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Anderson DC, Peterson MS, Lapp SA, Galinski MR. Proteomes of plasmodium knowlesi early and late ring-stage parasites and infected host erythrocytes. J Proteomics 2024:105197. [PMID: 38759952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The emerging malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi threatens the goal of worldwide malaria elimination due to its zoonotic spread in Southeast Asia. After brief ex-vivo culture we used 2D LC/MS/MS to examine the early and late ring stages of infected Macaca mulatta red blood cells harboring P. knowlesi. The M. mulatta clathrin heavy chain and T-cell and macrophage inhibitor ERMAP were overexpressed in the early ring stage; glutaredoxin 3 was overexpressed in the late ring stage; GO term differential enrichments included response to oxidative stress and the cortical cytoskeleton in the early ring stage. P. knowlesi clathrin heavy chain and 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 were overexpressed in the late ring stage; GO term differential enrichments included vacuoles in the early ring stage, ribosomes and translation in the late ring stage, and Golgi- and COPI-coated vesicles, proteasomes, nucleosomes, vacuoles, ion-, peptide-, protein-, nucleocytoplasmic- and RNA-transport, antioxidant activity and glycolysis in both stages. SIGNIFICANCE: Due to its zoonotic spread, cases of the emerging human pathogen Plasmodium knowlesi in southeast Asia, and particularly in Malaysia, threaten regional and worldwide goals for malaria elimination. Infection by this parasite can be fatal to humans, and can be associated with significant morbidity. Due to zoonotic transmission from large macaque reservoirs that are untreatable by drugs, and outdoor biting mosquito vectors that negate use of preventive measures such as bed nets, its containment remains a challenge. Its biology remains incompletely understood. Thus we examine the expressed proteome of the early and late ex-vivo cultured ring stages, the first intraerythrocyte developmental stages after infection of host rhesus macaque erythrocytes. We used GO term enrichment strategies and differential protein expression to compare early and late ring stages. The early ring stage is characterized by the enrichment of P. knowlesi vacuoles, and overexpression of the M. mulatta clathrin heavy chain, important for clathrin-coated pits and vesicles, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The M. mulatta protein ERMAP was also overexpressed in the early ring stage, suggesting a potential role in early ring stage inhibition of T-cells and macrophages responding to P. knowlesi infection of reticulocytes. This could allow expansion of the host P. knowlesi cellular niche, allowing parasite adaptation to invasion of a wider age range of RBCs than the preferred young RBCs or reticulocytes, resulting in proliferation and increased pathogenesis in infected humans. Other GO terms differentially enriched in the early ring stage include the M. mulatta cortical cytoskeleton and response to oxidative stress. The late ring stage is characterized by overexpression of the P. knowlesi clathrin heavy chain. Combined with late ring stage GO term enrichment of Golgi-associated and coated vesicles, and enrichment of COPI-coated vesicles in both stages, this suggests the importance to P. knowlesi biology of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. P. knowlesi ribosomes and translation were also differentially enriched in the late ring stage. With expression of a variety of heat shock proteins, these results suggest production of folded parasite proteins is increasing by the late ring stage. M. mulatta endocytosis was differentially enriched in the late ring stage, as were clathrin-coated vesicles and endocytic vesicles. This suggests that M. mulatta clathrin-based endocytosis, perhaps in infected reticulocytes rather than mature RBC, may be an important process in the late ring stage. Additional ring stage biology from enriched GO terms includes M. mulatta proteasomes, protein folding and the chaperonin-containing T complex, actin and cortical actin cytoskeletons. P knowlesi biology also includes proteasomes, as well as nucleosomes, antioxidant activity, a variety of transport processes, glycolysis, vacuoles and protein folding. Mature RBCs have lost internal organelles, suggesting infection here may involve immature reticulocytes still retaining organelles. P. knowlesi parasite proteasomes and translational machinery may be ring stage drug targets for known selective inhibitors of these processes in other Plasmodium species. To our knowledge this is the first examination of more than one timepoint within the ring stage. Our results expand knowledge of both host and parasite proteins, pathways and organelles underlying P. knowlesi ring stage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Anderson
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA 22802, USA.
| | - Mariko S Peterson
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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2
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Farinella DN, Kaur S, Tran V, Cabrera-Mora M, Joyner CJ, Lapp SA, Pakala SB, Nural MV, DeBarry JD, Kissinger JC, Jones DP, Moreno A, Galinski MR, Cordy RJ. Malaria disrupts the rhesus macaque gut microbiome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1058926. [PMID: 36710962 PMCID: PMC9880479 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1058926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that a relationship exists between severity and transmissibility of malaria and variations in the gut microbiome, yet only limited information exists on the temporal dynamics of the gut microbial community during a malarial infection. Here, using a rhesus macaque model of relapsing malaria, we investigate how malaria affects the gut microbiome. In this study, we performed 16S sequencing on DNA isolated from rectal swabs of rhesus macaques over the course of an experimental malarial infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi and analyzed gut bacterial taxa abundance across primary and relapsing infections. We also performed metabolomics on blood plasma from the animals at the same timepoints and investigated changes in metabolic pathways over time. Members of Proteobacteria (family Helicobacteraceae) increased dramatically in relative abundance in the animal's gut microbiome during peak infection while Firmicutes (family Lactobacillaceae and Ruminococcaceae), Bacteroidetes (family Prevotellaceae) and Spirochaetes amongst others decreased compared to baseline levels. Alpha diversity metrics indicated decreased microbiome diversity at the peak of parasitemia, followed by restoration of diversity post-treatment. Comparison with healthy subjects suggested that the rectal microbiome during acute malaria is enriched with commensal bacteria typically found in the healthy animal's mucosa. Significant changes in the tryptophan-kynurenine immunomodulatory pathway were detected at peak infection with P. cynomolgi, a finding that has been described previously in the context of P. vivax infections in humans. During relapses, which have been shown to be associated with less inflammation and clinical severity, we observed minimal disruption to the gut microbiome, despite parasites being present. Altogether, these data suggest that the metabolic shift occurring during acute infection is associated with a concomitant shift in the gut microbiome, which is reversed post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sukhpreet Kaur
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chester J. Joyner
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Stacey A. Lapp
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Suman B. Pakala
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Mustafa V. Nural
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jeremy D. DeBarry
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica C. Kissinger
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mary R. Galinski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Regina Joice Cordy
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Regina Joice Cordy,
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3
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DeBarry JD, Nural MV, Pakala SB, Nayak V, Warrenfeltz S, Humphrey J, Lapp SA, Cabrera-Mora M, Brito CFA, Jiang J, Saney CL, Hankus A, Stealey HM, DeBarry MB, Lackman N, Legall N, Lee K, Tang Y, Gupta A, Trippe ED, Bridger RR, Weatherly DB, Peterson MS, Jiang X, Tran V, Uppal K, Fonseca LL, Joyner CJ, Karpuzoglu E, Cordy RJ, Meyer EVS, Wells LL, Ory DS, Lee FEH, Tirouvanziam R, Gutiérrez JB, Ibegbu C, Lamb TJ, Pohl J, Pruett ST, Jones DP, Styczynski MP, Voit EO, Moreno A, Galinski MR, Kissinger JC. MaHPIC malaria systems biology data from Plasmodium cynomolgi sporozoite longitudinal infections in macaques. Sci Data 2022; 9:722. [PMID: 36433985 PMCID: PMC9700667 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium cynomolgi causes zoonotic malarial infections in Southeast Asia and this parasite species is important as a model for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. Each of these species produces hypnozoites in the liver, which can cause relapsing infections in the blood. Here we present methods and data generated from iterative longitudinal systems biology infection experiments designed and performed by the Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center (MaHPIC) to delve deeper into the biology, pathogenesis, and immune responses of P. cynomolgi in the Macaca mulatta host. Infections were initiated by sporozoite inoculation. Blood and bone marrow samples were collected at defined timepoints for biological and computational experiments and integrative analyses revolving around primary illness, relapse illness, and subsequent disease and immune response patterns. Parasitological, clinical, haematological, immune response, and -omic datasets (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics) including metadata and computational results have been deposited in public repositories. The scope and depth of these datasets are unprecedented in studies of malaria, and they are projected to be a F.A.I.R., reliable data resource for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D DeBarry
