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Win MN, Yee KT, Htwe KM, Thin EE, Win SM, Kyaw AM, Aye MM, Khaing KK, Thwe WM, Htwe KK, Zaw A. Biochemical and biological characterization of the venoms of Naja kaouthia and Naja mandalayensis from Myanmar and neutralization effects of BPI cobra antivenom. Toxicon X 2024; 22:100196. [PMID: 38665175 PMCID: PMC11043865 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebite is a neglected public health issue, with many scientific and medical issues to be solved. Cobras are among the most common venomous snakes in Myanmar and are responsible for a considerable number of severe snakebite envenoming. There are three species of cobra (Naja kaouthia, Naja mandalayensis and Ophiophagus hannah) in Myanmar. The study aims to characterize the N. kaouthia and N. mandalayensis venoms and to investigate the efficacy of anti-cobra antivenom (BPI) against the two venoms. Protein components and fibrinogenolytic activity were determined by SDS-PAGE. Enzymatic activities for PLA2, protease and acetylcholinesterase were determined by spectrophotometric method. Anticoagulant activity was determined by recalcification time of citrated human plasma. Myotoxicity, necrotizing activity, median lethal dose (LD50) and median effective dose (ED50) were determined by WHO recommended methods. The SDS-PAGE displayed the proteins and enzymes containing in two venoms were different. N. kaouthia venom exhibited more in PLA2, acetylcholinesterase, anticoagulant, fibrinogenolytic and necrotizing activities than N. mandalayensis venom. N. mandalayensis venom had more protease activity and myotoxicity than N. kaouthia venom. The median lethal dose (LD50) of N. kaouthia and N. mandalayensis venom was 4.33 μg/mouse and 5.04 μg/mouse respectively. Both venoms induced fibrinogen Aα chain degradation in 30 min (N. kaouthia) and in 6 h (N. mandalayensis). The same median effective dose (ED50) (19.56 μg/mouse) showed that anti-NK antivenom can neutralize against lethal effect of N. mandalayensis venom. It can also neutralize the protease activity, anticoagulant activity and fibrinogenolytic activity of both venoms. Immunodiffusion and immunoblotting studies showed that the antivenom recognized its homologous venom (N. kaouthia) and cross-reacted against the heterologous venom (N. mandalayensis). The anti-NK antivenom is suitable to use for N. mandalayensis bite if monospecific antivenom is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Nila Win
- Myanma Pharmaceutical Enterprise, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | | | - Ei Ei Thin
- University of Pharmacy, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Su Mon Win
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Myo Myo Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | | | | | - Aung Zaw
- Myanma Pharmaceutical Enterprise, Yangon, Myanmar
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2
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Lim EQ, Ahemad N, Yap MKK. High-throughput virtual screening, pharmacophore modelling and antagonist effects of small molecule inhibitors against cytotoxin-induced cytotoxicity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 38100546 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2293275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cobra venom cytotoxins (CTX) cause dermonecrosis in envenomed patients who suffered from limb amputations due to the limitation of serotherapy-based antivenoms. This study aimed to identify small molecule inhibitors against CTX. A structure-based high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) was conducted based on a conserved CTX, using the Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS) screening library. The hits were valerenic acid, 1-oxo-2H-isoquinoline-4-carboxylic acid, acenaphthene, and 5-bromopyrrole-2-carboxamide, which interacted with contemporary antivenom binding site A and functional loops I-III of CTX, respectively, in molecular docking studies. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations were performed along with analysis of ligand fitness through their pharmacophore and pharmacokinetics properties. The antagonist effects of these hits on CTX-induced cytotoxicity were examined in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Despite having a low binding affinity (KD = 14.45 × 10-4 M), acenaphthene demonstrated a significant increase of cell viability at 6 h and 24 h in experimental envenomed HaCaT. It also demonstrated the highest neutralization potency against CTX with a median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.05 mL/mg. Acenaphthene interacted with the functional loop II, which is the crucial cytotoxic site of CTX. It has an aromatic ring as its primary pharmacophoric feature, commonly used for rational drug design. In conclusion, acenaphthene could be a promising lead compound as a small molecule inhibitor.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Qi Lim
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Khai Khun Yap
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Laprade W, Bartlett KE, Christensen CR, Kazandjian TD, Patel RN, Crittenden E, Dawson CA, Mansourvar M, Wolff DS, Fryer T, Laustsen AH, Casewell NR, Gutiérrez JM, Hall SR, Jenkins TP. Machine-learning guided Venom Induced Dermonecrosis Analysis tooL: VIDAL. