1
|
Lopes-Rodrigues V, Boxy P, Sim E, Park DI, Habeck M, Carbonell J, Andersson A, Fernández-Suárez D, Nissen P, Nykjær A, Kisiswa L. AraC interacts with p75 NTR transmembrane domain to induce cell death of mature neurons. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:440. [PMID: 37460457 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine arabinoside (AraC) is one of the main therapeutic treatments for several types of cancer, including acute myeloid leukaemia. However, after a high-dose AraC chemotherapy regime, patients develop severe neurotoxicity and cell death in the central nervous system leading to cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus, somnolence and drowsiness. AraC induces apoptosis in dividing cells. However, the mechanism by which it leads to neurite degeneration and cell death in mature neurons remains unclear. We hypothesise that the upregulation of the death receptor p75NTR is responsible for AraC-mediated neurodegeneration and cell death in leukaemia patients undergoing AraC treatment. To determine the role of AraC-p75NTR signalling in the cell death of mature neurons, we used mature cerebellar granule neurons' primary cultures from p75NTR knockout and p75NTRCys259 mice. Evaluation of neurite degeneration, cell death and p75NTR signalling was done by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. To assess the interaction between AraC and p75NTR, we performed cellular thermal shift and AraTM assays as well as Homo-FRET anisotropy imaging. We show that AraC induces neurite degeneration and programmed cell death of mature cerebellar granule neurons in a p75NTR-dependent manner. Mechanistically, Proline 252 and Cysteine 256 residues facilitate AraC interaction with the transmembrane domain of p75NTR resulting in uncoupling of p75NTR from the NFκB survival pathway. This, in turn, exacerbates the activation of the cell death/JNK pathway by recruitment of TRAF6 to p75NTR. Our findings identify p75NTR as a novel molecular target to develop treatments for counteract AraC-mediated cell death of mature neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lopes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Pia Boxy
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eunice Sim
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Dong Ik Park
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Habeck
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Josep Carbonell
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, S-17177, Sweden
| | - Annika Andersson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, S-17177, Sweden
| | | | - Poul Nissen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Nykjær
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lilian Kisiswa
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE)-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tian JS, Zhao YH, Ling-Hu T, Wu WZ, Wang XX, Ji C, Zhao WD, Han YM, Qin XM. A novel insight for high-rate and low-efficiency glucose metabolism in depression through stable isotope-resolved metabolomics in CUMS-induced rats. J Affect Disord 2023; 331:121-129. [PMID: 36948469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing research has suggested that depression results in disorders of glucose metabolism in the organism which causing insufficient energy supply. However, the overall changes in glucose metabolism that arise from depression have not been clarified. METHODS In this study, the depression-like behavior in chronically unpredictable mild stressed rats was investigated, and the fate of glucose was tracked through isotope tracing and mass spectrometry, with a focus on metabolite changes in cecal contents. RESULTS As indicated by the results, the isotopic results of cecal contents can indicate the metabolic end of the organism. Moreover, the TCA cycle activity was notably reduced, and the gluconeogenesis pathway was abnormally up-regulated in the CUMS-induced rats. The organism expedited other glucose metabolism pathways to make up for the insufficiency of energy. As a result, the activity of the inefficient glycolysis pathway was increased. LIMITATIONS Existing research has only investigated the metabolism of 13C-glucose, and lipids and proteins have been rarely explored. CONCLUSIONS The chronic unpredictable mild stress can inhibit the entry of pyruvate into mitochondria in SD rats, such that the activity of TCA is reduced, and insufficient energy supply is caused. The organism is capable of expediting other glucose metabolism rate pathways to make up for the insufficiency of energy, whereas it still cannot compensate for the loss of energy. As a result, CUMS-induced rats exhibited high-rate and low-efficiency glucose metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yun-Hao Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ting Ling-Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wen-Ze Wu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xian-Xian Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Cui Ji
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wei-di Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yu-Mei Han
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu S, Li C, Jin X, Zhu L, Shen J, Bai M, Li Y, Xu E. Baicalin improves the energy levels in the prefrontal cortex of mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
4
|
Krivosova M, Gondas E, Murin R, Dohal M, Ondrejka I, Tonhajzerova I, Hutka P, Ferencova N, Visnovcova Z, Hrtanek I, Mokry J. The Plasma Levels of 3-Hydroxybutyrate, Dityrosine, and Other Markers of Oxidative Stress and Energy Metabolism in Major Depressive Disorder. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040813. [PMID: 35453861 PMCID: PMC9025710 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental disease with a pathophysiology that is not yet fully clarified. An increasing number of studies show an association of MDD with energy metabolism alteration and the presence of oxidative stress. We aimed to evaluate plasma levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), NADH, myeloperoxidase, and dityrosine (di-Tyr) in adolescent and adult patients with MDD, compare them with healthy age-matched controls, and assess the effect of antidepressant treatment during hospitalisation on these levels. In our study, plasmatic levels of 3HB were elevated in both adolescents (by 55%; p = 0.0004) and adults (by 88%; p < 0.0001) with MDD compared to controls. Levels of dityrosine were increased in MDD adults (by 19%; p = 0.0092) but not adolescents. We have not found any significant effect of antidepressants on the selected parameters during the short observation period. Our study supports the findings suggesting altered energy metabolism in MDD and demonstrates its presence independently of the age of the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Krivosova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.K.); (N.F.); (Z.V.)