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mustafa V Nural
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Suman B Pakala
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Vishal Nayak
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Cancer Data Science Initiatives, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Post Office Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Susanne Warrenfeltz
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jay Humphrey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Cristiana F A Brito
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Laboratório de Malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190 009, Brazil
| | - Jianlin Jiang
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Celia L Saney
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Allison Hankus
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Senior Public Health Informaticist, MITRE Corp, Atlanta, GA, 30345, USA
| | - Hannah M Stealey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Megan B DeBarry
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Nicolas Lackman
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Noah Legall
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Interdisciplinary Disease Ecology Across Scales Research Traineeship Program, Institute of Bioinformatics, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kevin Lee
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yan Tang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anuj Gupta
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Valted Seq, 704 Quince Orchard Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Trippe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Federal Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Robert R Bridger
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel Brent Weatherly
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mariko S Peterson
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Luis L Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ebru Karpuzoglu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Regina J Cordy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27103, USA
| | - Esmeralda V S Meyer
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Research Compliance and Research Integrity Office, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lance L Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Casma Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Juan B Gutiérrez
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Sarah T Pruett
- Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mark P Styczynski
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Eberhard O Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes/Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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4
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Roe MK, Perez MA, Hsiao HM, Lapp SA, Sun HY, Jadhao S, Young AR, Batista YS, Reed RC, Taz A, Piantadosi A, Chen X, Liang B, Koval M, Snider TA, Moore ML, Anderson EJ, Anderson LJ, Stobart CC, Rostad CA. An RSV Live-Attenuated Vaccine Candidate Lacking G Protein Mucin Domains Is Attenuated, Immunogenic, and Effective in Preventing RSV in BALB/c Mice. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:50-60. [PMID: 36281651 PMCID: PMC9796166 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading viral respiratory pathogen in infants. The objective of this study was to generate RSV live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidates by removing the G-protein mucin domains to attenuate viral replication while retaining immunogenicity through deshielding of surface epitopes. METHODS Two LAV candidates were generated from recombinant RSV A2-line19F by deletion of the G-protein mucin domains (A2-line19F-G155) or deletion of the G-protein mucin and transmembrane domains (A2-line19F-G155S). Vaccine attenuation was measured in BALB/c mouse lungs by fluorescent focus unit (FFU) assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunogenicity was determined by measuring serum binding and neutralizing antibodies in mice following prime/boost on days 28 and 59. Efficacy was determined by measuring RSV lung viral loads on day 4 postchallenge. RESULTS Both LAVs were undetectable in mouse lungs by FFU assay and elicited similar neutralizing antibody titers compared to A2-line19F on days 28 and 59. Following RSV challenge, vaccinated mice showed no detectable RSV in the lungs by FFU assay and a significant reduction in RSV RNA in the lungs by RT-PCR of 560-fold for A2-line19F-G155 and 604-fold for A2-line19F-G155S compared to RSV-challenged, unvaccinated mice. CONCLUSIONS Removal of the G-protein mucin domains produced RSV LAV candidates that were highly attenuated with retained immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly K Roe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Maria A Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui-Mien Hsiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - He-Ying Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Samadhan Jadhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Audrey R Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yara S Batista
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ryan C Reed
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Azmain Taz
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timothy A Snider
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Christina A Rostad
- Correspondence: Christina A. Rostad, MD, Emory Children's Center, 2015 Uppergate Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 ()
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5
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Peterson MS, Joyner CJ, Lapp SA, Brady JA, Wood JS, Cabrera-Mora M, Saney CL, Fonseca LL, Cheng WT, Jiang J, Soderberg SR, Nural MV, Hankus A, Machiah D, Karpuzoglu E, DeBarry JD, Tirouvanziam R, Kissinger JC, Moreno A, Gumber S, Voit EO, Gutierrez JB, Cordy RJ, Galinski MR. Plasmodium knowlesi Cytoadhesion Involves SICA Variant Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:888496. [PMID: 35811680 PMCID: PMC9260704 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.888496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi poses a health threat throughout Southeast Asian communities and currently causes most cases of malaria in Malaysia. This zoonotic parasite species has been studied in Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkeys) as a model for severe malarial infections, chronicity, and antigenic variation. The phenomenon of Plasmodium antigenic variation was first recognized during rhesus monkey infections. Plasmodium-encoded variant proteins were first discovered in this species and found to be expressed at the surface of infected erythrocytes, and then named the Schizont-Infected Cell Agglutination (SICA) antigens. SICA expression was shown to be spleen dependent, as SICA expression is lost after P. knowlesi is passaged in splenectomized rhesus. Here we present data from longitudinal P. knowlesi infections in rhesus with the most comprehensive analysis to date of clinical parameters and infected red blood cell sequestration in the vasculature of tissues from 22 organs. Based on the histopathological analysis of 22 tissue types from 11 rhesus monkeys, we show a comparative distribution of parasitized erythrocytes and the degree of margination of the infected erythrocytes with the endothelium. Interestingly, there was a significantly higher burden of parasites in the gastrointestinal tissues, and extensive margination of the parasites along the endothelium, which may help explain gastrointestinal symptoms frequently reported by patients with P. knowlesi malarial infections. Moreover, this margination was not observed in splenectomized rhesus that were infected with parasites not expressing the SICA proteins. This work provides data that directly supports the view that a subpopulation of P. knowlesi parasites cytoadheres and sequesters, likely via SICA variant antigens acting as ligands. This process is akin to the cytoadhesive function of the related variant antigen proteins, namely Erythrocyte Membrane Protein-1, expressed by Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko S. Peterson
