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Redenbaugh V, Fryer JP, Cacciaguerra L, Chen JJ, Greenwood TM, Gilligan M, Thakolwiboon S, Majed M, Chia NH, McKeon A, Mills JR, Lopez Chiriboga AS, Tillema JM, Yang B, Abdulrahman Y, Guo K, Vorasoot N, Valencia Sanchez C, Tajfirouz DA, Toledano M, Zekeridou A, Dubey D, Gombolay GY, Caparó-Zamalloa C, Kister I, Pittock SJ, Flanagan EP. Diagnostic Utility of MOG Antibody Testing in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Ann Neurol 2024. [PMID: 38591875 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-IgG) testing. METHODS We retrospectively identified patients for CSF MOG-IgG testing from January 1, 1996, to May 1, 2023, at Mayo Clinic and other medical centers that sent CSF MOG-IgG for testing including: controls, 282; serum MOG-IgG positive MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), 74; serum MOG-IgG negative high-risk phenotypes, 73; serum false positive MOG-IgG with alternative diagnoses, 18. A live cell-based assay assessed CSF MOG-IgG positivity (IgG-binding-index [IBI], ≥2.5) using multiple anti-human secondary antibodies and end-titers were calculated if sufficient sample volume. Correlation of CSF MOG-IgG IBI and titer was assessed. RESULTS The pan-IgG Fc-specific secondary was optimal, yielding CSF MOG-IgG sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 98% (Youden's index 0.88). CSF MOG-IgG was positive in: 4/282 (1.4%) controls; 66/74 (89%) serum MOG-IgG positive MOGAD patients; and 9/73 (12%) serum MOG-IgG negative patients with high-risk phenotypes. Serum negative but CSF positive MOG-IgG accounted for 9/83 (11%) MOGAD patients, and all fulfilled 2023 MOGAD diagnostic criteria. Subgroup analysis of serum MOG-IgG low-positives revealed CSF MOG-IgG positivity more in MOGAD (13/16[81%]) than other diseases with false positive serum MOG-IgG (3/15[20%]) (p = 0.01). CSF MOG-IgG IBI and CSF MOG-IgG titer (both available in 29 samples) were correlated (Spearman's r = 0.64, p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION CSF MOG-IgG testing has diagnostic utility in patients with a suspicious phenotype but negative serum MOG-IgG, and those with low positive serum MOG-IgG results and diagnostic uncertainty. These findings support a role for CSF MOG-IgG testing in the appropriate clinical setting. ANN NEUROL 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyanka Redenbaugh
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James P Fryer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura Cacciaguerra
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John J Chen
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tammy M Greenwood
- Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Gilligan
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Smathorn Thakolwiboon
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Masoud Majed
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas H Chia
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew McKeon
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John R Mills
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jan-Mendelt Tillema
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Binxia Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yahya Abdulrahman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nisa Vorasoot
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Deena A Tajfirouz
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michel Toledano
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anastasia Zekeridou
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Divyanshu Dubey
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Grace Y Gombolay
- Emory University, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta: Pediatrics Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - César Caparó-Zamalloa
- Basic Research Center in Dementia and Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Ilya Kister
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive MS Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sean J Pittock
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eoin P Flanagan
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Gombolay GY, Silva A, Schrum M, Gopalan N, Hallman-Cooper J, Dutt M, Gombolay M. Effects of explainable artificial intelligence in neurology decision support. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024. [PMID: 38581138 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.52036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision support systems (DSS) are utilized in medicine but underlying decision-making processes are usually unknown. Explainable AI (xAI) techniques provide insight into DSS, but little is known on how to design xAI for clinicians. Here we investigate the impact of various xAI techniques on a clinician's interaction with an AI-based DSS in decision-making tasks as compared to a general population. METHODS We conducted a randomized, blinded study in which members of the Child Neurology Society and American Academy of Neurology were compared to a general population. Participants received recommendations from a DSS via a random assignment of an xAI intervention (decision tree, crowd sourced agreement, case-based reasoning, probability scores, counterfactual reasoning, feature importance, templated language, and no explanations). Primary outcomes included test performance and perceived explainability, trust, and social competence of the DSS. Secondary outcomes included compliance, understandability, and agreement per question. RESULTS We had 81 neurology participants with 284 in the general population. Decision trees were perceived as the more explainable by the medical versus general population (P < 0.01) and as more explainable than probability scores within the medical population (P < 0.001). Increasing neurology experience and perceived explainability degraded performance (P = 0.0214). Performance was not predicted by xAI method but by perceived explainability. INTERPRETATION xAI methods have different impacts on a medical versus general population; thus, xAI is not uniformly beneficial, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach. Further user-centered xAI research targeting clinicians and to develop personalized DSS for clinicians is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Gombolay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Silva
