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Win MN, Yee KT, Htwe KM, Thin EE, Win SM, Kyaw AM, Aye MM, Khaing KK, Thwe WM, Htwe KK, Zaw A. Biochemical and biological characterization of the venoms of Naja kaouthia and Naja mandalayensis from Myanmar and neutralization effects of BPI cobra antivenom. Toxicon X 2024; 22:100196. [PMID: 38665175 PMCID: PMC11043865 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebite is a neglected public health issue, with many scientific and medical issues to be solved. Cobras are among the most common venomous snakes in Myanmar and are responsible for a considerable number of severe snakebite envenoming. There are three species of cobra (Naja kaouthia, Naja mandalayensis and Ophiophagus hannah) in Myanmar. The study aims to characterize the N. kaouthia and N. mandalayensis venoms and to investigate the efficacy of anti-cobra antivenom (BPI) against the two venoms. Protein components and fibrinogenolytic activity were determined by SDS-PAGE. Enzymatic activities for PLA2, protease and acetylcholinesterase were determined by spectrophotometric method. Anticoagulant activity was determined by recalcification time of citrated human plasma. Myotoxicity, necrotizing activity, median lethal dose (LD50) and median effective dose (ED50) were determined by WHO recommended methods. The SDS-PAGE displayed the proteins and enzymes containing in two venoms were different. N. kaouthia venom exhibited more in PLA2, acetylcholinesterase, anticoagulant, fibrinogenolytic and necrotizing activities than N. mandalayensis venom. N. mandalayensis venom had more protease activity and myotoxicity than N. kaouthia venom. The median lethal dose (LD50) of N. kaouthia and N. mandalayensis venom was 4.33 μg/mouse and 5.04 μg/mouse respectively. Both venoms induced fibrinogen Aα chain degradation in 30 min (N. kaouthia) and in 6 h (N. mandalayensis). The same median effective dose (ED50) (19.56 μg/mouse) showed that anti-NK antivenom can neutralize against lethal effect of N. mandalayensis venom. It can also neutralize the protease activity, anticoagulant activity and fibrinogenolytic activity of both venoms. Immunodiffusion and immunoblotting studies showed that the antivenom recognized its homologous venom (N. kaouthia) and cross-reacted against the heterologous venom (N. mandalayensis). The anti-NK antivenom is suitable to use for N. mandalayensis bite if monospecific antivenom is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Nila Win
- Myanma Pharmaceutical Enterprise, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | | | - Ei Ei Thin
- University of Pharmacy, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Su Mon Win
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Myo Myo Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | | | | | - Aung Zaw
- Myanma Pharmaceutical Enterprise, Yangon, Myanmar
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Nyunt MH, Aye KM, Naing ST, Mon AS, Htwe MM, Win SM, Thwe WM, Zaw NN, Kyaw MP, Thi A. Residual malaria among migrant workers in Myanmar: why still persistent and how to eliminate it? BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1146. [PMID: 34758727 PMCID: PMC8579646 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residual malaria is probably an important source for the re-emergence of malaria infection in the elimination era. Assessment to identify the factors influencing residual malaria in high-risk groups is needed to develop evidence-based decisions by stakeholders and policymakers. METHODS This study was conducted to explore the factors influencing the residual malaria infection among migrant workers in two sentinel sites (endemic vs. pre-elimination areas) in Myanmar using the mixed-model method. RESULTS A total of 102 migrant respondents (65 in Bamauk and 37 in Shwegyin) were included for the quantitative assessment using pretested questionnaires during household visits. Although 87.3% of them had insecticidal bed nets (ITNs/LLINs), only 68.3% of the migrants in Bamauk and 57.9% in Shwegyin used it regularly. The use of any bed net was high (79.9% in Bamauk vs. 91.0% in Shwegyin). The mean LLINs in their families were 1.64 (95%CI: 1.48-1.81) in Bamauk and 2.89 (95%CI: 2.67-3.11) in Shwegyin. Most of them received no health information for malaria prevention within the last year and their knowledge about malaria was low. Their working nature was a challenge for control measures against malaria in migrants. CONCLUSION The strategy for distributing LLINs and health promotion activities for mobile/migrant populations should be reviewed, and an appropriate action plan should be developed for the specific migrant group. Moreover, health promotion activities for behavior change communication should be strengthened in the migrant population in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Htut Nyunt
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
| | - Khin Myo Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Shine Thura Naing
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Aye Su Mon
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Mi Mi Htwe
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Su Mon Win
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Wai Myat Thwe
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Ni Ni Zaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Myat Phone Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Aung Thi
- Department of Public Health, National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
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Nyunt MH, Soe HO, Aye KT, Aung WW, Kyaw YY, Kyaw AK, Myat TW, Latt AZ, Win MM, Win AA, Htun YM, Zaw KM, Ei PW, Hein KT, San LL, Oo NAT, Lin H, Mon NCN, Yee KT, Htun KL, Aye LPP, Ko YK, Htoo THH, Aung KM, Azili H, Han SS, Zaw NN, Win SM, Thwe WM, Aye TT, Hlaing MS, Minn WY, Thu PP, Thu HM, Htun ZT. Surge of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections linked to single introduction of a virus strain in Myanmar, 2020. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10203. [PMID: 33986354 PMCID: PMC8119731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a major health concern globally. Genomic epidemiology is an important tool to assess the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several mutations have been reported by genome analysis of the SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we investigated the mutational and phylogenetic analysis of 30 whole-genome sequences for the virus's genomic characteristics in the specimens collected in the early phase of the pandemic (March-June, 2020) and the sudden surge of local transmission (August-September, 2020). The four samples in the early phase of infection were B.6 lineage and located within a clade of the samples collected at the same time in Singapore and Malaysia, while five returnees by rescue flights showed the lineage B. 1.36.1 (three from India), B.1.1 (one from India) and B.1.80 (one from China). However, there was no evidence of local spread from these returnees. Further, all 19 whole-genome sequences collected in the sudden surge of local transmission showed lineage B.1.36. The surge of the second wave on SARS-CoV-2 infection was linked to the single-introduction of a variant (B.1.36) that may result from the strict restriction of international travel and containment efforts. These genomic data provides the useful information to disease control and prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Htut Nyunt
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
| | - Hnin Ohnmar Soe
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Kay Thi Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Wah Wah Aung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Yi Yi Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Aung Kyaw Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Theingi Win Myat
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Aung Zaw Latt
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Min Min Win
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Aye Aye Win
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Yin Min Htun
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Khaing Mar Zaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Phyu Win Ei
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Thu Hein
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Lai Lai San
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Nan Aye Thida Oo
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Htin Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Nan Cho Nwe Mon
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Khin Than Yee
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Khin Lapyae Htun
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Lynn Pa Pa Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Yamin Ko Ko
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Thitsar Htet Htet Htoo
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Kham Mo Aung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Hnin Azili
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Soe Soe Han
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Ni Ni Zaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Su Mon Win
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Wai Myat Thwe
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Thin Thin Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Myat Su Hlaing
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine-2, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Wai Yan Minn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine-2, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Pyae Phyo Thu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine-2, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Hlaing Myat Thu
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Zaw Than Htun
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 11191, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
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