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Workman TE, Kupersmith J, Ma P, Spevak C, Sandbrink F, Cheng Y, Zeng-Treitler Q. A Comparison of Veterans with Problematic Opioid Use Identified through Natural Language Processing of Clinical Notes versus Using Diagnostic Codes. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:799. [PMID: 38610221 PMCID: PMC11011599 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12070799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder is known to be under-coded as a diagnosis, yet problematic opioid use can be documented in clinical notes, which are included in electronic health records. We sought to identify problematic opioid use from a full range of clinical notes and compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients identified as having problematic opioid use exclusively in clinical notes to patients documented through ICD opioid use disorder diagnostic codes. We developed and applied a natural language processing (NLP) tool that combines rule-based pattern analysis and a trained support vector machine to the clinical notes of a patient cohort (n = 222,371) from two Veteran Affairs service regions to identify patients with problematic opioid use. We also used a set of ICD diagnostic codes to identify patients with opioid use disorder from the same cohort. The NLP tool achieved 96.6% specificity, 90.4% precision/PPV, 88.4% sensitivity/recall, and 94.4% accuracy on unseen test data. NLP exclusively identified 57,331 patients; 6997 patients had positive ICD code identifications. Patients exclusively identified through NLP were more likely to be women. Those identified through ICD codes were more likely to be male, younger, have concurrent benzodiazepine prescriptions, more comorbidities, and more care encounters, and were less likely to be married. Patients in both these groups had substantially elevated comorbidity levels compared with patients not documented through either method as experiencing problematic opioid use. Clinicians may be reluctant to code for opioid use disorder. It is therefore incumbent on the healthcare team to search for documentation of opioid concerns within clinical notes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri Elizabeth Workman
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
- Biomedical Informatics Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Joel Kupersmith
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Phillip Ma
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
- Biomedical Informatics Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | | | | | - Yan Cheng
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
- Biomedical Informatics Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Qing Zeng-Treitler
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
- Biomedical Informatics Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Miller EA, DeVeaugh-Geiss AM, Chilcoat HD. Opioid use disorder (OUD) and treatment for opioid problems among OUD symptom subtypes in individuals misusing opioids. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2024; 10:100220. [PMID: 38414666 PMCID: PMC10897812 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Background In 2021, approximately 60 million individuals worldwide and 9 million individuals in the United States (US) reported opioid misuse. In the US, 2.5 million have OUD, of which only about a third receive any substance abuse treatment. OUD is often regarded as a monolithic disorder but different opioid problem subtypes may exist beyond DSM-IV/5 criteria. Understanding the characteristics of these subtypes could be useful for informing treatment and intervention strategies. Methods Latent class analysis was used to identify OUD symptom subtypes among persons in the US who reported misusing prescription opioids or heroin in the 2015-2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n=10,928). Regression analyses were utilized to determine associations between class membership and treatment receipt, as well as demographic characteristics and other comorbid conditions. Results Five classes were identified with unique OUD symptom patterns: Class 1: Asymptomatic (71.6%), Class 2: Tolerance/Time (14.5%), Class 3: Loss of Control/Pharmacological (LOC/Pharmacol) (5.7%), Class 4: Social Impairment (2.6%), and Class 5: Pervasive (5.6%). Nearly all persons in the LOC/Pharmacol, Social Impairment, and Pervasive classes met criteria for OUD (98-100%); however, they differed in receipt of past-year treatment for substance use (28%, 28%, 49%, respectively). Age, race, education, insurance status, and criminal activity were also associated with treatment receipt. Conclusions There were considerable differences in OUD symptom patterns and substance use treatment among individuals who misused opioids. The findings indicate a substantial unmet need for OUD treatment and point to patterns of heterogeneity within OUD that can inform development of treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Miller
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, 410 N 12th St, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | | | - Howard D. Chilcoat
- Indivior, Inc., 10710 Midlothian Turnpike, Suite 125, North Chesterfield, VA 23235, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Matson TE, Hallgren KA, Lapham GT, Oliver M, Wang X, Williams EC, Bradley KA. Psychometric Performance of a Substance Use Symptom Checklist to Help Clinicians Assess Substance Use Disorder in Primary Care. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2316283. [PMID: 37234003 PMCID: PMC10220521 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.16283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Substance use disorders (SUDs) are underrecognized in primary care, where structured clinical interviews are often infeasible. A brief, standardized substance use symptom checklist could help clinicians assess SUD. Objective To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Substance Use Symptom Checklist (hereafter symptom checklist) used in primary care among patients reporting daily cannabis use and/or other drug use as part of population-based screening and assessment. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study was conducted among adult primary care patients who completed the symptom checklist during routine care between March 1, 2015, and March 1, 2020, at an integrated health care system. Data analysis was conducted from June 1, 2021, to May 1, 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures The symptom checklist included 11 items corresponding to SUD criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5). Item response theory (IRT) analyses tested whether the symptom checklist was unidimensional and reflected a continuum of SUD severity and evaluated item characteristics (discrimination and severity). Differential item functioning analyses examined whether the symptom checklist performed similarly across age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Analyses were stratified by cannabis and/or other drug use. Results A total of 23 304 screens were included (mean [SD] age, 38.2 [5.6] years; 12 554 [53.9%] male patients; 17 439 [78.8%] White patients; 20 393 [87.5%] non-Hispanic patients). Overall, 16 140 patients reported daily cannabis use only, 4791 patients reported other drug use only, and 2373 patients reported both daily cannabis and other drug use. Among patients with daily cannabis use only, other drug use only, or both daily cannabis and other drug use, 4242 (26.3%), 1446 (30.2%), and 1229 (51.8%), respectively, endorsed 2 or more items on the symptom checklist, consistent with DSM-5 SUD. For all cannabis and drug subsamples, IRT models supported the unidimensionality of the symptom checklist, and all items discriminated between higher and lower levels of SUD severity. Differential item functioning was observed for some items across sociodemographic subgroups but did not result in meaningful change (<1 point difference) in the overall score (0-11). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, a symptom checklist, administered to primary care patients who reported daily cannabis and/or other drug use during routine screening, discriminated SUD severity as expected and performed well across subgroups. Findings support the clinical utility of the symptom checklist for standardized and more complete SUD symptom assessment to help clinicians make diagnostic and treatment decisions in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Matson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle
- Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kevin A. Hallgren
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Gwen T. Lapham
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle
| | - Malia Oliver
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Center for the Clinical Trials Network, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emily C. Williams
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle
- Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Katharine A. Bradley
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
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Nesoff ED, Martins SS, Palamar JJ. Caution Is Necessary When Estimating Treatment Need for Opioid Use Disorder Using National Surveys. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:199-201. [PMID: 35080936 PMCID: PMC8802592 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Nesoff
- Elizabeth D. Nesoff is with the Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia. Silvia S. Martins is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Joseph J. Palamar is with the Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Elizabeth D. Nesoff is with the Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia. Silvia S. Martins is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Joseph J. Palamar is with the Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Joseph J Palamar
- Elizabeth D. Nesoff is with the Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia. Silvia S. Martins is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Joseph J. Palamar is with the Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY
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Alcohol, Tobacco, and Substance Use and Association with Opioid Use Disorder in Patients with Non-malignant and Cancer Pain: a Review. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-020-00415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liu S, Vivolo-Kantor A. A latent class analysis of drug and substance use patterns among patients treated in emergency departments for suspected drug overdose. Addict Behav 2020; 101:106142. [PMID: 31639639 PMCID: PMC11218817 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polysubstance use and misuse can increase risks for nonfatal and fatal drug overdose. To categorize drugs used in combination in nonfatal overdoses, we analyzed data from emergency department (ED) overdose-related visits in 18 states funded by CDC's Enhanced State Opioid Overdose Surveillance (ESOOS) program. METHODS From 2017 to 2018, 120,706 ED visits included at least one hospital discharge code indicating acute drug poisoning for opioids, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, anti-depressants, sedatives, alcohol, benzodiazepines, or other psychotropic drugs. Latent class analyses were conducted to determine the groupings of drug combinations in overdose visits. RESULTS Latent class analyses indicated a model of 5 classes - mostly heroin overdose (42.5% of visits); mostly non-heroin opioid overdose/use (27.3%); opioid, polysubstance (11.0%); female, younger (<25 years), other non-opioid drugs (10.5%); female, older (>55 years), benzodiazepine (8.0%). Findings indicated that heroin continues to be a large burden to EDs, yet EDs are also seeing overdose survivors with polydrug toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Medication-assisted treatment could be initiated in the emergency department following overdose for patients with opioid use disorder, and post-overdose protocols, such as naloxone provision and linkage to treatment and harm reduction services, have the potential to prevent future overdose for those at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Liu
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA.