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21662. [PMID: 38066189 PMCID: PMC10709447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a global public health issue that causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in low-income regions of the world. The clinical manifestations of envenomings vary depending on the snake's venom, with paralysis, haemorrhage, and necrosis being the most common and medically relevant effects. To assess the efficacy of antivenoms against dermonecrosis, a preclinical testing approach involves in vivo mouse models that mimic local tissue effects of cytotoxic snakebites in humans. However, current methods for assessing necrosis severity are time-consuming and susceptible to human error. To address this, we present the Venom Induced Dermonecrosis Analysis tooL (VIDAL), a machine-learning-guided image-based solution that can automatically identify dermonecrotic lesions in mice, adjust for lighting biases, scale the image, extract lesion area and discolouration, and calculate the severity of dermonecrosis. We also introduce a new unit, the dermonecrotic unit (DnU), to better capture the complexity of dermonecrosis severity. Our tool is comparable to the performance of state-of-the-art histopathological analysis, making it an accessible, accurate, and reproducible method for assessing dermonecrosis in mice. Given the urgent need to address the neglected tropical disease that is snakebite, high-throughput technologies such as VIDAL are crucial in developing and validating new and existing therapeutics for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Laprade
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Keirah E Bartlett
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Charlotte R Christensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Taline D Kazandjian
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rohit N Patel
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edouard Crittenden
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Charlotte A Dawson
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marjan Mansourvar
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Darian S Wolff
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Fryer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas H Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Steven R Hall
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
- Lancaster Medical School and Biomedical & Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Timothy P Jenkins
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Hiremath K, Dodakallanavar J, Sampat GH, Patil VS, Harish DR, Chavan R, Hegde HV, Roy S. Three finger toxins of elapids: structure, function, clinical applications and its inhibitors. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10734-3. [PMID: 37749455 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The WHO lists snakebite as a "neglected tropical disease". In tropical and subtropical areas, envenoming is an important public health issue. This review article describes the structure, function, chemical composition, natural inhibitors, and clinical applications of Elapids' Three Finger Toxins (3FTX) using scientific research data. The primary venomous substance belonging to Elapidae is 3FTX, that targets nAChR. Three parallel β-sheets combine to create 3FTX, which has four or five disulfide bonds. The three primary types of 3FTX are short-chain, long-chain, and nonconventional 3FTX. The functions of 3FTX depend on the specific toxin subtype and the target receptor or ion channel. The well-known effect of 3FTX is probably neurotoxicity because of the severe consequences of muscular paralysis and respiratory failure in snakebite victims. 3FTX have also been studied for their potential clinical applications. α-bungarotoxin has been used as a molecular probe to study the structure and function of nAChRs (Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors). Acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) isoforms 1a and 1b are inhibited by Mambalgins, derived from Black mamba venom, which hinders their function and provide an analgesic effect. α- Cobra toxin is a neurotoxin purified from Chinese cobra (Naja atra) binds to nAChR at the neuronal junction and causes an analgesic effect for moderate to severe pain. Some of the plants and their compounds have been shown to inhibit the activity of 3FTX, and their mechanisms of action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashinath Hiremath
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Jagadeesh Dodakallanavar
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Ganesh H Sampat
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Vishal S Patil
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Darasaguppe R Harish
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
| | - Rajashekar Chavan
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
| | - Harsha V Hegde
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Subarna Roy
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
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Jenkins TP, Laprade WM, Sánchez A, Tulika T, O’Brien C, Sørensen CV, Stewart TK, Fryer T, Laustsen AH, Gutiérrez JM. AHA: AI-guided tool for the quantification of venom-induced haemorrhage in mice. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.1063640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Venom-induced haemorrhage constitutes a severe pathology in snakebite envenomings, especially those inflicted by viperid species. To both explore venom activity accurately and evaluate the efficacy of viperid antivenoms for the neutralisation of haemorrhagic activity it is essential to have available a precise, quantitative tool for empirically determining venom-induced haemorrhage. Thus, we have built on our prior approach and developed a new AI-guided tool (AHA) for the quantification of venom-induced haemorrhage in mice. Using a smartphone, it takes less than a minute to take a photo, upload the image, and receive accurate information on the magnitude of a venom-induced haemorrhagic lesion in mice. This substantially decreases analysis time, reduces human error, and does not require expert haemorrhage analysis skills. Furthermore, its open access web-based graphical user interface makes it easy to use and implement in laboratories across the globe. Together, this will reduce the resources required to preclinically assess and control the quality of antivenoms, whilst also expediting the profiling of haemorrhagic activity in venoms for the wider toxinology community.