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Jamika Hallman-Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monideep Dutt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew Gombolay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Devlin L, Gombolay GY. Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in COVID-19: a review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 2023; 270:5155-5161. [PMID: 37581633 PMCID: PMC10591843 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurological involvement can occur in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections, resulting in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cytokine alterations are associated with neurological symptoms in COVID-19. We performed a review of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with COVID-19. METHODS Two reviewers independently searched PubMed for all relevant articles published prior to November 11, 2022. Active SARS-CoV-2 infection and CSF cytokine analyses were required for inclusion. RESULTS Three-hundred forty-six patients with COVID-19 and 356 controls from 28 studies were included. SARS-CoV-2 PCR was positive in the CSF of 0.9% (3/337) of patients with COVID-19. Thirty-seven different cytokines were elevated in the CSF of patients with COVID-19 when compared to controls and the standards set forth by individual assays used in each study. Of the 37 cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8 were most commonly elevated. CSF IL-6 is elevated in 60%, and CSF IL-8 is elevated in 51% of patients with COVID-19. CONCLUSION Levels of several inflammatory cytokines are elevated in the CSF of patients with COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 PCR is often not isolated in the CSF of patients with COVID-19. Many patients with COVID-19 have neurological symptoms and given the cytokine elevations in the absence of detectable viral RNA in cerebrospinal fluid; further study of the CSF cytokine profiles and pathogenesis of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Devlin
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grace Y Gombolay
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Emory University, 1400 Tulle Road NE, 8th Floor, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Kaufmann C, Morris M, Gombolay GY. Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection in a prospective cohort of children with neuroinflammatory diseases. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2023; 46:30-34. [PMID: 37399703 PMCID: PMC10307668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune medications affect antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in adults with neuroinflammatory disorders, but little is known about antibody responses in children with neuroinflammation and on immune treatments. Here we measure antibody levels in response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in children receiving anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, or fingolimod. METHODS Children under 18 years of age with pediatric-onset neuroinflammatory disorders who received at least two mRNA vaccines were included. Plasma samples were assayed for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (spike, spike receptor binding domain-RBD, nucleocapsid) and neutralization antibodies. RESULTS Seventeen participants with pediatric onset neuroinflammatory diseases were included: 12 multiple sclerosis, one neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, two MOG-associated disease, and two autoimmune encephalitis. Fourteen were on medications (11 on CD20 monoclonal antibodies-mAbs, one on fingolimod, one on steroids, one on intravenous immunoglobulin) and three were untreated. Nine patients also had pre-vaccination samples available. All participants had seropositivity to spike or spike RBD antibodies except for those receiving CD20 mAbs. However, this proportion was higher in children than in an adult MS patient cohort. The most significant contributor to antibody levels was duration of DMT. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are decreased in children on CD20 monoclonal antibodies than on other treatments. Treatment duration associated with vaccination responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Morris
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grace Y Gombolay
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Santoro JD, Spinazzi NA, Filipink RA, Hayati-Rezvan P, Kammeyer R, Patel L, Sannar EA, Dwyer L, Banerjee AK, Khoshnood M, Jafarpour S, Boyd NK, Partridge R, Gombolay GY, Christy AL, Real de Asua D, Del Carmen Ortega M, Manning MA, Van Mater H, Worley G, Franklin C, Stanley MA, Brown R, Capone GT, Quinn EA, Rafii MS. Immunotherapy responsiveness and risk of relapse in Down syndrome regression disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:276. [PMID: 37553347 PMCID: PMC10409776 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome regression disorder (DSRD) is a clinical symptom cluster consisting of neuropsychiatric regression without an identifiable cause. This study evaluated the clinical effectiveness of IVIg and evaluated clinical characteristics associated with relapse after therapy discontinuation. A prospective, multi-center, non-randomized, observational study was performed. Patients met criteria for DSRD and were treated with IVIg. All patients underwent a standardized wean-off therapy after 9-12 months of treatment. Baseline, on-therapy, and relapse scores of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Total Score (NPITS), Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), and the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) were used to track clinical symptoms. Eighty-two individuals were enrolled in this study. Patients had lower BFCRS (MD: -6.68; 95% CI: -8.23, -5.14), CGI-S (MD: -1.27; 95% CI: -1.73, -0.81), and NPITS scores (MD: -6.50; 95% CI: -7.53, -5.47) while they were on therapy compared to baseline. Approximately 46% of the patients (n = 38) experienced neurologic relapse with wean of IVIg. Patients with neurologic relapse were more likely to have any abnormal neurodiagnostic study (χ2 = 11.82, P = 0.001), abnormal MRI (χ2 = 7.78, P = 0.005), and abnormal LP (χ2 = 5.45, P = 0.02), and a personal history of autoimmunity (OR: 6.11, P < 0.001) compared to patients without relapse. IVIg was highly effective in the treatment of DSRD. Individuals with a history of personal autoimmunity or neurodiagnostic abnormalities were more likely to relapse following weaning of immunotherapy, indicating the potential for, a chronic autoimmune etiology in some cases of DSRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Santoro
