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Merlin SS, Brucki SMD. Openness and age influence cognitive progression: a longitudinal study. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2023; 81:868-875. [PMID: 37899046 PMCID: PMC10631849 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1775884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some psychological and personality characteristics of individuals seem to determine behavioral patterns that are associated with better health throughout life and, consequently, prevent the progression of early cognitive changes to dementia. OBJECTIVE To identify which individuals have modified cognitive ratings after 24 months of follow-up and correlating with personality traits. METHODS One hundred and two volunteers were evaluated clinically and for personality characteristics and neuropsychological testing. Of these, 25 subjects were classified as cognitively normal (CN), 25 as subjective cognitive decline (SCD), 28 as nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI), and 24 as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (amMCI) at baseline. Follow-up occurred over 2 years from the initial assessment, and the cognitive categories of the participants were re-analyzed every 6 months to observe differences in their classification. RESULTS Out of the 102 subjects, 65 remained at follow-up. The sample followed-up longitudinally was composed predominantly of women (65%), white (74%), with a mean age of 78 (±7.5) years old and 12 (±4.8) years of schooling. Throughout the process, 23% of CN, 15% of SDC, and 27% of naMCI individuals worsened cognitively. Amnestic with mild cognitive impairment volunteers remained stable or improved. Individuals with older age show more significant cognitive deterioration, and those with very low or high rates of the openness personality trait are associated with cognitive decline utilizing the Fisher exact test, probably because the open extremes influence choices, stress management, and behavioral maintenance. CONCLUSION The factors most associated with cognitive change in this group of older adults were age and the intensity of the openness aspects of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Stahl Merlin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, Unidade de Neurologia Cognitiva e Comportamental, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
| | - Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, Unidade de Neurologia Cognitiva e Comportamental, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
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Beaudreau SA, Gould CE, Hantke NC, Kramer AO, Suresh M, Jo B, Fairchild JK. Insights about personality traits and cognitive performance and decline in adults 51-59 Years old from the Wisconsin longitudinal study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 38:e5852. [PMID: 36495530 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To delineate midlife personality dimensions of early cognitive change in an age-homogenous sample of U.S. older adults. DESIGN Longitudinal study of 6133 adults from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS). MEASURES Middle-aged participants (mean age = 53.2; SD = 0.6) from the WLS completed the 'Big-5' personality assessment in 1992. Mixed effects models examined whether midlife personality traits were associated with change in cognitive performance from participant's mid-60s (2004-2005) to early 70s (2011). The cognitive battery assessed abstract reasoning (AR), category fluency (CF), working memory (WM), and delayed verbal memory (DVM). Models adjusted for sex, education, and subjective health. RESULTS High Openness was a significant predictor of change in AR, CF, and DVM. These cognitive outcomes declined less among those with high Openness, but the effect sizes for Openness by time were small (R2 s < 0.01). AR and CF were characterized by higher overall performance with high Openness, but with relatively parallel change for the highest and lowest Openness quartiles. There was no advantage of Openness to DVM by the second assessment. High Conscientiousness was a predictor of more change for DVM, though the effect size was small (R 2 < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS None of the midlife personality traits were uniformly associated with change in cognitive performance in early older adulthood. High midlife Openness had the most noteworthy impact on cognition. Interventions designed to target Openness have potential to elevate and maintain a higher threshold of performance in some cognitive domains, but may only have a small impact on cognitive change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Beaudreau
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, California, Palo Alto, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christine E Gould
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Nathan C Hantke
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Abigail O Kramer
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, California, Palo Alto, USA
- Psychology Department, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Madhuvanthi Suresh
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, California, Palo Alto, USA
- Division of Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Booil Jo
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer K Fairchild
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, California, Palo Alto, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Pien LC, Tsai HT, Cheng WJ, Rias YA, Chou KR, Chen SR. Sex-Influenced Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Gerontol Nurs 2022; 48:19-25. [PMID: 35648583 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20220505-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore sex-influenced risk factors for cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan. This cross-sectional study was a secondary analysis using a population-based design. We accessed and analyzed data from the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging survey of 2011. Participants were older adults aged ≥55 years living in non-indigenous townships. A total of 3,392 community-dwelling older adults were included. Results showed that the prevalence of cognitive impairment in females and males was 15.3% and 5.7%, respectively. Having a low educational level and being single (i.e., single, widowed, or divorced) were risk factors for cognitive impairment in both sexes. Males who had more than two chronic diseases had a higher risk of cognitive impairment. Self-reported hearing loss and depression increased risk of cognitive impairment in older females. Older age, lower educational level, and single marital status were associated with cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan. The effects of self-reported hearing loss, depression, and chronic disease on cognitive impairment were influenced by sex. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(6), 19-25.].
