enoch Muwanguzi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Mark Ndyomubantu
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Frederick Byarugaba
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Bernard Natukunda
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
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Yin J, Li M, Yan H, Zhou S. Considerations on PCR-based methods for malaria diagnosis in China malaria diagnosis reference laboratory network. Biosci Trends 2019; 12:510-514. [PMID: 30473560 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2018.01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Precise diagnosis is a key measurement for malaria control and elimination, traditional microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests cannot satisfy the requirements especially in the low transmission endemic areas or in the malaria elimination phase. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with high sensitivity and specificity can be considered as a diagnostic standard while no uniform PCR assay was established due to variations in their performance and lack of formal external quality assurance programs for validation for PCR assays in use. Here, 24 articles including 43 paired comparative evaluations limited to paired comparison of diagnostic performance between real-time PCR and conventional PCR to detect plasmodium in blood samples of human subjects from clinics or the field are systematically summarized. And according to the Landis and Koch classification, nineteen pairs showed almost perfect agreement, followed by 8 pairs of moderate agreement and 4 pairs of good agreement, while the kappa values of 12 pairs couldn't be examined. Moreover, the performance of 14 pairs were completely the same and 8 pairs had no differences, but 14 pairs were significant different including 8 pairs of real-time PCR with better performance than conventional PCR. Therefore, it is still an outstanding issue to choose PCR methods, and more work such as the standardization of materials and methods in use and their availability are needed to settle priority to better promote the role of malaria diagnosis reference laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health
| | - Mei Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health
| | - He Yan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health
| | - Shuisen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health
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Ariffin NM, Islahudin F, Makmor-Bakry M, Kumolosasi E, Hamid MHA. Factors Affecting Primaquine Combination Treatment in Malaria Patients in Selangor, Malaysia. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2018; 9:239-245. [PMID: 29456374 PMCID: PMC5810073 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_48_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Primaquine is vital for the management of liver-stage Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale malaria. However, primaquine effectiveness is dependent on various factors and differs between populations. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify factors that affect the length of stay and relapse during primaquine combination treatment in malaria-infected patients in the local setting. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study on the use of primaquine combination among P. vivax and P. ovale infected patients in Selangor, Malaysia within a 5-year period from 2011 to 2015 was obtained from the National Malaria Case Registry, Malaysia. Data collected were patient characteristics (age, gender, nationality, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pregnancy); disease characteristics (survival, past malaria infection, parasite type, presence of gametocyte, parasite count, week onset, severity, transmission type); and treatment characteristics (type of antimalarial, treatment completion). Outcome measures were length of stay and relapse during a 1-year follow-up. Results: A total of 635 patients were included in the study. Based on a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the significant predictors for length of stay were gender (P = 0.009) and indigenous transmission (P < 0.001). Male patients had a shorter length of stay than females by 0.868 days (P = 0.009), and indigenous transmission took 1.82 days more compared to nonindigenous transmission (P < 0.001). Predictors for relapse were indigenous transmission of malaria (P = 0.019), which was 15.83 times more likely to relapse than nonindigenous transmission (P < 0.01). Conclusions: This study reveals that the effectiveness of primaquine was clinically associated with gender and indigenous transmission. To that end, vigilant monitoring of primaquine use is required to reduce relapse and future transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norliza Mat Ariffin
- Quality Use of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Farida Islahudin
- Quality Use of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Makmor-Bakry
- Quality Use of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Endang Kumolosasi
- Quality Use of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafizi A Hamid
- Vector Borne Disease Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