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chester J. Joyner
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Stacey A. Lapp
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica A. Brady
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Wood
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Celia L. Saney
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Luis L. Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wayne T. Cheng
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jianlin Jiang
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephanie R. Soderberg
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mustafa V. Nural
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Allison Hankus
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Deepa Machiah
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ebru Karpuzoglu
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jeremy D. DeBarry
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica C. Kissinger
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eberhard O. Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Juan B. Gutierrez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Regina Joice Cordy
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mary R. Galinski
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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6
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Lapp SA, Abrams J, Lu AT, Hussaini L, Kao CM, Hunstad DA, Rosenberg RB, Zafferani MJ, Ede KC, Ballan W, Laham FR, Beltran Y, Hsiao HM, Sherry W, Jenkins E, Jones K, Horner A, Brooks A, Bryant B, Meng L, Hammett TA, Oster ME, Bamrah-Morris S, Godfred-Cato S, Belay E, Chahroudi A, Anderson EJ, Jaggi P, Rostad CA. Serologic and Cytokine Signatures in Children With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and Coronavirus Disease 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac070. [PMID: 35237703 PMCID: PMC8883592 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The serologic and cytokine responses of children hospitalized with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) vs coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are poorly understood. Methods We performed a prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study of hospitalized children who met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case definition for MIS-C (n = 118), acute COVID-19 (n = 88), or contemporaneous healthy controls (n = 24). We measured severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers and cytokine concentrations in patients and performed multivariable analysis to determine cytokine signatures associated with MIS-C. We also measured nucleocapsid IgG and convalescent RBD IgG in subsets of patients. Results Children with MIS-C had significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG than children with acute COVID-19 (median, 2783 vs 146; P < .001), and titers correlated with nucleocapsid IgG. For patients with MIS-C, RBD IgG titers declined in convalescence (median, 2783 vs 1135; P = .010) in contrast to patients with COVID-19 (median, 146 vs 4795; P < .001). MIS-C was characterized by transient acute proinflammatory hypercytokinemia, including elevated levels of interleukin (IL) 6, IL-10, IL-17A, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Elevation of at least 3 of these cytokines was associated with significantly increased prevalence of prolonged hospitalization ≥8 days (prevalence ratio, 3.29 [95% CI, 1.17–9.23]). Conclusions MIS-C was associated with high titers of SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibodies and acute hypercytokinemia with IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Lapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph Abrams
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Austin T Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carol M Kao
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David A Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert B Rosenberg
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona, College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Marc J Zafferani
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona, College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Kaleo C Ede
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona, College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Wassim Ballan
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona, College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Yajira Beltran
- Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Hui-Mien Hsiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Whitney Sherry
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elan Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaitlin Jones
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Horner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alyssa Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bobbi Bryant
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lu Meng
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Apex Systems affiliated with General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Teresa A Hammett
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew E Oster
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sapna Bamrah-Morris
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shana Godfred-Cato
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ermias Belay
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Preeti Jaggi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Singh V, Obregon-Perko V, Lapp SA, Horner AM, Brooks A, Macoy L, Hussaini L, Lu A, Gibson T, Silvestri G, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Anderson EJ, Rostad CA, Chahroudi A. Limited induction of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome compared to COVID-19. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155145. [PMID: 35044955 PMCID: PMC8876428 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Why multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) develops after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a subset of children is unknown. We hypothesized that aberrant virus–specific T cell responses contribute to MIS-C pathogenesis. We quantified SARS-CoV-2–reactive T cells, serologic responses against major viral proteins, and cytokine responses from plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in children with convalescent COVID-19, in children with acute MIS-C, and in healthy controls. Children with MIS-C had significantly lower virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to major SARS-CoV-2 antigens compared with children convalescing from COVID-19. Furthermore, T cell responses in participants with MIS-C were similar to or lower than those in healthy controls. Serologic responses against spike receptor binding domain (RBD), full-length spike, and nucleocapsid were similar among convalescent COVID-19 and MIS-C, suggesting functional B cell responses. Cytokine profiling demonstrated predominant Th1 polarization of CD4+ T cells from children with convalescent COVID-19 and MIS-C, although cytokine production was reduced in MIS-C. Our findings support a role for constrained induction of anti–SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells in the pathogenesis of MIS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidisha Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Veronica Obregon-Perko
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Anna M Horner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Lisa Macoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Austin Lu
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Theda Gibson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
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8
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Peterson MS, Joyner CJ, Brady JA, Wood JS, Cabrera-Mora M, Saney CL, Fonseca LL, Cheng WT, Jiang J, Lapp SA, Soderberg SR, Nural MV, Humphrey JC, Hankus A, Machiah D, Karpuzoglu E, DeBarry JD, Tirouvanziam R, Kissinger JC, Moreno A, Gumber S, Voit EO, Gutiérrez JB, Cordy RJ, Galinski MR. Clinical recovery of Macaca fascicularis infected with Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J 2021; 20:486. [PMID: 34969401 PMCID: PMC8719393 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kra monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), a natural host of Plasmodium knowlesi, control parasitaemia caused by this parasite species and escape death without treatment. Knowledge of the disease progression and resilience in kra monkeys will aid the effective use of this species to study mechanisms of resilience to malaria. This longitudinal study aimed to define clinical, physiological and pathological changes in kra monkeys infected with P. knowlesi, which could explain their resilient phenotype. METHODS Kra monkeys (n = 15, male, young adults) were infected intravenously with cryopreserved P. knowlesi sporozoites and the resulting parasitaemias were monitored daily. Complete blood counts, reticulocyte counts, blood chemistry and physiological telemetry data (n = 7) were acquired as described prior to infection to establish baseline values and then daily after inoculation for up to 50 days. Bone marrow aspirates, plasma samples, and 