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Offor BC, Muller B, Piater LA. A Review of the Proteomic Profiling of African Viperidae and Elapidae Snake Venoms and Their Antivenom Neutralisation. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110723. [PMID: 36355973 PMCID: PMC9694588 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that results from the injection of snake venom of a venomous snake into animals and humans. In Africa (mainly in sub-Saharan Africa), over 100,000 envenomings and over 10,000 deaths per annum from snakebite have been reported. Difficulties in snakebite prevention and antivenom treatment are believed to result from a lack of epidemiological data and underestimated figures on snakebite envenoming-related morbidity and mortality. There are species- and genus-specific variations associated with snake venoms in Africa and across the globe. These variations contribute massively to diverse differences in venom toxicity and pathogenicity that can undermine the efficacy of adopted antivenom therapies used in the treatment of snakebite envenoming. There is a need to profile all snake venom proteins of medically important venomous snakes endemic to Africa. This is anticipated to help in the development of safer and more effective antivenoms for the treatment of snakebite envenoming within the continent. In this review, the proteomes of 34 snake venoms from the most medically important snakes in Africa, namely the Viperidae and Elipdae, were extracted from the literature. The toxin families were grouped into dominant, secondary, minor, and others based on the abundance of the protein families in the venom proteomes. The Viperidae venom proteome was dominated by snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs-41%), snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs-16%), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2-17%) protein families, while three-finger toxins (3FTxs-66%) and PLA2s (16%) dominated those of the Elapidae. We further review the neutralisation of these snake venoms by selected antivenoms widely used within the African continent. The profiling of African snake venom proteomes will aid in the development of effective antivenom against snakebite envenoming and, additionally, could possibly reveal therapeutic applications of snake venom proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict C. Offor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Beric Muller
- South Africa Venom Suppliers CC, Louis Trichardt 0920, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-559-2403
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Menzies SK, Litschka-Koen T, Edge RJ, Alsolaiss J, Crittenden E, Hall SR, Westhorpe A, Thomas B, Murray J, Shongwe N, Padidar S, Lalloo DG, Casewell NR, Pons J, Harrison RA. Two snakebite antivenoms have potential to reduce Eswatini's dependency upon a single, increasingly unavailable product: Results of preclinical efficacy testing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010496. [PMID: 36108067 PMCID: PMC9529146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snakebite is a major public health concern in Eswatini, where treatment relies upon one antivenom-SAIMR Polyvalent. Although effective in treating snakebite, SAIMR Polyvalent is difficult to source outside its manufacturing country (South Africa) and is dauntingly expensive. We compared the preclinical venom-neutralising efficacy of two alternative antivenoms with that of SAIMR Polyvalent against the lethal and tissue-destructive effects of venoms from five species of medically important snakes using in vivo murine assays. The test antivenoms were 'Panafrican' manufactured by Instituto Clodomiro Picado and 'PANAF' manufactured by Premium Serums & Vaccines. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In vivo murine preclinical studies identified both test antivenoms were equally or more effective than SAIMR Polyvalent at neutralising lethal and tissue-destructive effects of Naja mossambica venom. Both test antivenoms were less effective than SAIMR Polyvalent at neutralising the lethal effects of Bitis arietans, Dendroaspis polylepis, Hemachatus haemachatus and Naja annulifera venoms, but similarly effective at neutralising tissue damage induced by B. arietans and H. haemachatus venoms. In vitro immunological assays identified that the titres and toxin-specificities of immunoglobulins (iGs) in the test antivenoms were comparable to that of SAIMR Polyvalent. Plasma clotting disturbances by H. haemachatus and N. mossambica were neutralised by the test antivenoms, whereas SAIMR Polyvalent failed to neutralise this bioactivity of N. mossambica venom. B. arietans SVMP activity was equally reduced by all three antivenoms, and H. haemachatus and N. mossambica PLA2 activities were neutralised by all three antivenoms. CONCLUSIONS While both Panafrican and PANAF antivenoms exhibited promising preclinical efficacies, both were less poly-specifically effective than SAIMR Polyvalent in these murine assays. The efficacy of these antivenoms against the lethal and tissue-destructive effects of N. mossambica venom, the most common biting species in Eswatini, identify that Panafrican and PANAF antivenoms offer effective alternatives to SAIMR Polyvalent for the treatment of snakebite in Eswatini, and potentially for neighbouring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie K. Menzies
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thea Litschka-Koen
- Eswatini Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Simunye, Eswatini
- Eswatini Antivenom Foundation, Simunye, Eswatini
| | - Rebecca J. Edge
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jaffer Alsolaiss