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Noemi A Spinazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robyn A Filipink
- Division of Child Neurology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Panteha Hayati-Rezvan
- Division of Research on Children, Youth and Families, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Kammeyer
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lina Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elise A Sannar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Luke Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Abhik K Banerjee
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mellad Khoshnood
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saba Jafarpour
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natalie K Boyd
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Grace Y Gombolay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Diego Real de Asua
- Adult Down Syndrome Outpatient Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Melanie A Manning
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Heather Van Mater
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gordan Worley
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cathy Franklin
- Queensland Center for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria A Stanley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ruth Brown
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - George T Capone
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eileen A Quinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Michael S Rafii
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute (ATRI), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Gombolay GY, Gopalan N, Bernasconi A, Nabbout R, Megerian JT, Siegel B, Hallman-Cooper J, Bhalla S, Gombolay MC. Review of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (ML/AI) for the Pediatric Neurologist. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 141:42-51. [PMID: 36773406 PMCID: PMC10040433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) and a popular branch of AI known as machine learning (ML) are increasingly being utilized in medicine and to inform medical research. This review provides an overview of AI and ML (AI/ML), including definitions of common terms. We discuss the history of AI and provide instances of how AI/ML can be applied to pediatric neurology. Examples include imaging in neuro-oncology, autism diagnosis, diagnosis from charts, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and neonatal neurology. Topics such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Gombolay
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Georgia; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta Georgia.
| | - Nakul Gopalan
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Interactive Computing, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, UK
| | - Rima Nabbout
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Reference Centre for Rare Epilepsies and Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Imagine Institute UMR1163, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan T Megerian
- Department of Pediatrics, CHOC Children's, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Orange, California
| | - Benjamin Siegel
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Georgia; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta Georgia
| | - Jamika Hallman-Cooper
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Georgia; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta Georgia
| | - Sonam Bhalla
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Georgia; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta Georgia
| | - Matthew C Gombolay
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Interactive Computing, Atlanta, Georgia
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Gombolay GY, Dutt M, Tyor W. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review/meta-analysis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1321-1331. [PMID: 35852423 PMCID: PMC9349877 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with MS (pwMS) varies by disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). We perform a meta-analysis and systematic review of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in pwMS. METHODS Two independent reviewers searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase from January 1, 2019-December 31, 2021, excluding prior SARS-CoV-2 infections. The meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were applied. The data were pooled using a fixed-effects model. RESULTS Eight-hundred sixty-four healthy controls and 2203 pwMS from 31 studies were included. Antibodies were detected in 93% healthy controls (HCs), and 77% pwMS, with >93% responses in all DMTs (interferon-beta, glatiramer acetate, cladribine, natalizumab, dimethyl fumarate, alemtuzumab, and teriflunomide) except for 72% sphingosine-1-phosphate modulators (S1PM) and 44% anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). T-cell responses were detected in most anti-CD20 and decreased in S1PM. Higher antibody response was observed in mRNA vaccines (99.7% HCs) versus non-mRNA vaccines (HCs: 72% inactivated virus; pwMS: 86% vector, 59% inactivated virus). A multivariate logistic regression model to predict vaccine response demonstrated that mRNA versus non-mRNA vaccines had a 3.4 odds ratio (OR) for developing immunity in anti-CD20 (p = 0.0052) and 7.9 OR in pwMS on S1PM or CD20 mAbs (p < 0.0001). Antibody testing timing did not affect antibody detection. CONCLUSION Antibody responses are decreased in S1PM and anti-CD20; however, cellular responses were positive in most anti-CD20 with decreased T cell responses in S1PM. mRNA vaccines had increased seroconversion rates compared to non-RNA vaccines. Further investigation in how DMTs affect vaccine immunity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y. Gombolay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric NeurologyEmory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta1400 Tulle Road NE, 8 FloorAtlantaGeorgia30329USA