22 tissue samples were collected at specific time points to evaluate longitudinal clinical, physiological and pathological effects of P. knowlesi infections during acute and chronic infections. RESULTS As expected, the kra monkeys controlled acute infections and remained with low-level, persistent parasitaemias without anti-malarial intervention. Unexpectedly, early in the infection, fevers developed, which ultimately returned to baseline, as well as mild to moderate thrombocytopenia, and moderate to severe anaemia. Mathematical modelling and the reticulocyte production index indicated that the anaemia was largely due to the removal of uninfected erythrocytes and not impaired production of erythrocytes. Mild tissue damage was observed, and tissue parasite load was associated with tissue damage even though parasite accumulation in the tissues was generally low. CONCLUSIONS Kra monkeys experimentally infected with P. knowlesi sporozoites presented with multiple clinical signs of malaria that varied in severity among individuals. Overall, the animals shared common mechanisms of resilience characterized by controlling parasitaemia 3-5 days after patency, and controlling fever, coupled with physiological and bone marrow responses to compensate for anaemia. Together, these responses likely minimized tissue damage while supporting the establishment of chronic infections, which may be important for transmission in natural endemic settings. These results provide new foundational insights into malaria pathogenesis and resilience in kra monkeys, which may improve understanding of human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko S Peterson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A Brady
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer S Wood
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Celia L Saney
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luis L Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wayne T Cheng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jianlin Jiang
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie R Soderberg
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mustafa V Nural
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jay C Humphrey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Allison Hankus
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The MITRE Corporation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deepa Machiah
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ebru Karpuzoglu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy D DeBarry
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Topical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Pathology, Drug Safety, and DMPK, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eberhard O Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan B Gutiérrez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Regina Joice Cordy
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Lapp SA, Edara VV, Lu A, Lai L, Hussaini L, Chahroudi A, Anderson LJ, Suthar MS, Anderson EJ, Rostad CA. Original antigenic sin responses to Betacoronavirus spike proteins are observed in a mouse model, but are not apparent in children following SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256482. [PMID: 34449792 PMCID: PMC8396729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of pre-existing endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) immunity on SARS-CoV-2 serologic and clinical responses are incompletely understood. Objectives We sought to determine the effects of prior exposure to HCoV Betacoronavirus HKU1 spike protein on serologic responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein after intramuscular administration in mice. We also sought to understand the baseline seroprevalence of HKU1 spike antibodies in healthy children and to measure their correlation with SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibodies in children hospitalized with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Methods Groups of 5 mice were injected intramuscularly with two doses of alum-adjuvanted HKU1 spike followed by SARS-CoV-2 spike; or the reciprocal regimen of SARS-Cov-2 spike followed by HKU1 spike. Sera collected 21 days following each injection was analyzed for IgG antibodies to HKU1 spike, SARS-CoV-2 spike, and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Sera from children hospitalized with acute COVID-19, MIS-C or healthy controls (n = 14 per group) were analyzed for these same antibodies. Results Mice primed with SARS-CoV-2 spike and boosted with HKU1 spike developed high titers of SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibodies; however, mice primed with HKU1 spike and boosted with SARS-CoV-2 spike were unable to mount neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. HKU1 spike antibodies were detected in all children with acute COVID-19, MIS-C, and healthy controls. Although children with MIS-C had significantly higher HKU1 spike titers than healthy children (GMT 37239 vs. 7551, P = 0.012), these titers correlated positively with both SARS-CoV-2 binding (r = 0.7577, P<0.001) and neutralizing (r = 0.6201, P = 0.001) antibodies. Conclusions Prior murine exposure to HKU1 spike protein completely impeded the development of neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, consistent with original antigenic sin. In contrast, the presence of HKU1 spike IgG antibodies in children with acute COVID-19 or MIS-C was not associated with diminished neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A. Lapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Venkata Viswanadh Edara
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Austin Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lilin Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Evan J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Christina A. Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Ngo B, Lapp SA, Siegel B, Patel V, Hussaini L, Bora S, Philbrook B, Weinschenk K, Wright L, Anderson EJ, Rostad CA, Gombolay GY. Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine, chemokine, and SARS-CoV-2 antibody profiles in children with neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with COVID-19. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 55:103169. [PMID: 34333272 PMCID: PMC8310416 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Neuropsychiatric symptoms and CSF cytokine, chemokine, and SARS-COV-2 antibody profiles are unknown in pediatric patients with COVID-19 or multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), (NP-COVID-19). Methods Children at a single pediatric institution quaternary referral center with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 or MIS-C and neuropsychiatric symptoms were included in this retrospective case series. Clinical symptoms, ancillary testing data, treatments and outcomes are described. Multiplexed electrochemiluminescence assays for cytokines, chemokines and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were tested in the CSF NP-COVID-19 patients compared to five controls and were analyzed using the Student's t-test. Results Three of five NP-COVID-19 patients had psychiatric symptoms, and two patients had encephalopathy and seizures. All patients had full or near resolution of neuropsychiatric symptoms by discharge. One patient received intravenous steroids for treatment for psychiatric symptoms; 3/5 other patients received immunotherapy for MIS-C, including IVIG, high-dose steroids, anakinra, and tocilizumab. Pro-inflammatory chemokines, including MIG, MPC, MIP-1β, and TARC were significantly elevated in NP-COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Two of five patients had elevated CSF neurofilament light chain. CSF SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers to the full-length spike, receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain were significantly elevated. SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers strongly correlated with pro-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (P≤0.05 for all). Conclusions A spectrum of neuropsychiatric clinical manifestations can occur in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. CSF pro-inflammatory chemokines and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies may serve as biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 mediated NP-COVID-19. Additional study is required to understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms of neuroinflammation in children with COVID-19 and MIS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Ngo
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Benjamin Siegel
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Vikash Patel
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sonali Bora
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bryan Philbrook
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Atlanta GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology
| | - Kristin Weinschenk
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Laura Wright
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Neuropsychology, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Grace Y Gombolay
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Atlanta GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology.