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Edouard Crittenden
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steven R. Hall
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Westhorpe
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Brent Thomas
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James Murray
- Eswatini Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Simunye, Eswatini
- Eswatini Antivenom Foundation, Simunye, Eswatini
| | - Nondusimo Shongwe
- Eswatini Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Simunye, Eswatini
- Eswatini Antivenom Foundation, Simunye, Eswatini
| | - Sara Padidar
- Eswatini Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Simunye, Eswatini
- Eswatini Antivenom Foundation, Simunye, Eswatini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini
| | - David G. Lalloo
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Pons
- Eswatini Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Simunye, Eswatini
- Eswatini Antivenom Foundation, Simunye, Eswatini
| | - Robert A. Harrison
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Gómez A, Sánchez A, Durán G, Cordero D, Segura Á, Vargas M, Solano D, Herrera M, Chaves-Araya S, Villalta M, Sánchez M, Arguedas M, Díaz C, Gutiérrez JM, León G. Intrageneric cross-reactivity of monospecific rabbit antisera against venoms of the medically most important Bitis spp. and Echis spp. African snakes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010643. [PMID: 35960772 PMCID: PMC9374258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snakebite envenomation exerts a heavy toll in sub-Saharan Africa. The design and production of effective polyspecific antivenoms for this region demand a better understanding of the immunological characteristics of the different venoms from the most medically important snakes, to select the most appropriate venom combinations for generating antivenoms of wide neutralizing scope. Bitis spp. and Echis spp. represent the most important viperid snake genera in Africa. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Eight rabbit-derived monospecific antisera were raised against the venoms of four species of Bitis spp. and four species of Echis spp. The effects of immunization in the rabbits were assessed, as well as the development of antibody titers, as judged by immunochemical assays and neutralization of lethal, hemorrhagic, and in vitro coagulant effects. At the end of immunizations, local and pulmonary hemorrhage, together with slight increments in the plasma activity of creatine kinase (CK), were observed owing to the action of hemorrhagic and myotoxic venom components. Immunologic analyses revealed a considerable extent of cross-reactivity of monospecific antisera against heterologous venoms within each genus, although some antisera provided a more extensive cross-reactivity than others. The venoms that generated antisera with the broadest coverage were those of Bitis gabonica and B. rhinoceros within Bitis spp. and Echis leucogaster within Echis spp. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The methodology followed in this study provides a rational basis for the selection of the best combination of venoms for generating antivenoms of high cross-reactivity against viperid venoms in sub-Saharan Africa. Results suggest that the venoms of B. gabonica, B. rhinoceros, and E. leucogaster generate antisera with the broadest cross-reactivity within their genera. These experimental results in rabbits need to be translated to large animals used in antivenom production to assess whether these predictions are reproduced in horses or sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Gómez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andrés Sánchez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gina Durán
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel Cordero
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mariángela Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniela Solano
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Stephanie Chaves-Araya
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Melvin Sánchez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mauricio Arguedas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Cecilia Díaz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Manson EZ, Kyama MC, Gikunju JK, Kimani J, Kimotho JH. Evaluation of lethality and cytotoxic effects induced by Naja ashei (large brown spitting cobra) venom and the envenomation-neutralizing efficacy of selected commercial antivenoms in Kenya. Toxicon X 2022; 14:100125. [PMID: 35574180 PMCID: PMC9096668 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralization of lethality in mice model at the preclinical level has been established by the World Health Organization as the gold standard for the evaluation of antivenom efficacy. The assessment of the neutralization profiles of antivenoms helps to discern the efficacy or otherwise of these antivenoms at neutralizing the toxic effects induced by medically significant snake venoms. However, for many antivenoms, information on their preclinical efficacy remains limited. Therefore, to strengthen global efforts at reducing the impact of snakebite envenoming, the provision of information on the preclinical efficacy of antivenoms, especially in parts of the world where antivenom availability and accessibility is problematic, including sub-Saharan Africa is crucial. This study presents the lethal and toxic activities of N. ashei venom and the neutralizing capacity of two commonly used commercial antivenoms in Kenya; VINS™ and Inoserp™. Median lethal dose (LD50), minimum necrotizing dose (MND) and minimum edema-forming dose (MED) of N. ashei venom as well as the neutralization of these effects were evaluated in mice. The LD50 of N. ashei venom was found to be 4.67 (3.34-6.54) mg/kg while MND and MED were 11.00 μg and 0.80 μg respectively. Both VINS™ and Inoserp™ antivenoms demonstrated capacity to neutralize the lethal and toxic effects induced by Naja ashei venom albeit at varying efficacies. Our results thus confirm the toxic effects of N. ashei venom as previously observed with other Naja sp. venoms and also underscore the relevance of para-specific neutralizing capacity of antivenoms in the design of antivenoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Z. Manson