| | - Monideep Dutt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric NeurologyEmory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta1400 Tulle Road NE, 8 FloorAtlantaGeorgia30329USA
| | - William Tyor
- Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Atlanta VA Medical CenterDecaturGeorgiaUSA
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Santoro JD, Patel L, Kammeyer R, Filipink RA, Gombolay GY, Cardinale KM, Real de Asua D, Zaman S, Santoro SL, Marzouk SM, Khoshnood M, Vogel BN, Tanna R, Pagarkar D, Dhanani S, Ortega MDC, Partridge R, Stanley MA, Sanders JS, Christy A, Sannar EM, Brown R, McCormick AA, Van Mater H, Franklin C, Worley G, Quinn EA, Capone GT, Chicoine B, Skotko BG, Rafii MS. Assessment and Diagnosis of Down Syndrome Regression Disorder: International Expert Consensus. Front Neurol 2022; 13:940175. [PMID: 35911905 PMCID: PMC9335003 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.940175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo develop standardization for nomenclature, diagnostic work up and diagnostic criteria for cases of neurocognitive regression in Down syndrome.BackgroundThere are no consensus criteria for the evaluation or diagnosis of neurocognitive regression in persons with Down syndrome. As such, previously published data on this condition is relegated to smaller case series with heterogenous data sets. Lack of standardized assessment tools has slowed research in this clinical area.MethodsThe authors performed a two-round traditional Delphi method survey of an international group of clinicians with experience in treating Down syndrome to develop a standardized approach to clinical care and research in this area. Thirty-eight potential panelists who had either previously published on neurocognitive regression in Down syndrome or were involved in national or international working groups on this condition were invited to participate. In total, 27 panelists (71%) represented nine medical specialties and six different countries reached agreement on preliminary standards in this disease area. Moderators developed a proposed nomenclature, diagnostic work up and diagnostic criteria based on previously published reports of regression in persons with Down syndrome.ResultsDuring the first round of survey, agreement on nomenclature for the condition was reached with 78% of panelists agreeing to use the term Down Syndrome Regression Disorder (DSRD). Agreement on diagnostic work up and diagnostic criteria was not reach on the first round due to low agreement amongst panelists with regards to the need for neurodiagnostic testing. Following incorporation of panelist feedback, diagnostic criteria were agreed upon (96% agreement on neuroimaging, 100% agreement on bloodwork, 88% agreement on lumbar puncture, 100% agreement on urine studies, and 96% agreement on “other” studies) as were diagnostic criteria (96% agreement).ConclusionsThe authors present international consensus agreement on the nomenclature, diagnostic work up, and diagnostic criteria for DSRD, providing an initial practical framework that can advance both research and clinical practices for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jonathan D. Santoro
| | - Lina Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Ryan Kammeyer
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robyn A. Filipink
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Grace Y. Gombolay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Cardinale
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Diego Real de Asua
- Adult Down Syndrome Outpatient Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Cambridge Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie L. Santoro
- Down Syndrome Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sammer M. Marzouk
- Down Syndrome Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mellad Khoshnood
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin N. Vogel
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Runi Tanna
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dania Pagarkar
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sofia Dhanani
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Maria A. Stanley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jessica S. Sanders
- Sie Center for Down Syndrome at the University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Elise M. Sannar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ruth Brown
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Andrew A. McCormick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Heather Van Mater
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cathy Franklin
- Queensland Center for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gordon Worley
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eileen A. Quinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - George T. Capone
- Department of Pediatrics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian Chicoine
- Advocate Medical Group Adult Down Syndrome Center, Park Ridge, IL, United States
| | - Brian G. Skotko
- Down Syndrome Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael S. Rafii
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute (ATRI), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, San Diego, CA, United States
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9
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Santoro JD, Partridge R, Tanna R, Pagarkar D, Khoshnood M, Rehmani M, Kammeyer RM, Gombolay GY, Fisher K, Conravey A, El-Dahr J, Christy AL, Patel L, Manning MA, Van Mater H, Rafii MS, Quinn EA. Evidence of neuroinflammation and immunotherapy responsiveness in individuals with down syndrome regression disorder. J Neurodev Disord 2022; 14:35. [PMID: 35659536 PMCID: PMC9164321 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-022-09446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Down syndrome regression disorder is a symptom cluster consisting of neuropsychiatric regression without cause. This study evaluated the incidence of neurodiagnostic abnormalities in individuals with Down syndrome regression disorder and determined if abnormalities are indicative of responses to therapeutic intervention. Methods A retrospective, multi-center, case-control study was performed. Patients were required to have subacute onset and the presence of four of five symptom groups present (cognitive decline, expressive language, sleep derangement, loss of ability to perform activities of daily living, and/or a new movement disorder) and no other explanation for symptoms. Results Individuals with Down syndrome regression disorder were comparable to a cohort of individuals with only Down syndrome although had higher rates of autoimmune disease (p = 0.02, 95%CI 1.04–1.75). Neurodiagnostic abnormalities were found on EEG (n = 19, 26%), neuroimaging (n = 16, 22%), and CSF (n = 9, 17%). Pleocytosis was appreciated in five cases, elevated total protein in nine, elevated IgG index in seven, and oligoclonal bands in two. Testing within 2 years of symptom onset was more likely to have neurodiagnostic abnormalities (p = 0.01, 95%CI 1.64–37.06). In individuals with neurodiagnostic abnormalities, immunotherapy was nearly four times more likely to have a therapeutic effect than in those without neurodiagnostic abnormalities (OR 4.11, 95%CI 1.88–9.02). In those with normal neurodiagnostic studies (n = 43), IVIg was effective in 14 of 17 (82%) patients as well although other immunotherapies were uniformly ineffective. Conclusions This study reports the novel presence of neurodiagnostic testing abnormalities in individuals with Down syndrome regression disorder, providing credence to this symptom cluster potentially being of neurologic and/or neuroimmunologic etiology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11689-022-09446-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Santoro
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - Runi Tanna
- Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dania Pagarkar
- Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Mellad Khoshnood
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS82, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Mustafa Rehmani
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan M Kammeyer
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Grace Y Gombolay
- Department of Neurology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristen Fisher
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Jane El-Dahr
- Section of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Lina Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Melanie A Manning
- Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Heather Van Mater
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael S Rafii
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute (ATRI), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eileen A Quinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH, USA
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) in ovarian teratomas is unknown. We aim to identify the prevalence of NMDARE as well as volumetric and histopathologic characteristics of ovarian teratomas in patients with versus without. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study to identify patients with confirmed ovarian teratomas and the characteristics of teratomas in NMDARE compared with non-NMDARE patients. Patients aged between 0 and 21 years with confirmed histopathological diagnosis of ovarian teratoma after resection were included. The rate of NMDARE in ovarian teratomas was identified. Moreover, volumes of ovarian teratomas and the frequency of neuronal glial elements on histopathology in NMDARE versus non-NMDARE patients were assessed. RESULTS Five out of one-hundred-and-sixty-three (3.07%) patients with histopathology confirmed ovarian teratomas were diagnosed with NMDARE. Age was not different between the NMDARE (mean: 13.8 years, standard deviation: 3.9) and non-NMDARE groups (median: 14, interquartile range [IQR]: 5). Teratoma volumes from NMDARE patients were smaller than those of non-NMDARE patients (median 28.3 cm3 with IQR of 431.2 and median 182.8 with IQR of 635.0, respectively). Both age and NMDARE diagnosis were statistically significant variables in the analysis of variance on a multiple linear regression model. Age (p = 0.013) had a positive correlation with teratoma size, whereas presence of NMDARE had a negative correlation (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION The rate of NMDARE in ovarian teratomas is low and NMDARE patients have smaller teratomas than non-NMDARE. Further studies are needed to understand the timing of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies in teratomas and the development of NMDARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Li
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Sarah S. Milla
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States,Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Grace Y. Gombolay
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States,Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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11
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Gadde JA, Wolf DS, Keller S, Gombolay GY. Rate of Leptomeningeal Enhancement in Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Encephalomyelitis. J Child Neurol 2021; 36:1042-1046. [PMID: 34547933 PMCID: PMC9054459 DOI: 10.1177/08830738211025867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-abs) are associated with demyelinating diseases. Leptomeningeal enhancement occurs in 6% of adult MOG-abs patients but rates in pediatric MOG-abs patients are unknown. METHODS Retrospective review of pediatric MOG-abs patients was performed. RESULTS Twenty-one patients (7 boys, 14 girls) were included with an average age of 8.6 years (range 2-15 years). Seven of 21 (33%) pediatric MOG-abs patients had leptomeningeal enhancement. Two patients' relapses were manifested by leptomeningeal enhancement alone and another patient presented with seizures, encephalopathy, and aseptic meningitis without demyelinating lesions. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis was seen in both leptomeningeal (4/7 patients) and nonleptomeningeal enhancement (10/14 patients). Interestingly, 3 patients with leptomeningeal enhancement had normal cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count. Cortical edema was more likely in patients with leptomeningeal enhancement (P = .0263). CONCLUSION We expand the clinical spectrum of anti-MOG antibody-associated disorder. Patients with recurrent leptomeningeal enhancement without demyelinating lesions should be tested for MOG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A. Gadde