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11
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Patel PA, Lapp SA, Grubbs G, Edara VV, Rostad CA, Stokes CL, Pauly MG, Anderson EJ, Piantadosi A, Suthar MS, Khurana S, Sabnis HS. Immune responses and therapeutic challenges in paediatric patients with new-onset acute myeloid leukaemia and concomitant COVID-19. Br J Haematol 2021; 194:549-553. [PMID: 34096051 PMCID: PMC8239563 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratik A Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Venkata V Edara
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claire L Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melinda G Pauly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Himalee S Sabnis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Rostad CA, Chahroudi A, Mantus G, Lapp SA, Teherani M, Macoy L, Tarquinio KM, Basu RK, Kao C, Linam WM, Zimmerman MG, Shi PY, Menachery VD, Oster ME, Edupuganti S, Anderson EJ, Suthar MS, Wrammert J, Jaggi P. Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 Serology in Children With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C). Pediatrics 2020; 146:peds.2020-018242. [PMID: 32879033 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-018242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to measure severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serological responses in children hospitalized with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) compared with those with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), those with Kawasaki disease (KD), and hospitalized pediatric controls. METHODS From March 17, 2020, to May 26, 2020, we prospectively identified hospitalized children with MIS-C (n = 10), symptomatic COVID-19 (n = 10), and KD (n = 5) and hospitalized controls (n = 4) at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. With institutional review board approval, we obtained prospective and residual blood samples from these children and measured SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G (IgG), full-length spike IgG, and nucleocapsid protein antibodies using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies using live-virus focus-reduction neutralization assays. We statistically compared the log-transformed antibody titers among groups and performed linear regression analyses. RESULTS All children with MIS-C had high titers of SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibodies, which correlated with full-length spike IgG antibodies (R 2 = 0.956; P < .001), nucleocapsid protein antibodies (R 2 = 0.846; P < .001), and neutralizing antibodies (R 2 = 0.667; P < .001). Children with MIS-C had significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibody titers (geometric mean titer 6800; 95% confidence interval 3495-13 231) than children with COVID-19 (geometric mean titer 626; 95% confidence interval 251-1563; P < .001), children with KD (geometric mean titer 124; 95% confidence interval 91-170; P < .001), and hospitalized controls (geometric mean titer 85; P < .001). All children with MIS-C also had detectable RBD immunoglobulin M antibodies, indicating recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. RBD IgG titers correlated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (R 2 = 0.512; P < .046) and with hospital (R 2 = 0.548; P = .014) and ICU lengths of stay (R 2 = 0.590; P = .010). CONCLUSIONS Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 serology may have a role in establishing the diagnosis of MIS-C, distinguishing it from similar clinical entities, and stratifying risk for adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory Vaccine Center and.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Grace Mantus
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Mehgan Teherani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Lisa Macoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Keiko M Tarquinio
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rajit K Basu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carol Kao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - W Matthew Linam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Matthew G Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Matthew E Oster
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory Vaccine Center and.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory Vaccine Center and.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Preeti Jaggi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; .,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
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13
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Patel PA, Rostad CA, Lapp SA, Stokes CL, Pauly MG, Anderson EJ, Sabnis HS. Abstract PO-012: Clinical features and antibody response of two pediatric patients presenting with new-onset acute myeloid leukemia and concomitant severe COVID-19. Clin Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.covid-19-po-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: SARS-CoV-2 infection has led to a worldwide pandemic of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), placing individuals with pre-existing medical conditions at a higher risk for morbidity and mortality. Limited data in pediatric patients with malignancies suggest that severe COVID-19 illness is rare. The objective of this study was to describe our experience of two adolescents who presented with new diagnoses of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and concurrent COVID-19.
Methods: The clinical presentation, treatment, and serology of two patients who presented with AML and concurrent SARS-CoV-2 infection were abstracted. Residual blood was tested for serial quantitative IgG by ELISA to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain, which has high sensitivity and specificity to SARS-CoV-2. The study was approved by Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University IRBs.
Results: Patient 1 was a 16-year-old Caucasian male with previously treated classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma who presented with fever, cough, hyperleukocytosis, and pulmonary infiltrates and was diagnosed with therapy-related AML (TR-AML). SARS-CoV-2 was detected by nasopharyngeal (NP) RT-PCR testing on admission. He received remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19 and modified induction therapy with cytarabine alone starting on hospital day (HD) 3. He demonstrated high SARS-CoV-2 IgG titer (1:1327.3) on HD 4 and cleared SARS-CoV-2 with a negative NP RT-PCR on HD 14. He went on to receive additional myelosuppressive AML therapy on HD 26 with azacitidine and gemtuzamab ozogamicin. On HD 34, his IgG titer remains elevated (1:5621.4) and he is currently awaiting count recovery. Patient 2 was a 19-year-old Hispanic, previously healthy male who presented with fever, cough, dyspnea, and hyperleukocytosis and was diagnosed with de novo AML (D-AML). He also tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via NP RT-PCR on admission. He began standard induction therapy with cytarabine, etoposide, and daunorubicin on HD 2. He developed hypoxemic respiratory failure on HD 4 and received COVID-19 directed therapies of convalescent plasma, remdesivir, and tocilizumab. His serologic testing showed low SARS-CoV-2 IgG titer (1:619.3) on HD 4 despite administration of convalescent plasma. His titers waned over the subsequent two weeks and he continued to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 via NP RT-PCR on HD 21. He remains critically ill in multiorgan failure with signs of neutrophil recovery on HD 25.
Conclusion: COVID-19 can be severe in children with AML and make treatment decisions challenging. Clinical presentation, curative modalities (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for TR-AML versus potentially chemotherapy alone for D-AML), and concurrent COVID-19 were considered in determining induction therapy. While difficult to draw definite conclusions from two patients, the differential serologic response in these patients seems to correlate with the intensity of therapy they received and may have contributed to the overall severity of their COVID-19.