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Kwenti TE, Kwenti TDB, Njunda LA, Latz A, Tufon KA, Nkuo-Akenji T. Identification of the Plasmodium species in clinical samples from children residing in five epidemiological strata of malaria in Cameroon. Trop Med Health 2017. [PMID: 28630585 PMCID: PMC5471890 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-017-0058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria in Cameroon was previously known to be caused solely by Plasmodium falciparum but today, evidence points to other Plasmodium species including P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. The purpose of this study was to identify the Plasmodium species in clinical samples from children residing in five epidemiological strata of malaria in Cameroon, so as to advise control policies. Methods One thousand six hundred nine febrile children (≤15 years) were recruited from five epidemiological strata of malaria including the Sudano-sahelian (SS) strata, the High inland plateau (HIP) strata, the South Cameroonian Equatorial forest (SCEF) strata, the High western plateau (HWP) strata and the Coastal (C) strata. Malaria parasites were detected by Giemsa microscopy (GM) while a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the Plasmodium species. Statistical analysis performed included the Pearson chi-square test, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results The PCR-adjusted prevalence of malaria was 17.6%. The detection rate of PCR was higher than GM (p = 0.05). However, GM demonstrated a high sensitivity (85.5%) and specificity (100%) and, overall, a perfectly correlated agreement with PCR (97.5%). The prevalence of malaria was significantly higher in children between 60 and 119 months (p < 0.001) and in Limbe (in the Coastal strata) (p < 0.001). Contrariwise, the prevalence of malaria was not associated with gender (p = 0.239). P. falciparum was identified in all (100%) the cases of malaria; P. ovale, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. knowlesi were all absent. No case of mixed infection was identified. Conclusions P. falciparum was the only species causing clinical malaria in the target population, which is contrary to studies that have reported P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale as causing clinical malaria in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, P.B. 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.B. 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Diagnostic laboratory, Regional Hospital of Buea, P.B. 32, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Longdoh Anna Njunda
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, P.B. 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Andreas Latz
- Research and Development Department, NovaTec Immundiagnostica GmbH, Dietzenbach, Germany
| | - Kukwah Anthony Tufon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.B. 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Theresa Nkuo-Akenji
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.B. 63, Buea, Cameroon
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Singh G, Singh R, Urhehar AD. Simple Molecular Methods for Early Detection of Chloroquine Drug Resistance in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:DC19-23. [PMID: 27630842 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/18596.8154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria is a human disease of which causes high morbidity and mortality. In Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the resistance to antimalarial drugs, especially chloroquine (CQ) is one of the paramount factors contributing to the global increase in morbidity and mortality, due to malaria. Hence, there is a need for detection of chloroquine drug resistance genes i.e., pfcrt-o (Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter-o) and pfmdr-1 (Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance-1) of P. falciparum and pvcrt-o (Plasmodium vivax chloroquine resistance transporter-o) and pvmdr-1 (Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance-1) of P. vivax by using molecular methods to prevent mortality in malarial cases. AIM To standardize chloroquine drug sensitivity testing by molecular method so as to provide reports of chloroquine within 6-8 hours to physicians for better treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted over a period of one year from January to December 2014. A Total of 300 blood samples were collected from malaria suspected patient attending MGM Hospital, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, India. Out of 300 blood samples, 44 were malaria positive as assessed by Thick and Thin blood smear stained, by Leishman's method and examination with light microscope. Chloroquine drug sensitivity testing was performed using WHO III plate method (micro test). Nested PCR was done for detection of pfcrt-o and pfmdr-1 for P. falciparum and pvcrt-o, pvmdr-1 genes for P. vivax. RESULTS Total 44 samples were included in this study, out of which 22 samples confirmed for Plasmodium falciparum and 22 samples confirmed for Plasmodium vivax. Out of 22 P. falciparum 15 (68.18%) samples were chloroquine resistant. P. vivax showed chloroquine resistance to 5 samples (22.73%) by method similar to WHO III plate method (micro test) and nested PCR. CONCLUSION Drug resistance testing by molecular methods is useful for early detection of antimalarial drug resistance. pfmdr-1 along with pfcrt-o can be used as biomarker for chloroquine drug resistance in P. falciparum and pvmdr-1 along with pvcrt-o for P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjeet Singh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Dr. M.C. Saxena College of Medical Sciences , Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Raksha Singh
- Tutor, Department of Microbiology, MGM Medical College , Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anant Dattatraya Urhehar
