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Xiong J, Ding Y, Wu X, Zhan J, Wan Q, Wan H, Wei B, Chen H, Yang Y. Association between serum insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and the improvements of cognitive impairments in a subgroup of schizophrenia: Preliminary findings. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:282-289. [PMID: 38198881 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have implicated abnormal insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, but findings have been inconsistent. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis to compare IGF-1 levels in schizophrenia patients with healthy controls and explored factors contributing to variability between estimates. In an independent sample (58 chronic schizophrenia patients and 30 healthy controls), we investigated differences in IGF-1 levels among schizophrenia subgroups with distinct cognitive profiles, identified using k-means clustering based on five cognitive domains from The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Associations between serum IGF-1 levels and clinical and neurocognitive improvements were also examined. RESULTS The meta-analysis revealed significantly lower serum IGF-1 levels in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls, albeit with high heterogeneity. Medication status, BMI, and severity of negative symptoms were identified as potential contributors to this heterogeneity. In our independent study, antipsychotic treatment led to a significant increase in IGF-1 levels, and lower pre-treatment serum IGF-1 levels correlated with greater improvement in cognitive deficits, particularly in a subgroup with more severe cognitive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the "IGF-1 deficiency hypothesis" in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Further research is crucial to elucidate the role of IGF-1 in the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital & Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yudan Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital & Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinqiong Zhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital & Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qigen Wan
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital & Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongying Wan
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital & Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital & Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Haibo Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital & Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yuanjian Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital & Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China; Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China.
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Fernández-Pereira C, Penedo MA, Rivera-Baltanás T, Pérez-Márquez T, Alves-Villar M, Fernández-Martínez R, Veiga C, Salgado-Barreira Á, Prieto-González JM, Ortolano S, Olivares JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Protein Plasma Levels of the IGF Signalling System Are Altered in Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15254. [PMID: 37894932 PMCID: PMC10607273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) has been recently proven to alleviate depressive-like behaviors in both rats and mice models. However, its potential role as a peripheral biomarker has not been evaluated in depression. To do this, we measured plasma IGF-2 and other members of the IGF family such as Binding Proteins (IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-7) in a depressed group of patients (n = 51) and in a healthy control group (n = 48). In some of these patients (n = 15), we measured these proteins after a period (19 ± 6 days) of treatment with antidepressants. The Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Self-Assessment Anhedonia Scale (SAAS) were used to measure depression severity and anhedonia, respectively. The general cognition state was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test and memory with the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT). The levels of both IGF-2 and IGFBP-7 were found to be significantly increased in the depressed group; however, only IGF-2 remained significantly elevated after correction by age and sex. On the other hand, the levels of IGF-2, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 were significantly decreased after treatment, whereas only IGFBP-7 was significantly increased. Therefore, peripheral changes in the IGF family and their response to antidepressants might represent alterations at the brain level in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Pereira
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (C.F.-P.); (M.A.P.)
- Neuro Epigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (T.P.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (S.O.)
| | - Maria Aránzazu Penedo
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (C.F.-P.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (C.F.-P.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Tania Pérez-Márquez
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (T.P.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (S.O.)
| | - Marta Alves-Villar
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (T.P.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (S.O.)
| | - Rafael Fernández-Martínez
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (C.F.-P.); (M.A.P.)
| | - César Veiga
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ángel Salgado-Barreira
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Prieto-González
- Neuro Epigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Translational Research in Neurological Diseases Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, SERGAS-USC, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Neurology Service, Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Saida Ortolano
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (T.P.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (S.O.)
| | - José Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (C.F.-P.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- Neuro Epigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Translational Research in Neurological Diseases Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, SERGAS-USC, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Neurology Service, Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Pejcic AV, Jankovic SM, Janjic V, Djordjic M, Milosavljevic JZ, Milosavljevic MN. Meta-analysis of peripheral insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in schizophrenia. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2819. [PMID: 36448977 PMCID: PMC9847627 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate if there is a significant difference in peripheral insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls and to determine whether a difference exists before and after initiation of antipsychotics. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to March 27, 2022. Original clinical studies of any type that reported peripheral blood, serum or plasma IGF-1 levels measured after fasting in schizophrenia patients and/or healthy control group were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Meta-Essentials: Workbooks for meta-analysis and pooled through random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS Twelve publications met eligibility criteria. Schizophrenia patients under antipsychotic treatment had significantly lower peripheral IGF-1 levels compared to healthy controls (n = 632, Hedges' g -0.42, 95% CI from -0.79 to -0.04, p = .006, I2 = 70.38%), while no significant difference was found between schizophrenia patients regardless of the antipsychotic treatment status and healthy controls, as well as between antipsychotic naïve or free schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, and before and after initiation of antipsychotic treatment. However, high heterogeneity was observed and its potential sources in some of the subgroup analyses included sample type and region. CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenia patients under antipsychotic treatment seem to have lower peripheral IGF-1 levels compared to healthy controls. Additional studies with larger and more homogenous samples are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Pejcic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slobodan M Jankovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Janjic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milan Djordjic
- Department of Communication Skills, Ethics and Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Z Milosavljevic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milos N Milosavljevic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF-2) and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 7 (IGFBP-7) Are Upregulated after Atypical Antipsychotics in Spanish Schizophrenia Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179591. [PMID: 36076984 PMCID: PMC9455262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) and IGF binding protein 7 (IGFBP-7) have been related to schizophrenia (SZ) due to their implication in neurodevelopment. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the alterations in IGF-2 and IGFBP-7 in SZ patients are intrinsically related to the psychiatric disorder itself or are a secondary phenomenon due to antipsychotic treatment. In order to test this hypothesis, we measured plasma IGF-2 and IGFBP-7 in drug-naïve first episode (FE) and multiple episodes or chronic (ME) SZ Caucasian patients who have been following treatment for years. A total of 55 SZ patients (FE = 15, ME = 40) and 45 healthy controls were recruited. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Self-Assessment Anhedonia Scale (SAAS) were employed to check schizophrenic symptomatology and anhedonia, respectively. Plasma IGF-2 and IGFBP-7 levels were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The FE SZ patients had much lower IGF-2, but not IGFBP-7, than controls. Moreover, both IGF-2 and IGFBP-7 significantly increased after atypical antipsychotic treatment (aripiprazole, olanzapine, or risperidone) in these patients. On the other hand, chronic patients showed higher levels of both proteins when compared to controls. Our study suggests that circulatory IGF-2 and IGFBP-7 increase after antipsychotic treatment, regardless of long-term conditions and being lower in drug-naïve FE patients.
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