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences & Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, GA, USA,Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, IL, USA
| | - David S. Wolf
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta: Pediatrics Institute, Emory University, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Keller
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta: Pediatrics Institute, Emory University, GA, USA
| | - Grace Y. Gombolay
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta: Pediatrics Institute, Emory University, GA, USA
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12
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Ngo B, Lapp SA, Siegel B, Patel V, Hussaini L, Bora S, Philbrook B, Weinschenk K, Wright L, Anderson EJ, Rostad CA, Gombolay GY. Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine, chemokine, and SARS-CoV-2 antibody profiles in children with neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with COVID-19. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 55:103169. [PMID: 34333272 PMCID: PMC8310416 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Neuropsychiatric symptoms and CSF cytokine, chemokine, and SARS-COV-2 antibody profiles are unknown in pediatric patients with COVID-19 or multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), (NP-COVID-19). Methods Children at a single pediatric institution quaternary referral center with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 or MIS-C and neuropsychiatric symptoms were included in this retrospective case series. Clinical symptoms, ancillary testing data, treatments and outcomes are described. Multiplexed electrochemiluminescence assays for cytokines, chemokines and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were tested in the CSF NP-COVID-19 patients compared to five controls and were analyzed using the Student's t-test. Results Three of five NP-COVID-19 patients had psychiatric symptoms, and two patients had encephalopathy and seizures. All patients had full or near resolution of neuropsychiatric symptoms by discharge. One patient received intravenous steroids for treatment for psychiatric symptoms; 3/5 other patients received immunotherapy for MIS-C, including IVIG, high-dose steroids, anakinra, and tocilizumab. Pro-inflammatory chemokines, including MIG, MPC, MIP-1β, and TARC were significantly elevated in NP-COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Two of five patients had elevated CSF neurofilament light chain. CSF SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers to the full-length spike, receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain were significantly elevated. SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers strongly correlated with pro-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (P≤0.05 for all). Conclusions A spectrum of neuropsychiatric clinical manifestations can occur in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. CSF pro-inflammatory chemokines and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies may serve as biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 mediated NP-COVID-19. Additional study is required to understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms of neuroinflammation in children with COVID-19 and MIS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Ngo
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Benjamin Siegel
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Vikash Patel
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sonali Bora
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bryan Philbrook
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Atlanta GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology
| | - Kristin Weinschenk
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Laura Wright
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Neuropsychology, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Grace Y Gombolay
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Atlanta GA, United States; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology.
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13
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Gombolay GY, Gadde JA. Aseptic meningitis and leptomeningeal enhancement associated with anti-MOG antibodies: A review. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577653. [PMID: 34229204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aseptic meningitis can be caused by autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and sarcoidosis. Aseptic meningitis with leptomeningeal enhancement can be the initial presentation of a neuroinflammatory syndrome associated with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-abs). MOG-abs is a serum biomarker for MOG-associated disorder (MOG-AD), an acquired demyelinating syndrome that includes features of neuromyelitis optica, multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The purpose of this study is to review cases of aseptic meningitis and leptomeningeal enhancement associated with MOG-abs. METHODS Systematic review using PubMed, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar up to December 2020 was performed. Cases of MOG-AD were included if they met the following criteria: 1) Initial clinical presentation of aseptic meningitis; 2) positive leptomeningeal enhancement and 3) MOG-Ab seropositivity. Descriptive statistics were used. This analysis was limited to the cases available in the literature. RESULTS 11 total cases of aseptic meningitis and leptomeningeal enhancement in setting of MOG-ab were identified. Demyelinating type T2 lesions were also present at time of presentation in 6/11; however, 5/11 of patients had leptomeningeal enhancement alone without demyelinating lesions. All 5 patients required immunotherapy for improvement, including one patient with symptoms for 28 days, with 4/5 receiving steroids and 1/5 receiving intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). CONCLUSIONS Aseptic meningitis with leptomeningeal enhancement can be the initial presenting symptom of MOG-AD. MOG-ab testing should be considered in a patient presenting with aseptic meningitis and leptomeningeal enhancement of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Gombolay
- Emory University, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta: Pediatrics Institute, United States of America.