Citation Format: Pratik A. Patel, Christina A. Rostad, Stacey A. Lapp, Claire L. Stokes, Melinda G. Pauly, Evan J. Anderson, Himalee S. Sabnis. Clinical features and antibody response of two pediatric patients presenting with new-onset acute myeloid leukemia and concomitant severe COVID-19 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: COVID-19 and Cancer; 2020 Jul 20-22. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(18_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik A. Patel
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christina A. Rostad
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stacey A. Lapp
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Claire L. Stokes
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Melinda G. Pauly
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Evan J. Anderson
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Himalee S. Sabnis
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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14
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Cordy RJ, Patrapuvich R, Lili LN, Cabrera-Mora M, Chien JT, Tharp GK, Khadka M, Meyer EV, Lapp SA, Joyner CJ, Garcia A, Banton S, Tran V, Luvira V, Rungin S, Saeseu T, Rachaphaew N, Pakala SB, DeBarry JD, Kissinger JC, Ortlund EA, Bosinger SE, Barnwell JW, Jones DP, Uppal K, Li S, Sattabongkot J, Moreno A, Galinski MR. Distinct amino acid and lipid perturbations characterize acute versus chronic malaria. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125156. [PMID: 31045574 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic malaria is a major public health problem and significant challenge for disease eradication efforts. Despite its importance, the biological factors underpinning chronic malaria are not fully understood. Recent studies have shown that host metabolic state can influence malaria pathogenesis and transmission, but its role in chronicity is not known. Here, with the goal of identifying distinct modifications in the metabolite profiles of acute versus chronic malaria, metabolomics was performed on plasma from Plasmodium-infected humans and nonhuman primates with a range of parasitemias and clinical signs. In rhesus macaques infected with Plasmodium coatneyi, significant alterations in amines, carnitines, and lipids were detected during a high parasitemic acute phase and many of these reverted to baseline levels once a low parasitemic chronic phase was established. Plasmodium gene expression, studied in parallel in the macaques, revealed transcriptional changes in amine, fatty acid, lipid and energy metabolism genes, as well as variant antigen genes. Furthermore, a common set of amines, carnitines, and lipids distinguished acute from chronic malaria in plasma from human Plasmodium falciparum cases. In summary, distinct host-parasite metabolic environments have been uncovered that characterize acute versus chronic malaria, providing insights into the underlying host-parasite biology of malaria disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Joice Cordy
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Loukia N Lili
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jung-Ting Chien
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manoj Khadka
- Emory Integrated Lipidomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Esmeralda Vs Meyer
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - AnaPatricia Garcia
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sophia Banton
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Viravarn Luvira
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Rungin
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerawat Saeseu
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Institute of Bioinformatics.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Emory Integrated Lipidomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John W Barnwell
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shuzhao Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Peterson MS, Joyner CJ, Cordy RJ, Salinas JL, Machiah D, Lapp SA, Meyer EVS, Gumber S, Galinski MR. Plasmodium vivax Parasite Load Is Associated With Histopathology in Saimiri boliviensis With Findings Comparable to P vivax Pathogenesis in Humans. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz021. [PMID: 30937329 PMCID: PMC6436601 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax can cause severe malaria with multisystem organ dysfunction and death. Clinical reports suggest that parasite accumulation in tissues may contribute to pathogenesis and disease severity, but direct evidence is scarce. Methods We present quantitative parasitological and histopathological analyses of tissue sections from a cohort of naive, mostly splenectomized Saimiri boliviensis infected with P vivax to define the relationship of tissue parasite load and histopathology. Results The lung, liver, and kidney showed the most tissue injury, with pathological presentations similar to observations reported from autopsies. Parasite loads correlated with the degree of histopathologic changes in the lung and liver tissues. In contrast, kidney damage was not associated directly with parasite load but with the presence of hemozoin, an inflammatory parasite byproduct. Conclusions This analysis supports the use of the S boliviensis infection model for performing detailed histopathological studies to better understand and potentially design interventions to treat serious clinical manifestations caused by P vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Regina J Cordy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Jorge L Salinas
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Deepa Machiah
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | | | | | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
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16
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Galinski MR, Lapp SA, Peterson MS, Ay F, Joyner CJ, LE Roch KG, Fonseca LL, Voit EO. Plasmodium knowlesi: a superb in vivo nonhuman primate model of antigenic variation in malaria. Parasitology 2018; 145:85-100. [PMID: 28712361 PMCID: PMC5798396 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic variation in malaria was discovered in Plasmodium knowlesi studies involving longitudinal infections of rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). The variant proteins, known as the P. knowlesi Schizont Infected Cell Agglutination (SICA) antigens and the P. falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) antigens, expressed by the SICAvar and var multigene families, respectively, have been studied for over 30 years. Expression of the SICA antigens in P. knowlesi requires a splenic component, and specific antibodies are necessary for variant antigen switch events in vivo. Outstanding questions revolve around the role of the spleen and the mechanisms by which the expression of these variant antigen families are regulated. Importantly, the longitudinal dynamics and molecular mechanisms that govern variant antigen expression can be studied with P. knowlesi infection of its mammalian and vector hosts. Synchronous infections can be initiated with established clones and studied at multi-omic levels, with the benefit of computational tools from systems biology that permit the integration of datasets and the design of explanatory, predictive mathematical models. Here we provide an historical account of this topic, while highlighting the potential for maximizing the use of P. knowlesi - macaque model systems and summarizing exciting new progress in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center,Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA
| | - S A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center,Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA
| | - M S Peterson
- Emory Vaccine Center,Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA
| | - F Ay
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology,La Jolla,CA 92037,USA
| | - C J Joyner
- Emory Vaccine Center,Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA
| | - K G LE Roch
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience,Center for Disease and Vector Research,Institute for Integrative Genome Biology,University of California Riverside,CA 92521,USA
| | - L L Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University,Atlanta,Georgia,30332-2000,USA
| | - E O Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University,Atlanta,Georgia,30332-2000,USA
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17