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology & Innovation, Pan African University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mutinda C. Kyama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph K. Gikunju
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Josephine Kimani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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10
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Manson EZ, Mutinda KC, Gikunju JK, Bocian A, Hus KK, Petrílla V, Legáth J, Kimotho JH. Development of an Inhibition Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Prototype for Detecting Cytotoxic Three-Finger Toxins (3FTxs) in African Spitting Cobra Venoms. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030888. [PMID: 35164152 PMCID: PMC8838685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of toxin-specific therapy in snake envenoming is predicated on improved diagnostic techniques capable of detecting specific venom toxins. Various serological tests have been used in detecting snakebite envenoming. Comparatively, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been shown to offer a wider practical application. We report an inhibition ELISA for detecting three-finger toxin (3FTx) proteins in venoms of African spitting cobras. The optimized assay detected 3FTxs in N. ashei (including other Naja sp.) venoms, spiked samples, and venom-challenged mice samples. In venoms of Naja sp., the assay showed inhibition, implying the detection of 3FTxs, but showed little or no inhibition in non-Naja sp. In mice-spiked samples, one-way ANOVA results showed that the observed inhibition was not statistically significant between spiked samples and negative control (p-value = 0.164). Similarly, the observed differences in inhibition between venom-challenged and negative control samples were not statistically significant (p-value = 0.9109). At an LOD of 0.01 µg/mL, the assay was able to confirm the presence of 3FTxs in the samples. Our results show a proof of concept for the use of an inhibition ELISA model as a tool for detecting 3FTxs in the venoms of African spitting cobra snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Z. Manson
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology & Innovation, Pan African University, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Correspondence:
| | - Kyama C. Mutinda
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (K.C.M.); (J.K.G.)
| | - Joseph K. Gikunju
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (K.C.M.); (J.K.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Bocian
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Konrad K. Hus
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Vladimír Petrílla
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
- Zoological Department, Zoological Garden Košice, Široká 31, 040 06 Košice-Kavečany, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Legáth
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.H.); (J.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
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11
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Wei Y, Liu T, Zheng B, Song Y, Wang S, Zheng M, Xu Y, Chi Y, Zhao M, Duan JA, Han S, Liu R. A strategy for the enrichment and characterization of disulfide bond-contained proteins from Chinese cobra (Naja atra) venom. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:812-823. [PMID: 34898000 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy combined gold-coated magnetic nanocomposites assisted enrichment with mass spectrometry was developed for the characterization of disulfide bond-contained proteins from Chinese cobra (Naja atra) venom. In this work, core-shell nanocomposites were synthesized by the seed-mediated growth method and used for the enrichment of snake venom proteins containing disulfide bonds. A total of 3545 tryptic digested peptides derived from 96 venom proteins in Naja atra venom were identified. The venom proteins comprised 14 toxin families including three-finger toxins, phospholipase A2 , snake venom metalloproteinase, cobra venom factor, and so forth. Extra 16 venom proteins were detected exclusively in the nanocomposites set, among which 11 venom proteins were from the three-finger toxins family. In the present study, the proposed simple and efficient protocol replaced the tedious and laborious technologies commonly used for pre-separating crude snake venom, suggesting widely implementation in low-abundance or trace disulfide bond-contained proteins or peptides characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Marine Bio-resource Pharmaceutics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Binru Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Song
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shengsong Wang
- Anhui Qimen Institute of Snakebite, Huangshan, 245000, P. R. China
| | - Mojuan Zheng
- Anhui Qimen Institute of Snakebite, Huangshan, 245000, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Xu