| | - Judith A Gadde
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences & Pediatrics, United States of America; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
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14
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Tan A, Marcus DJ, Howarth RA, Gombolay GY. Neuropsychological Phenotypes of Pediatric Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Associated Disorders: A Case Series. Neuropediatrics 2021; 52:212-218. [PMID: 33578444 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging research has demonstrated that anti-myelin oligodendrocyte associated disorders (MOG-AD) are associated with a less severe clinical course than demyelinating conditions associated with the presence of aquaporin-4 antibodies. While a heterogeneity of neuropsychological outcomes in pediatric demyelinating conditions have been described in the literature, no studies to date have investigated the neuropsychological sequelae of pediatric MOG-AD specifically. The objective of the present case series was to describe the clinical and neuropsychological phenotypes of seven pediatric patients (ages 3-15 years) with MOG-AD of different diagnoses (e.g., acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, and neuromyelitis spectrum disorders). Neuropsychological outcomes were evaluated by retrospective chart review. Results indicated largely intact neuropsychological profiles in five of the seven patients, with mild weaknesses in attention, executive functioning, processing speed, visual-motor/fine-motor skills, and mood concerns being observed. Two patients with a Kurtzke Extended Disability Status Scale of 0 still demonstrated findings on neuropsychological testing. Of the other two patients, one demonstrated higher levels of impairment in the context of a complex medical history and premorbid learning difficulties, while the other demonstrated declines in functioning likely associated with an earlier age of onset. Findings suggest that neuropsychological outcomes may be correspondingly less severe in this population compared with what has previously been described in the pediatric demyelinating disease literature. This differential impact may contribute to the heterogeneity of neuropsychological outcomes found in previous studies, and future research should separate participants with myelin oligodendrocyte antibodies given the difference in clinical course, treatment outcomes, and neuropsychological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tan
- Department of Neuropsychology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Psychology, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California
| | - David J Marcus
- Department of Neuropsychology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Robyn A Howarth
- Department of Neuropsychology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Grace Y Gombolay
- Department of Neurology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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15
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Murphy OC, Messacar K, Benson L, Bove R, Carpenter JL, Crawford T, Dean J, DeBiasi R, Desai J, Elrick MJ, Farias-Moeller R, Gombolay GY, Greenberg B, Harmelink M, Hong S, Hopkins SE, Oleszek J, Otten C, Sadowsky CL, Schreiner TL, Thakur KT, Van Haren K, Carballo CM, Chong PF, Fall A, Gowda VK, Helfferich J, Kira R, Lim M, Lopez EL, Wells EM, Yeh EA, Pardo CA. Acute flaccid myelitis: cause, diagnosis, and management. Lancet 2021; 397:334-346. [PMID: 33357469 PMCID: PMC7909727 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a disabling, polio-like illness mainly affecting children. Outbreaks of AFM have occurred across multiple global regions since 2012, and the disease appears to be caused by non-polio enterovirus infection, posing a major public health challenge. The clinical presentation of flaccid and often profound muscle weakness (which can invoke respiratory failure and other critical complications) can mimic several other acute neurological illnesses. There is no single sensitive and specific test for AFM, and the diagnosis relies on identification of several important clinical, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid characteristics. Following the acute phase of AFM, patients typically have substantial residual disability and unique long-term rehabilitation needs. In this Review we describe the epidemiology, clinical features, course, and outcomes of AFM to help to guide diagnosis, management, and rehabilitation. Future research directions include further studies evaluating host and pathogen factors, including investigations into genetic, viral, and immunological features of affected patients, host-virus interactions, and investigations of targeted therapeutic approaches to improve the long-term outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olwen C Murphy
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Messacar
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Leslie Benson
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Riley Bove
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica L Carpenter
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas Crawford
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janet Dean
- International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roberta DeBiasi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jay Desai
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Elrick
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raquel Farias-Moeller
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Grace Y Gombolay
- Department of Neurology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Harmelink
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sue Hong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah E Hopkins
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joyce Oleszek
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Catherine Otten
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cristina L Sadowsky
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Teri L Schreiner
- Department of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kiran T Thakur
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith Van Haren
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carolina M Carballo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pin Fee Chong
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Amary Fall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département de Virologie, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Vykuntaraju K Gowda
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jelte Helfferich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ryutaro Kira
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ming Lim
- Children's Neuroscience Center, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, and Faculty of Life Sciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - Eduardo L Lopez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth M Wells