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Lapp SA, Geraldo JA, Chien JT, Ay F, Pakala SB, Batugedara G, Humphrey J, DeBARRY JD, Le Roch KG, Galinski MR, Kissinger JC. PacBio assembly of a Plasmodium knowlesi genome sequence with Hi-C correction and manual annotation of the SICAvar gene family. Parasitology 2018; 145:71-84. [PMID: 28720171 PMCID: PMC5798397 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi has risen in importance as a zoonotic parasite that has been causing regular episodes of malaria throughout South East Asia. The P. knowlesi genome sequence generated in 2008 highlighted and confirmed many similarities and differences in Plasmodium species, including a global view of several multigene families, such as the large SICAvar multigene family encoding the variant antigens known as the schizont-infected cell agglutination proteins. However, repetitive DNA sequences are the bane of any genome project, and this and other Plasmodium genome projects have not been immune to the gaps, rearrangements and other pitfalls created by these genomic features. Today, long-read PacBio and chromatin conformation technologies are overcoming such obstacles. Here, based on the use of these technologies, we present a highly refined de novo P. knowlesi genome sequence of the Pk1(A+) clone. This sequence and annotation, referred to as the 'MaHPIC Pk genome sequence', includes manual annotation of the SICAvar gene family with 136 full-length members categorized as type I or II. This sequence provides a framework that will permit a better understanding of the SICAvar repertoire, selective pressures acting on this gene family and mechanisms of antigenic variation in this species and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center,Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University,Atlanta, GA,USA
| | - J A Geraldo
- Federal University of Minas Gerais,Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - J-T Chien
- Emory Vaccine Center,Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University,Atlanta, GA,USA
| | - F Ay
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology,La Jolla, CA 92037,USA
| | - S B Pakala
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia,Athens, GA 30602,USA
| | - G Batugedara
- Center for Disease and Vector Research,Institute for Integrative Genome Biology,Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience,University of California Riverside,CA 92521,USA
| | - J Humphrey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia,Athens, GA 30602,USA
| | - J D DeBARRY
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia,Athens, GA 30602,USA
| | - K G Le Roch
- Center for Disease and Vector Research,Institute for Integrative Genome Biology,Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience,University of California Riverside,CA 92521,USA
| | - M R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center,Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University,Atlanta, GA,USA
| | - J C Kissinger
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia,Athens, GA 30602,USA
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18
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Tang Y, Joyner CJ, Cabrera-Mora M, Saney CL, Lapp SA, Nural MV, Pakala SB, DeBarry JD, Soderberg S, Kissinger JC, Lamb TJ, Galinski MR, Styczynski MP. Correction to: Integrative analysis associates monocytes with insufficient erythropoiesis during acute Plasmodium cynomolgi malaria in rhesus macaques. Malar J 2017; 16:486. [PMID: 29202752 PMCID: PMC5715518 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celia L Saney
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mustafa V Nural
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Suman B Pakala
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy D DeBarry
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Soderberg
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark P Styczynski
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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19
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Tang Y, Joyner CJ, Cabrera-Mora M, Saney CL, Lapp SA, Nural MV, Pakala SB, DeBarry JD, Soderberg S, Kissinger JC, Lamb TJ, Galinski MR, Styczynski MP. Integrative analysis associates monocytes with insufficient erythropoiesis during acute Plasmodium cynomolgi malaria in rhesus macaques. Malar J 2017; 16:384. [PMID: 28938907 PMCID: PMC5610412 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mild to severe anaemia is a common complication of malaria that is caused in part by insufficient erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. This study used systems biology to evaluate the transcriptional and alterations in cell populations in the bone marrow during Plasmodium cynomolgi infection of rhesus macaques (a model of Plasmodium vivax malaria) that may affect erythropoiesis. Results An appropriate erythropoietic response did not occur to compensate for anaemia during acute cynomolgi malaria despite an increase in erythropoietin levels. During this period, there were significant perturbations in the bone marrow transcriptome. In contrast, relapses did not induce anaemia and minimal changes in the bone marrow transcriptome were detected. The differentially expressed genes during acute infection were primarily related to ongoing inflammatory responses with significant contributions from Type I and Type II Interferon transcriptional signatures. These were associated with increased frequency of intermediate and non-classical monocytes. Recruitment and/or expansion of these populations was correlated with a decrease in the erythroid progenitor population during acute infection, suggesting that monocyte-associated inflammation may have contributed to anaemia. The decrease in erythroid progenitors was associated with downregulation of genes regulated by GATA1 and GATA2, two master regulators of erythropoiesis, providing a potential molecular basis for these findings. Conclusions These data suggest the possibility that malarial anaemia may be driven by monocyte-associated disruption of GATA1/GATA2 function in erythroid progenitors resulting in insufficient erythropoiesis during acute infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2029-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celia L Saney
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mustafa V Nural
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Suman B Pakala
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy D DeBarry
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Soderberg
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark P Styczynski
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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20
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Anderson DC, Lapp SA, Barnwell JW, Galinski MR. A large scale Plasmodium vivax- Saimiri boliviensis trophozoite-schizont transition proteome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182561. [PMID: 28829774 PMCID: PMC5567661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is a complex protozoan parasite with over 6,500 genes and stage-specific differential expression. Much of the unique biology of this pathogen remains unknown, including how it modifies and restructures the host reticulocyte. Using a recently published P. vivax reference genome, we report the proteome from two biological replicates of infected Saimiri boliviensis host reticulocytes undergoing transition from the late trophozoite to early schizont stages. Using five database search engines, we identified a total of 2000 P. vivax and 3487 S. boliviensis proteins, making this the most comprehensive P. vivax proteome to date. PlasmoDB GO-term enrichment analysis of proteins identified at least twice by a search engine highlighted core metabolic processes and molecular functions such as glycolysis, translation and protein folding, cell components such as ribosomes, proteasomes and the Golgi apparatus, and a number of vesicle and trafficking related clusters. Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) v6.8 enriched functional annotation clusters of S. boliviensis proteins highlighted vesicle and trafficking-related clusters, elements of the cytoskeleton, oxidative processes and response to oxidative stress, macromolecular complexes such as the proteasome and ribosome, metabolism, translation, and cell death. Host and parasite proteins potentially involved in cell adhesion were also identified. Over 25% of the P. vivax proteins have no functional annotation; this group includes 45 VIR members of the large PIR family. A number of host and pathogen proteins contained highly oxidized or nitrated residues, extending prior trophozoite-enriched stage observations from S. boliviensis infections, and supporting the possibility of oxidative stress in relation to the disease. This proteome significantly expands the size and complexity of the known P. vivax and Saimiri host iRBC proteomes, and provides in-depth data that will be valuable for ongoing research on this parasite’s biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. C. Anderson
- Bioscience Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stacey A. Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - John W. Barnwell