| | - Alana Vivolo-Kantor
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
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Yang H, Chen F, Liu X, Xin T. An Item Response Theory Analysis of DSM-5 Heroin Use Disorder in a Clinical Sample of Chinese Adolescents. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2209. [PMID: 31649578 PMCID: PMC6796806 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examined the dimensionality and psychometric properties of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria for heroin use disorder in a clinical sample of Chinese adolescents using item response theory approach. We examined 168 adolescents aged 14.8–17.9 years, who were in treatment for heroin use disorder. A two-parameter logistic item response theory model was conducted to examine the severity and discrimination of DSM-5 criteria for heroin use disorder. Differential item functioning across age and ethnicity was assessed. Results supported the hypothesis that the DSM-5 criteria for heroin use disorder were arrayed an underlying unitary dimension of severity in clinical adolescents. All the items exhibited good discriminatory power in distinguishing between clinical adolescent heroin users. Although three criteria exhibited measurement non-invariance at the item level, the overall DSM-5 heroin use disorder diagnostic criteria set appears to achieve measurement invariance at the scale level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Xin,
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Liu SJ, Mair C, Songer TJ, Krans EE, Wahed A, Talbott E. Opioid-related hospitalizations in Pennsylvania: A latent class analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 202:185-190. [PMID: 31352309 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid abuse is associated with substantial morbidity and often results in hospitalization. Despite this, patient-level factors associated with opioid-related hospitalizations are not well understood. METHODS We used the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council dataset (2000-2014) to identify opioid-related hospitalizations using primary and/or secondary ICD-9-CM hospital discharge codes for opioid use disorder (OUD), opioid poisoning, and heroin poisoning. Latent class analyses (LCA) of patient-level factors including sociodemographic characteristics, pregnancy, alcohol, tobacco, other substance use, and psychiatric disorders were used to identify common patterns within hospitalizations. RESULTS Among 28,538,499 hospitalizations, 430,569 (1.5%) were opioid-related. LCA identified five latent class (LC) patient groups associated with opioid-related hospitalizations: pregnant women with OUD (LC1); women over 65 with opioid overdose (LC2); OUD, polysubstance use and co-occurring psychiatric disorders (LC3); patients with opioid overdose without co-occurring polysubstance use (LC4); and African American patients with OUD and co-occurring cocaine use (LC5). LC3 was the largest latent class (58.2%) with annual hospitalizations doubling over time. DISCUSSION Among patients with opioid-related discharges, we identified five subpopulations among this sample. These findings suggest increased outpatient OUD treatment, mental health service support for patients with co-occurring psychiatric disorders and polysubstance use to prevent overdose and hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Liu
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, 15261 PA, USA.
| | - Christina Mair
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, 15261 PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Songer
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, 15261 PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Krans
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, 15213 PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213 PA, USA
| | - Abdus Wahed
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, 15261 PA, USA
| | - Evelyn Talbott
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, 15261 PA, USA
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The latent trait of ICD-11 nicotine dependence criteria: Dimensional and categorical phenotypes. Psychiatry Res 2018; 266:275-283. [PMID: 29605101 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to identify phenotypes of DSM-ICD nicotine dependence among a representative sample of lifetime weekly smokers in the largest metropolitan area in South America. Data came from 1,387 lifetime weekly smokers in the São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and latent class analysis (LCA) on ICD-11 nicotine dependence proposed criteria to explore dimensionality and phenotypes profiles, followed by logistic regression models to examine the association between latent classes and socio-demographic, psychiatric and chronic medical conditions. Analyses were performed using Mplus taking into account the complex survey design features. An unidimensional model had the best EFA fit with high loadings on all criteria. Response patterns detected by LCA indicated class differences based on severity continuum: a "non-symptomatic class" (32.0%), a "low-moderate symptomatic class" (34.9%)-with high probability of the criterion "use in larger amounts", and a "high-moderate symptomatic class" (33.1%). We found an association between high-income and the intermediate class that differs from findings in high-income countries, and high likelihood of psychiatric comorbidity among the most symptomatic smokers. The best dimensional model that pulled together nicotine dependence criteria supported a single factor, in concordance with the changes proposed for ICD-11.
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