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E Ann Yeh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Patel R, Gombolay GY, Peljovich AE, Conklin J, Blackwell LS, Howarth R, Wolf DS, Upadhyayula SR, Verma S. Acute Flaccid Myelitis: A Single Pediatric Center Experience From 2014 to 2019. J Child Neurol 2020; 35:912-917. [PMID: 32677590 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820939392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute flaccid myelitis has emerged as the leading cause of acute flaccid paralysis in children. Acute flaccid myelitis leads to significant physical disability; hence, objective outcome measures to study disease severity and progression are desirable. In addition, nerve transfer to improve motor function in affected children needs further study. METHODS Retrospective study of acute flaccid myelitis subjects managed at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta from August 2014 to December 2019. Clinical, electromyography and nerve conduction study, neuropsychological functional independence (WeeFIM), and nerve transfer data were reviewed. RESULTS Fifteen children (11 boys and 4 girls) mean age 5.1±3.2 years (range 14 months to 12 years) were included. All subjects (n = 15) presented with severe asymmetric motor weakness and absent tendon reflexes. Motor nerve conduction study of the affected limbs in 93% (n = 14) showed absent or markedly reduced amplitude. Ten patients received comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation and neuropsychological evaluation. Admission and discharge WeeFIM scores showed deficits most consistent and pronounced in the domains of self-care and mobility. Multiple nerve transfer surgery was performed on 13 limbs (9 upper and 4 lower extremities) in 6 children. Postsurgery (mean duration of 10.4 ± 5.7 months) follow-up demonstrated improvement on active movement scale (AMS) in 4 subjects. CONCLUSION Acute flaccid myelitis affects school-age children with asymmetric motor weakness, absent tendon reflexes, and reduced or absent motor amplitude on nerve conduction study. Comprehensive rehabilitation and nerve transfer led to improvement in motor function on neuropsychology WeeFIM and AMS scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifali Patel
- Pediatric Neurology, MercyOne, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Grace Y Gombolay
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, 1371Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allan E Peljovich
- The Hand and Upper Extremity Center of Georgia, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1367Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta Medical Center Orthopaedic Residency Program, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Conklin
- Division of Neuropsychology, 1367Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura S Blackwell
- Division of Neuropsychology, 1367Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robyn Howarth
- Division of Neuropsychology, 1367Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David S Wolf
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, 1371Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Saila R Upadhyayula
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, 1371Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sumit Verma
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, 1371Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Tutmaher MS, Chen DF, Hallman-Cooper J, Holt PJ, Philbrook B, Gombolay GY. A Stroke Mimic: Anti-MOG Antibody-Associated Disorder Presenting as Acute Hemiparesis. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 108:123-125. [PMID: 32295728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Tutmaher
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Denise F Chen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jamika Hallman-Cooper
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute: Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Philip J Holt
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bryan Philbrook
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute: Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Grace Y Gombolay
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute: Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Abstract
Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug. In young children, there are relatively few reports in the literature of acute marijuana intoxication. Here, we describe the case of a previously healthy 2-year-old girl who presented with clinical seizures. A urine toxicology screen showed elevated levels of tetrahydrocannabinol. The source of the drug was not identified. After a short stay in the hospital, the patient fully recovered with only supportive measures. In this report, we also summarize all domestic and international cases of marijuana intoxication in children younger than 6 years, in conjunction with the number of exposures in children of similar age identified by the US National Poison Data System. This report highlights what is becoming a more common problem. As cannabis continues to be decriminalized across the United States with its increasingly diverse modes of delivery, the potential for accidental exposure in infants and young children also rises. Clinicians should now routinely consider marijuana intoxication in children who present with acute neurological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osei Boadu
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | | | | | - Chadi M El Saleeby
- Department of Pediatrics.,Hospital Medicine.,Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Gorman
- From the Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital (M.P.G.), the Departments of Neurology (G.Y.G., R.L.T.), Radiology (W.A.M.), and Pediatrics (R.L.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (M.P.G., G.Y.G., R.L.T.) and Radiology (W.A.M.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Grace Y Gombolay
- From the Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital (M.P.G.), the Departments of Neurology (G.Y.G., R.L.T.), Radiology (W.A.M.), and Pediatrics (R.L.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (M.P.G., G.Y.G., R.L.T.) and Radiology (W.A.M.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - William A Mehan
- From the Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital (M.P.G.), the Departments of Neurology (G.Y.G., R.L.T.), Radiology (W.A.M.), and Pediatrics (R.L.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (M.P.G., G.Y.G., R.L.T.) and Radiology (W.A.M.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Ronald L Thibert
- From the Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital (M.P.G.), the Departments of Neurology (G.Y.G., R.L.T.), Radiology (W.A.M.), and Pediatrics (R.L.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (M.P.G., G.Y.G., R.L.T.) and Radiology (W.A.M.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
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