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mary R. Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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21
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Chien JT, Pakala SB, Geraldo JA, Lapp SA, Humphrey JC, Barnwell JW, Kissinger JC, Galinski MR. High-Quality Genome Assembly and Annotation for Plasmodium coatneyi, Generated Using Single-Molecule Real-Time PacBio Technology. Genome Announc 2016; 4:e00883-16. [PMID: 27587810 PMCID: PMC5009967 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00883-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium coatneyi is a protozoan parasite species that causes simian malaria and is an excellent model for studying disease caused by the human malaria parasite, P. falciparum Here we report the complete (nontelomeric) genome sequence of P. coatneyi Hackeri generated by the application of only Pacific Biosciences RS II (PacBio RS II) single-molecule real-time (SMRT) high-resolution sequence technology and assembly using the Hierarchical Genome Assembly Process (HGAP). This is the first Plasmodium genome sequence reported to use only PacBio technology. This approach has proven to be superior to short-read only approaches for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ting Chien
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Suman B Pakala
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Bioinformatics, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juliana A Geraldo
- Biosystems Informatics & Genomics, René Rachou Research Center (CPqRR-FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jay C Humphrey
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Bioinformatics, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John W Barnwell
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Bioinformatics, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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22
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Hoo R, Zhu L, Amaladoss A, Mok S, Natalang O, Lapp SA, Hu G, Liew K, Galinski MR, Bozdech Z, Preiser PR. Integrated analysis of the Plasmodium species transcriptome. EBioMedicine 2016; 7:255-66. [PMID: 27322479 PMCID: PMC4909483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome sequence available for different Plasmodium species is a valuable resource for understanding malaria parasite biology. However, comparative genomics on its own cannot fully explain all the species-specific differences which suggests that other genomic aspects such as regulation of gene expression play an important role in defining species-specific characteristics. Here, we developed a comprehensive approach to measure transcriptional changes of the evolutionary conserved syntenic orthologs during the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle across six Plasmodium species. We show significant transcriptional constraint at the mid-developmental stage of Plasmodium species while the earliest stages of parasite development display the greatest transcriptional variation associated with critical functional processes. Modeling of the evolutionary relationship based on changes in transcriptional profile reveal a phylogeny pattern of the Plasmodium species that strictly follows its mammalian hosts. In addition, the work shows that transcriptional conserved orthologs represent potential future targets for anti-malaria intervention as they would be expected to carry out key essential functions within the parasites. This work provides an integrated analysis of orthologous transcriptome, which aims to provide insights into the Plasmodium evolution thereby establishing a framework to explore complex pathways and drug discovery in Plasmodium species with broad host range. Comparison of variations in mRNA abundance across six different Plasmodium species. Transcriptional conservation and divergence of Plasmodium syntenic orthologs. Pattern of Plasmodium transcriptome evolution are established. Transcriptionally conserved orthologs represent attractive intervention targets.
Malaria remains a major public health concern despite global efforts in the fight against this disease. The intraerythrocytic stage of the malaria parasites is currently in the spotlight for anti-malarial intervention and vaccine targets. The primary goal of this study is to generate a comprehensive and directly comparable transcriptome dataset across multiple Plasmodium species originating from different hosts. We establish that specific pathways and intraerythrocytic stages are more transcriptionally diverged than others, reflecting transcriptional evolutionary diversity. We further propose a panel of transcriptionally conserved genes as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hoo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Anburaj Amaladoss
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sachel Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Onguma Natalang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guangan Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kingsley Liew
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zbynek Bozdech
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Peter R Preiser
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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23
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Lapp SA, Mok S, Zhu L, Wu H, Preiser PR, Bozdech Z, Galinski MR. Plasmodium knowlesi gene expression differs in ex vivo compared to in vitro blood-stage cultures. Malar J 2015; 14:110. [PMID: 25880967 PMCID: PMC4369371 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium knowlesi is one of five Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans and can result in severe illness and death. While a zoonosis in humans, this simian malaria parasite species infects macaque monkeys and serves as an experimental model for in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro studies. It has underpinned malaria discoveries relating to host-pathogen interactions, the immune response and immune evasion strategies. This study investigated differences in P. knowlesi gene expression in samples from ex vivo and in vitro cultures. METHODS Gene expression profiles were generated using microarrays to compare the stage-specific transcripts detected for a clone of P. knowlesi propagated in the blood of a rhesus macaque host and then grown in an ex-vivo culture, and the same clone adapted to long-term in vitro culture. Parasite samples covering one blood-stage cycle were analysed at four-hour intervals. cDNA was generated and hybridized to an oligoarray representing the P. knowlesi genome. Two replicate experiments were developed from in vitro cultures. Expression values were filtered, normalized, and analysed using R and Perl language and applied to a sine wave model to determine changes in equilibrium and amplitude. Differentially expressed genes from ex vivo and in vitro time points were detected using limma R/Bioconductor and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). RESULTS Major differences were noted between the ex vivo and in vitro time courses in overall gene expression and the length of the cycle (25.5 hours ex vivo; 33.5 hours in vitro). GSEA of genes up-regulated ex vivo showed an enrichment of various genes including SICAvar, ribosomal- associated and histone acetylation pathway genes. In contrast, certain genes involved in metabolism and cell growth, such as porphobilinogen deaminase and tyrosine phosphatase, and one SICAvar gene, were significantly up-regulated in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates how gene expression in P. knowlesi blood-stage parasites can differ dramatically depending on whether the parasites are grown in vivo, with only one cycle of development ex vivo, or as an adapted isolate in long-term in vitro culture. These data bring emphasis to the importance of studying the parasite, its biology and disease manifestations in the context of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sachel Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Peter R Preiser
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Zybnek Bozdech
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Molecular weight marker proteins are routinely used in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to estimate the relative molecular mass of specific proteins within a sample. This report describes a simple procedure for the generation of multicolored molecular weight proteins using a variety of Remazol-reactive textile dyes. These multicolored proteins provide a set of unambiguous markers for gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, the colored markers can be used in conjunction with Western blotting techniques to provide a visual display of marker proteins on the transfer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Compton
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2772, USA.
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