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, MGM Medical College , Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Hoo R, Zhu L, Amaladoss A, Mok S, Natalang O, Lapp SA, Hu G, Liew K, Galinski MR, Bozdech Z, Preiser PR. Integrated analysis of the Plasmodium species transcriptome. EBioMedicine 2016; 7:255-66. [PMID: 27322479 PMCID: PMC4909483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome sequence available for different Plasmodium species is a valuable resource for understanding malaria parasite biology. However, comparative genomics on its own cannot fully explain all the species-specific differences which suggests that other genomic aspects such as regulation of gene expression play an important role in defining species-specific characteristics. Here, we developed a comprehensive approach to measure transcriptional changes of the evolutionary conserved syntenic orthologs during the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle across six Plasmodium species. We show significant transcriptional constraint at the mid-developmental stage of Plasmodium species while the earliest stages of parasite development display the greatest transcriptional variation associated with critical functional processes. Modeling of the evolutionary relationship based on changes in transcriptional profile reveal a phylogeny pattern of the Plasmodium species that strictly follows its mammalian hosts. In addition, the work shows that transcriptional conserved orthologs represent potential future targets for anti-malaria intervention as they would be expected to carry out key essential functions within the parasites. This work provides an integrated analysis of orthologous transcriptome, which aims to provide insights into the Plasmodium evolution thereby establishing a framework to explore complex pathways and drug discovery in Plasmodium species with broad host range. Comparison of variations in mRNA abundance across six different Plasmodium species. Transcriptional conservation and divergence of Plasmodium syntenic orthologs. Pattern of Plasmodium transcriptome evolution are established. Transcriptionally conserved orthologs represent attractive intervention targets.
Malaria remains a major public health concern despite global efforts in the fight against this disease. The intraerythrocytic stage of the malaria parasites is currently in the spotlight for anti-malarial intervention and vaccine targets. The primary goal of this study is to generate a comprehensive and directly comparable transcriptome dataset across multiple Plasmodium species originating from different hosts. We establish that specific pathways and intraerythrocytic stages are more transcriptionally diverged than others, reflecting transcriptional evolutionary diversity. We further propose a panel of transcriptionally conserved genes as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hoo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Anburaj Amaladoss
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sachel Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Onguma Natalang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guangan Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kingsley Liew
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zbynek Bozdech
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Peter R Preiser
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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Abstract
Movement of malaria across international borders poses a major obstacle to achieving malaria elimination in the 34 countries that have committed to this goal. In border areas, malaria prevalence is often higher than in other areas due to lower access to health services, treatment-seeking behaviour of marginalized populations that typically inhabit border areas, difficulties in deploying prevention programmes to hard-to-reach communities, often in difficult terrain, and constant movement of people across porous national boundaries. Malaria elimination in border areas will be challenging and key to addressing the challenges is strengthening of surveillance activities for rapid identification of any importation or reintroduction of malaria. This could involve taking advantage of technological advances, such as spatial decision support systems, which can be deployed to assist programme managers to carry out preventive and reactive measures, and mobile phone technology, which can be used to capture the movement of people in the border areas and likely sources of malaria importation. Additionally, joint collaboration in the prevention and control of cross-border malaria by neighbouring countries, and reinforcement of early diagnosis and prompt treatment are ways forward in addressing the problem of cross-border malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinley Wangdi
- The Australian National University, Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Phuentsholing General Hospital, Phuentsholing, Bhutan
| | - Michelle L Gatton
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Public Health & Social Work, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Gerard C Kelly
- The Australian National University, Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- The Australian National University, Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Dakić Z, Ivović V, Pavlović M, Lavadinović L, Marković M, Djurković-Djaković O. Clinical significance of molecular methods in the diagnosis of imported malaria in returning travelers in Serbia. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 29:24-30. [PMID: 25312981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to assess the clinical significance of conventional and PCR-based molecular diagnosis in patients with imported malaria in Serbia. METHODS Giemsa microscopy, the rapid diagnostic test, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were used to detect Plasmodium species in 109 whole-blood samples from patients after their return from malaria endemic areas, including those clinically suspected for malaria (n=97) and healthy travelers (n=12) examined as part of epidemiological surveillance. RESULTS A total of 45 patients were diagnosed with malaria: 42 (93.3%) by microscopy and three (6.7%) additional ones by qPCR. The agreement between the results of species-specific qPCR and microscopy was 73.3%; it was as high as 90.6% for Plasmodium falciparum infections. Follow-up analysis demonstrated persistence of Plasmodium sp DNA for a mean 6 days after the disappearance of parasitemia on microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Due to its sensitivity and specificity, qPCR is a helpful method complementary to microscopy, particularly in cases of low parasitemia. In addition, it is superior to microscopy for species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Dakić