| | - Eduard Gondas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (E.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Radovan Murin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (E.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Matus Dohal
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Igor Ondrejka
- Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03659 Martin, Slovakia; (I.O.); (P.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Ingrid Tonhajzerova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Hutka
- Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03659 Martin, Slovakia; (I.O.); (P.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Nikola Ferencova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.K.); (N.F.); (Z.V.)
| | - Zuzana Visnovcova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.K.); (N.F.); (Z.V.)
| | - Igor Hrtanek
- Psychiatric Clinic, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03659 Martin, Slovakia; (I.O.); (P.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Juraj Mokry
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang C, Zhu L, Lu S, Li M, Bai M, Li Y, Xu E. The antidepressant-like effect of formononetin on chronic corticosterone-treated mice. Brain Res 2022; 1783:147844. [PMID: 35218705 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reported the neuroprotective effects of formononetin (FMN), however, whether it has antidepressant-like effects have not been reported. To evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of FMN, a mice model of depression was established by chronic corticosterone (CORT) injection. The serum corticosterone levels and hippocampal protein expression were detected by ELISA and Western blot. Nissl staining was used to observe the damage of hippocampal neurons and immunofluorescence was used to observe the neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Our results showed that FMN significantly increased the sucrose preference and shorten the immobility time in the forced swimming test in CORT-treated mice. Moreover, FMN reduced the serum corticosterone levels, upregulated the protein expression levels of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus, protected against the CORT-induced neuronal impairment, and promoted the neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Taken together, the present study was the first to demonstrate the antidepressant-like effects of FMN in the CORT-induced mice model of depression, which may contribute to the discovery of a new candidate for treating depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changjing Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Shuaifei Lu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Ming Bai
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Yucheng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Erping Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu X, Lai S, Ma S, Yang H, Liu L, Yu G, Zhong S, Jia Y, Zhong J. Development of a Novel Retina-Based Diagnostic Score for Early Detection of Major Depressive Disorder: An Interdisciplinary View. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:897759. [PMID: 35664496 PMCID: PMC9162334 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.897759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically effective markers for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) are lacking. Alterations in retinal features are closely related to the pathophysiological progression of MDD. However, the reliable retina-related diagnostic model for MDD remains to be developed. Thus, our study aimed to quantitatively evaluate retinal vascular and structural changes in MDD patients and to develop a reliable diagnostic model of MDD based on retinal parameters. METHODS Seventy-eight patients with MDD and 47 healthy controls (HCs) underwent retinal vessel density and structure examination using optical coherence tomography angiography and visual field examination using perimetry. Independent-sample t test was used to assess the differences in retinal parameters between the groups. Meanwhile, we constructed the corresponding retina-based diagnostic model by LASSO logistic regression. Finally, the diagnostic ability of the model was evaluated by area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curves and calibration plot of nomogram. RESULTS MDD patients showed lower retinal vessel density (including radial peripapillary capillary vessel density, superficial and deep capillary plexus vessel density), thinner subfoveal choroidal thickness, and poorer visual fields compared to HCs (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, a retina-based diagnostic model was constructed and shows a strong diagnostic capability for MDD (AUC = 0.9015, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Patients with MDD showed distinct retinal features compared to HCs. The retina-based diagnostic model is expected to be a necessary complement to the diagnosis of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunkai Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shisi Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guocheng Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuming Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jo D, Song J. Irisin Acts via the PGC-1α and BDNF Pathway to Improve Depression-like Behavior. Clin Nutr Res 2021; 10:292-302. [PMID: 34796134 PMCID: PMC8575642 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2021.10.4.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder experienced by the world's population. Mechanisms associated with depression-like behavior have not been fully investigated. Among the therapeutic solution for depression, exercise is considered an important regulator attenuating depressive neuropathology. Exercise has been reported to boost the secretion of myokines such as irisin and myostatin in skeletal muscles. Myokines secreted during exercise are involved in various cellular responses including the endocrine and autocrine systems. Especially, irisin as a cleaved version of fibronectin domain-containing protein 5 has multiple functions such as white fat-browning, energy expenditure increase, anti-inflammatory effects, and mitochondrial function improvement in both systemic circulation and central nervous system. Furthermore, irisin activates energy metabolism-related signaling peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha and memory formation-related signaling brain-derived neurotrophic factor involved in depression. However, the role and mechanism of irisin in depression disorder is not obvious until now. Here, we review recent evidences regarding the therapeutic effect of irisin in depression disorder. We suggest that irisin is a key molecule that suppresses several neuropathological mechanisms involved in depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Jo
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, Hwasun 58128, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, Hwasun 58128, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gu X, Ke S, Wang Q, Zhuang T, Xia C, Xu Y, Yang L, Zhou M. Energy metabolism in major depressive disorder: Recent advances from omics technologies and imaging. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111869. [PMID: 34225015 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious psychiatric disorder that associated with high rate of disability and increasing suicide rate, and the pathogenesis is still unclear. Many researches showed that the energy metabolism of patients with depression is impaired, which may be the direction of depression treatment. In this review, we focus on the "omics" technologies such as genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics, as well as imaging, and the progress on energy metabolism of MDD. These findings indicate that abnormal energy metabolism is one of the important mechanisms for the occurrence and development of depression. Although the research on various mechanisms of depression is still ongoing, the rapid development of new technologies and the joint use of various technologies will help to clarify the pathogenesis of depression and explore efficient diagnosis and treatment methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Gu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuang Ke
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qixue Wang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tongxi Zhuang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chenyi Xia
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|