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Relationship between Personality and Mortality among Japanese Older Adults: A 14-Year Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042413. [PMID: 35206600 PMCID: PMC8872374 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Personality is one of the fundamental factors in determining longevity. We used a 14-year mortality surveillance to investigate the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and all-cause mortality among older adults dwelling in a Japanese community. Individuals over 65 years old (484 males and 743 females) were recruited for the study. We used the NEO Five-Factor Inventory to assess the Big Five personality traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. During the follow-up period, 502 persons (250 men and 252 women) had died. Cox proportional hazards regression controlling for covariates showed that extraversion (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.783, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.636 to 0.965 and HR = 0.757, 95% CI = 0.607 to 0.944 for the middle and highest tertiles, respectively), openness (HR = 0.768, 95% CI = 0.608 to 0.969 for the highest tertile), and conscientiousness (HR = 0.745, 95% CI = 0.607 to 0.913 and HR = 0.667, 95% CI = 0.530 to 0.840 for the middle and highest tertiles, respectively) were inversely associated with mortality when the five traits were analyzed separately. Our findings suggest that older adults who have a higher level of either extraversion, openness, or conscientiousness are more likely to live longer.
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Horikawa C, Otsuka R, Nishita Y, Tange C, Kato Y, Tanaka T, Rogi T, Shibata H, Ando F, Shimokata H. Interaction between cognitive leisure activity and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on global cognitive decline in a Japanese longitudinal cohort study: National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:443. [PMID: 34315440 PMCID: PMC8314584 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing interest in the significance of adopting a variety of lifestyle habits for maintaining cognitive function among older adults. A lifestyle that is easy to modify, simple, and less burdensome for older people is ideal. We investigated the longitudinal association between global cognitive decline and cognitive leisure activities (CLAs) combined with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) intake. Methods The National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA) enrolled community-dwelling middle-aged and older men and women who were randomly selected from Obu-City and Higashiura Town, Aichi, Japan. Baseline data (2006–2008), including CLAs and dietary intake, were obtained from 517 participants (aged 60–84 years) with normal cognition. Global cognitive decline, defined as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≤ 27, was assessed at baseline and four years later. Interaction between CLAs and LCPUFAs on cognitive decline was investigated using a multiple logistic analysis with adjustment for confounders. CLA engagement and LCPUFA intake were divided into high and low groups according to the frequency at which each participant engaged in the activity and the median intake level according to sex, respectively. Results A significant interaction was detected for the combination of CLA engagement and LCPUFA intake. Logistic regression coefficients revealed significant interactions when participants engaged in more than five CLA varieties. One of the CLAs, art appreciation, produced a significant main effect against cognitive decline and a significant interaction in combination with LCPUFA intake. The major LCPUFAs—docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid—also exhibited a significant interaction. The combination of high LCPUFA intake and high art appreciation frequency yielded a lower adjusted odds ratio for cognitive decline than the combination of low LCPUFA and low art appreciation [0.25 (95 % confidence intervals, 0.11–0.56)]. Conclusions Preserving cognitive function might be associated with a combination of varied and high-frequency engagement in CLAs combined with high LCPUFA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Horikawa
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, 474-8511, Obu-City, Aichi, Japan.,Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku- gun, 619-0284, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rei Otsuka
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, 474-8511, Obu-City, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Nishita
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, 474-8511, Obu-City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chikako Tange
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, 474-8511, Obu-City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Kato
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, 474-8511, Obu-City, Aichi, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, 2-9 Katahira, 480-1197, Nagakute- city, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Tanaka
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku- gun, 619-0284, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Rogi
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku- gun, 619-0284, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shibata
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku- gun, 619-0284, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fujiko Ando
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, 474-8511, Obu-City, Aichi, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, 2-9 Katahira, 480-1197, Nagakute- city, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimokata
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, 474-8511, Obu-City, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, 57 Takenoyama, Iwasaki-cho, 470-0196, Nisshin-city, Aichi, Japan