- Anhui Qimen Institute of Snakebite, Huangshan, 245000, P. R. China
| | - Yumei Chi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Han
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Marine Bio-resource Pharmaceutics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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12
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Wang J, Guo H, Xu D, Yu C, Xv R, Wu Q, Di L, Cheng H, Duan J, Zhou J, Marcon E, Ma H. Cell affinity screening combined with nanoLC-MS/MS based peptidomics for identifying cancer cell binding peptides from Bufo Bufo gargarizans. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114354. [PMID: 34509663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal venoms contain many peptides with high specificity and selectivity against their protein targets, a characteristic which makes venoms an invaluable source of potential drugs. High-sensitivity mass spectrometry (MS)- based peptidomic platform has evolved as a predominant method for natural peptide drug discovery due to its strength for direct and rapid identification of peptides and peptide-associated post-translational modifications (PTMs). In this study, we used cell-affinity assays combined with nanoLC-MS/MS based peptidomics to identify cancer cell binding peptides (CBPs) from Bufo Bufo gargarizans. We identified 76 potential cell binding peptides and 237 non-affinity peptides in venom extracts from Asiatic toads, and some were verified with MS-parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode. These peptides were further analyzed and internalized within human cells and some demonstrated anti-tumor properties in vitro. These specific peptides might be used as templates for peptide-based drug design or optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dihui Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chengli Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruoxian Xv
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liuqing Di
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haibo Cheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Edyta Marcon
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Hongyue Ma
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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13
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Beraldo E, Coelho GR, Sciani JM, Pimenta DC. Proteomic characterization of Naja mandalayensis venom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200125. [PMID: 34394208 PMCID: PMC8331017 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naja mandalayensis is a spitting cobra from Myanmar. To the
best of our knowledge, no studies on this venom composition have been
conducted so far. On the other hand, few envenomation descriptions state
that it elicits mainly local inflammation in the victims’ eyes, the
preferred target of this spiting cobra. Symptoms would typically include
burning and painful sensation, conjunctivitis, edema and temporary loss of
vision. Methods We have performed a liquid-chromatography (C18-RP-HPLC) mass spectrometry
(ESI-IT-TOF/MS) based approach in order to biochemically characterize
N. mandalayensis venom. Results A wide variety of three-finger toxins (cardiotoxins) and metallopeptidases
were detected. Less abundant, but still representative, were cysteine-rich
secretory proteins, L-amino-acid oxidases, phospholipases A2,
venom 5'-nucleotidase and a serine peptidase inhibitor. Other proteins were
present, but were detected in a relatively small concentration. Conclusion The present study set the basis for a better comprehension of the
envenomation from a molecular perspective and, by increasing the interest
and information available for this species, allows future venom comparisons
among cobras and their diverse venom proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emídio Beraldo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Graduation Program in Science - Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
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14
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Sánchez A, Segura Á, Pla D, Munuera J, Villalta M, Quesada-Bernat S, Chavarría D, Herrera M, Gutiérrez JM, León G, Calvete JJ, Vargas M. Comparative venomics and preclinical efficacy evaluation of a monospecific Hemachatus antivenom towards sub-Saharan Africa cobra venoms. J Proteomics 2021; 240:104196. [PMID: 33775842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cobras are the most medically important elapid snakes in Africa. The African genera Naja and Hemachatus include snakes with neurotoxic and cytotoxic venoms, with shared biochemical, toxinological and antigenic characteristics. We have studied the antigenic cross-reactivity of four sub-Saharan Africa cobra venoms against an experimental monospecific Hemachatus haemachatus antivenom through comparative proteomics, preclinical assessment of neutralization, and third generation antivenomics. The venoms of H. haemachatus, N. annulifera, N. mossambica and N. nigricollis share an overall qualitative family toxin composition but depart in their proportions of three-finger toxin (3FTxs) classes, phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), and cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs). A monospecific anti-Hemachatus antivenom produced by Costa Rican Instituto Clodomiro Picado neutralized the lethal activity of the homologous and heterologous neuro/cytotoxic (H. haemachatus) and cyto/cardiotoxic (N. mossambica and N. nigricollis) venoms of the three spitting cobras sampled, while it was ineffective against the lethal and toxic activities of the neurotoxic venom of the non-spitting snouted cobra N. annulifera. The ability of the anti-Hemachatus-ICP antivenom to neutralize toxic (dermonecrotic and anticoagulant) and enzymatic (PLA2) activities of spitting cobra venoms suggested a closer kinship of H. haemachatus and Naja subgenus Afrocobra spitting cobras than to Naja subgenus Uraeus neurotoxic taxa. These results were confirmed by third generation antivenomics. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: African Naja species represent the most widespread medically important elapid snakes across Africa. To gain deeper insight into the spectrum of medically relevant toxins, we compared the proteome of three spitting cobras (Hemachatus haemachatus, Naja mossambica and N. nigricollis) and one non-spitting cobra (N. annulifera). Three finger toxins and phospholipases A2 are the two major protein families among the venoms analyzed. The development of antivenoms of broad species coverage is an urgent need in sub-Saharan Africa. An equine antivenom raised against H. haemachatus venom showed cross-reactivity with the venoms of H. haemachatus, N. mossambica and N. nigricollis, while having poor recognition of the venom of N. annulifera. This immunological information provides clues for the design of optimum venom mixtures for the preparation of broad spectrum antivenoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Sánchez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Davinia Pla
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Munuera
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronómica y del Medio Natural, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Sarai Quesada-Bernat
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mariángela Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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15
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Pla D, Quesada-Bernat S, Rodríguez Y, Sánchez A, Vargas M, Villalta M, Mesén S, Segura Á, Mustafin DO, Fomina YA, Al-Shekhadat RI, Calvete JJ. Dagestan blunt-nosed viper, Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Dwigubsky, 1832), venom. Venomics, antivenomics, and neutralization assays of the lethal and toxic venom activities by anti- Macrovipera lebetina turanica and anti- Vipera berus berus antivenoms. Toxicon X 2020; 6:100035. [PMID: 32550590 PMCID: PMC7285993 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have applied a combination of venomics, in vivo neutralization assays, and in vitro third-generation antivenomics analysis to assess the preclinical efficacy of the monospecific anti-Macrovipera lebetina turanica (anti-Mlt) antivenom manufactured by Uzbiopharm® (Uzbekistan) and the monospecific anti-Vipera berus berus antivenom from Microgen® (Russia) against the venom of Dagestan blunt-nosed viper, Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Mlo). Despite their low content of homologous (anti-Mlt, 5–10%) or para-specific (anti-Vbb, 4–9%) F(ab')2 antibody fragments against M. l. obtusa venom toxins, both antivenoms efficiently recognized most components of the complex venom proteome's arsenal, which is made up of toxins derived from 11 different gene families and neutralized, albeit at different doses, key toxic effects of M. l. obtusa venom, i.e., in vivo lethal and hemorrhagic effects in a murine model, and in vitro phospholipase A2, proteolytic and coagulant activities. The calculated lethality neutralization potencies for Uzbiopharm® anti-Mlt and anti-Vbb Microgen® antivenoms were 1.46 and 1.77 mg/mL, indicating that 1 mL of Uzbiopharm® and Microgen® antivenoms may protect mice from 41 to 50 LD50s of Mlo venom, respectively. The remarkable degree of conservation of immunogenic determinants between species of the clades of European and Oriental viper, which evolved geographically segregated since the early Miocene, suggests an eventual window of opportunity for the treatment of envenomings by Eurasian snakes. Clearly, the rational use of heterologous antivenoms requires establishing their para-specificity landscapes. This paper illustrates the analytical power of combining in vitro and in vivo preclinical quantitative assays toward this goal. Efficacy against M. l. obtusa venom by two antivenoms was investigated. Quantification of lethality neutralizing antibodies was assessed. Anti-Vipera berus antivenom showed paraspecificity against M. l. obtusa venom. This study provides hints as how to improve the potency of the antivenoms sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinia Pla
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sarai Quesada-Bernat
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yania Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Sánchez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-206, Costa Rica
| | - Mariángela Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-206, Costa Rica
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-206, Costa Rica
| | - Susana Mesén
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-206, Costa Rica
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-206, Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | - Juan J Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Sarmiento K, Rodríguez A, Quevedo-Buitrago W, Torres I, Ríos C, Ruíz L, Salazar J, Hidalgo-Martínez P, Diez H. Comparación de la eficacia, la seguridad y la farmacocinética de los antivenenos antiofídicos: revisión de literatura. UNIVERSITAS MÉDICA 2019. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.umed61-1.anti] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