- Department of Microbiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ivović
- Center for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Pavlović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Lavadinović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Marković
- Center for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olgica Djurković-Djaković
- Center for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Mediannikov O, Socolovschi C, Edouard S, Fenollar F, Mouffok N, Bassene H, Diatta G, Tall A, Niangaly H, Doumbo O, Lekana-Douki JB, Znazen A, Sarih M, Ratmanov P, Richet H, Ndiath MO, Sokhna C, Parola P, Raoult D. Common epidemiology of Rickettsia felis infection and malaria, Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:1775-83. [PMID: 24188709 PMCID: PMC3837673 DOI: 10.3201/eid1911.130361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the epidemiology of Rickettsia felis infection and malaria in France, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa and to identify a common vector. Blood specimens from 3,122 febrile patients and from 500 nonfebrile persons were analyzed for R. felis and Plasmodium spp. We observed a significant linear trend (p<0.0001) of increasing risk for R. felis infection. The risks were lowest in France, Tunisia, and Algeria (1%), and highest in rural Senegal (15%). Co-infections with R. felis and Plasmodium spp. and occurrences of R. felis relapses or reinfections were identified. This study demonstrates a correlation between malaria and R. felis infection regarding geographic distribution, seasonality, asymptomatic infections, and a potential vector. R. felis infection should be suspected in these geographical areas where malaria is endemic. Doxycycline chemoprophylaxis against malaria in travelers to sub-Saharan Africa also protects against rickettsioses; thus, empirical treatment strategies for febrile illness for travelers and residents in sub-Saharan Africa may require reevaluation.
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Abstract
Malaria is still a devastating disease caused by the mosquito-transmitted parasite Plasmodium, particularly Plasmodium falciparum. During the last few years the situation has worsened in many ways, mainly due to malarial parasites becoming increasingly resistant to several anti-malarial drugs. Thus there is an urgent need to find alternate ways to control malaria and therefore it is necessary to identify new drug targets and new classes of anti-malarial drugs. A malaria vaccine would be the ultimate weapon to fight this deadly disease but unfortunately despite encouraging advances a vaccine is not likely soon. DNA helicases from the PcrA/UvrD/Rep (PUR) subfamily are important for the survival of the various organisms, mainly pathogenic bacteria. Members from this subfamily can be targeted and inhibited by a variety of synthetic compounds. Using bioinformatics analysis we have shown that UvrD from this subfamily is the only member present in the P. falciparum genome, while PcrA and Rep are absent in the genome. UvrD from the parasite shows no homology to any protein or enzyme from human and thus can be considered as a strong potential drug target. In the present study we report an in silico analysis of this important enzyme from a variety of Plasmodium species. The results suggest that among all the species of Plasmodium, P. falciparum contains the largest UvrD and this enzyme is variable at the sequence and structural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Tuteja
- Malaria Group; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; New Delhi, India
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Tripathi V, Gupta D. Evolutionary analysis of circumsporozoite surface protein and merozoite surface protein-1 (CSP and MSP-1) sequences of malaria parasites. Bioinformation 2011; 6:320-3. [PMID: 21769195 PMCID: PMC3134782 DOI: 10.6026/97320630006320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, one of the world's most common diseases, is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite known as Plasmodium. In this study, we have determined the evolutionary relationship of two single-copy proteins, circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1), among Plasmodium species using various bioinformatics tools and softwares. These two proteins are major blood stage antigens of Plasmodium species. This study demonstrates that the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum shows similarity with Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium knowlesi. The merozoite surface protein-1 of Plasmodium coatneyi forms a monophyletic group with Plasmodium knowlesi, demonstrating their close relationship and these two species also reveal similarity between the human malaria Plasmodium vivax. This Plasmodium phylogenetic arrangement is evidently crucial to identify shared derived characters as well as particular adaptation of plasmodium species from inside and between monophyletic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Tripathi
- Center of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Dwijendra Gupta
- Center of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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