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Neuvonen E, Hall A, Tolppanen AM, Ngandu T, Rusanen M, Laatikainen T, Soininen H, Kivipelto M, Solomon A. Late-life personality traits, cognitive impairment, and mortality in a population-based cohort. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 35:989-999. [PMID: 32363652 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined longitudinal associations between late-life personality traits and cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in the population-based Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) Study. METHODS Anger expression and trait anger (State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and sense of coherence (Sense of Coherence Scale) were assessed at the 1998 CAIDE visit (1266 cognitively normal individuals, mean age 71.0 years). Totally, 582 participants had complete re-examination in 2005-2008 (105 mild cognitive impairment, MCI; and 29 dementia). National registers data until 2008 were also used for both participants and nonparticipants to ascertain incident dementia (96 cases) and mortality (227 died). Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education, follow-up time, cardiovascular and lifestyle factors, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Higher anxiety was associated with higher risk of MCI/dementia (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.07-2.63) and death (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.08-1.98). High sense of coherence was associated with lower mortality (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45-0.93). These associations were attenuated after accounting for depressive symptoms (OR 1.57, 95% CI 0.96-2.58 for anxiety-MCI/dementia; HR 1.35, 95% CI 0.97-1.86 for anxiety-mortality; and HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.45-1.04 for sense of coherence-mortality). Trait anger was associated with higher dementia risk even after adjustments (HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.14-3.18). CONCLUSIONS Anxiety was linked to worse cognitive outcome and mortality and sense of coherence to lower mortality. Depressive symptoms attenuated the associations. As a novel finding, trait anger was connected to dementia risk. These findings emphasize the importance of personality-related risk factors for dementia and mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:-, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Neuvonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anette Hall
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Tolppanen
- Research Centre for Comparative Effectiveness and Patient Safety, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiia Ngandu
- Public Health Promotion Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna Rusanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Public Health Promotion Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Public Health Promotion Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services (Siun sote), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alina Solomon
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Personality factors and cerebral glucose metabolism in community-dwelling older adults. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1511-1522. [PMID: 32342225 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Personality factors have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia, but they have not been examined against markers of regional brain glucose metabolism (a primary measure of brain functioning) in older adults without clinically diagnosed cognitive impairment. The relationship between personality factors derived from the five-factor model and cerebral glucose metabolism determined using positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG-PET) was examined in a cohort of 237 non-demented, community-dwelling older adults aged 60-89 years (M ± SD = 73.76 ± 6.73). Higher neuroticism and lower scores on extraversion and conscientiousness were significantly associated with decreased glucose metabolism in brain regions typically affected by AD neuropathological processes, including the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Furthermore, while there were significant differences between apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele carriers and non-carriers on 18F-FDG-PET results in the neocortex and other brain regions (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference between carriers and non-carriers on personality factors and no significant interactions were found between APOE ε4 carriage and personality factors on brain glucose metabolism. In conclusion, we found significant relationships between personality factors and glucose metabolism in neural regions more susceptible to AD neuropathology in older adults without clinically significant cognitive impairment. These findings support the need for longitudinal research into the potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between personality and dementia risk, including measurement of change in other AD biomarkers (amyloid and tau imaging) and how they correspond to change in personality factors. Future research is also warranted to determine whether timely psychological interventions aimed at personality facets (specific aspects or characteristics of personality factors) can affect imaging or other biomarkers of AD resulting in delay or ideally preventing the onset of the cognitive impairment.
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Chae W, Park EC, Jang SI. The Association Between the Changes in General, Family, and Financial Aspects of Quality of Life and Their Effects on Cognitive Function in an Elderly Population: The Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, 2008-2016. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031106. [PMID: 32050541 PMCID: PMC7037108 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The growing aging population is a global phenomenon and a major public health challenge. Among Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, Korea is the fastest aging country. We aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in quality of life (QOL) and cognitive function in older adults. Method: Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging collected from 2008 to 2016 were used. In 3453 participants (men: 1943; women: 1541), QOL was measured by three aspects: general, financial, and familial. Changes in QOL status were assessed by four categories: remained poor, worsened, improved, and remained good. The level of cognitive function was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination score (MMSE, normal range cut-off value: 24 or above). For the statistical analysis, the generalized equation model (GEE) was performed. Results: For all three aspects of QOL measured, participants whose QOL score remained poor were associated with cognitive decline that their odds ratios (OR) were statistically significant (general: OR = 1.33; familial: OR = 1.39; financial: OR = 1.40). For subgroup analysis by gender, the highest OR in men was the financial aspect of QOL (OR = 1.45); in women, the highest OR was the familial aspect of QOL (OR = 1.75). Conclusion: This study showed an association between QOL and cognitive function in a Korean elderly population. Our findings suggest that QOL measurements with a gender-specific approach can be used as a tool to detect cognitive changes in older adults and help prevent or delay cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjeong Chae
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Park
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sung-In Jang
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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The Outcomes of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Cognitive Decline in Taiwan. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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