En Colombia se presentan anualmente alrededor de 5000 casos de mordedura de serpiente y su tratamiento se basa en la neutralización con inmunoglobulinas completas purificadas, sin embargo, globalmente se utilizan antivenenos faboterápicos. Objetivo: Dar a conocer diferencias entre las generaciones de antivenenos, la importancia del veneno en la producción de anticuerpos, comparar aspectos farmacocinéticos y los efectos adversos en pacientes. Materiales Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura en bases de datos utilizando combinaciones de los descriptores y términos Mesh, en inglés y español. Se cotejaron parámetros farmacocinéticos en estudios preclínicos y los efectos adversos en estudios clínicos. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias debidas al tamaño de la fracción de la inmunoglobulina que la compone, así entre más pequeña es ésta, se observa mayor distribución a los tejidos y una vida media más corta, comparada con las moléculas más pesadas. Se encontraron estudios con disminución de efectos adversos con antivenenos faboterápicos
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17
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Comparative analysis of Naja kaouthia venom from North-East India and Bangladesh and its cross reactivity with Indian polyvalent antivenoms. Toxicon 2019; 164:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Wang C, Wang B, Wang B, Wang Q, Liu G, Wang T, He Q, Zhang L. Unique Diversity of Sting-Related Toxins Based on Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of the Jellyfish Cyanea capillata and Nemopilema nomurai (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). J Proteome Res 2018; 18:436-448. [PMID: 30481029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The scyphozoan jellyfish Cyanea capillata and Nemopilema nomurai are common blooming species in China. They possess heterogeneous nematocysts and produce various types of venom that can elicit diverse sting symptoms in humans. However, the differences in venom composition between the two species remain unclear. In this study, a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach was used to identify and compare putative toxins in penetrant nematocysts isolated from C. capillata and N. nomurai. A total of 53 and 69 putative toxins were identified in C. capillata nematocyst venom (CnV) and N. nomurai nematocyst venom (NnV), respectively. These sting-related toxins from both CnV and NnV could be grouped into 10 functional categories, including proteinases, phospholipases, neurotoxins, cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), lectins, pore-forming toxins (PFTs), protease inhibitors, ion channel inhibitors, insecticidal components, and other toxins, but the constituent ratio of each toxin category varied between CnV and NnV. Metalloproteinases, proteases, and pore-forming toxins were predominant in NnV, representing 27.5%, 18.8%, and 8.7% of the identified venom proteins, respectively, while phospholipases, neurotoxins, and proteases were the top three identified venom proteins in CnV, accounting for 22.6%, 17.0%, and 11.3%, respectively. Our findings provide comprehensive information on the molecular diversity of toxins from two common blooming and stinging species of jellyfish in China. Furthermore, the results reveal a possible relationship between venom composition and sting consequences, guiding the development of effective treatments for different jellyfish stings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University , Shanghai 200433 , China
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Calvete JJ, Rodríguez Y, Quesada-Bernat S, Pla D. Toxin-resolved antivenomics-guided assessment of the immunorecognition landscape of antivenoms. Toxicon 2018; 148:107-122. [PMID: 29704534 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming represents a major issue in rural areas of tropical and subtropical regions across sub-Saharan Africa, South to Southeast Asia, Latin America and Oceania. Antivenoms constitute the only scientifically validated therapy for snakebite envenomings, provided they are safe, effective, affordable, accessible and administered appropriately. However, the lack of financial incentives in a technology that has remained relatively unchanged for more than a century, has contributed to some manufacturers leaving the market and others downscaling production or increasing the prices, leading to a decline in the availability and accessibility for these life-saving antidotes to millions of rural poor most at risk from snakebites in low income countries. The shortage of antivenoms can be significantly alleviated by optimizing the use of current antivenoms (through the assessment of their specific and paraspecific efficacy against the different medically relevant homologous and heterologous snake venoms) and by generating novel polyspecific antivenoms exhibiting broad clinical spectrum and wide geographic distribution range. Research on venoms has been continuously enhanced by advances in technology. Particularly, the last decade has witnessed the development of omics strategies for unravelling the toxin composition of venoms ("venomics") and to assess the immunorecognition profile of antivenoms ("antivenomics"). Here, we review recent developments and reflect on near future innovations that promise to revolutionize the mutually enlightening relationship between evolutionary and translational venomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Calvete
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Yania Rodríguez
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Sarai Quesada-Bernat
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Davinia Pla
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
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