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Golonka K, Malysheva KO, Fortuna D, Gulla B, Lytvyn S, De Beer LT, Schonfeld IS, Bianchi R. A validation study of the Occupational Depression Inventory in Poland and Ukraine. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4403. [PMID: 38388806 PMCID: PMC10883996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54995-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric and structural properties of the Polish and Ukrainian versions of the Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI). We relied on two samples of Polish employees (NSample1 = 526, 47% female; NSample2 = 164, 64% female) and one sample of Ukrainian employees (NSample3 = 372, 73% female). In all samples, the ODI exhibited essential unidimensionality and high total-score reliability (e.g., McDonald's omegas > 0.90). The homogeneity of the scale was strong (e.g., 0.59 ≤ scale-level Hs ≤ 0.68). The ODI's total scores thus accurately ranked individuals on a latent occupational depression continuum. We found evidence of complete measurement invariance across our samples, a prerequisite for between-group comparisons involving observed scores. Looking into the criterion validity of the ODI, we found occupational depression to correlate, in the expected direction, with resilience and job-person fit in six areas of working life-workload, control, rewards, community, fairness, and values. The prevalence of occupational depression was estimated at 5% in Sample 1, 18% in Sample 2, and 3% in Sample 3. Our findings support the use of the ODI's Polish and Ukrainian versions. This study adds to a growing corpus of research suggesting that the ODI is a robust instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Golonka
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karine O Malysheva
- Faculty of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dominika Fortuna
- Doctoral School of Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bożena Gulla
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Serhii Lytvyn
- Faculty of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Leon T De Beer
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- WorkWell Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Irvin Sam Schonfeld
- Department of Psychology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Renzo Bianchi
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Dragvoll, Building 12, Level 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Jansson-Fröjmark M, Badinlou F, Lundgren T, Schonfeld IS, Bianchi R. Validation of the Occupational Depression Inventory in Sweden. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1505. [PMID: 37553626 PMCID: PMC10411009 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI) was recently devised to assess depressive symptoms that individuals specifically attribute to their work. One purpose of the ODI is to overcome limitations in current assessments of job-related distress. This study aimed to validate the Swedish version of the ODI. METHODS The study involved 365 individuals employed in Sweden. In addition to the ODI, the study included the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire, the Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire, the GAD-2, and the PHQ-9. We inquired into the factorial validity, dimensionality, scalability, test-score reliability, criterion validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and measurement invariance of the ODI. RESULTS Exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor analysis indicated that the ODI's Swedish version meets the requirements for essential unidimensionality (e.g., explained common variance = 0.872). Measurement invariance held across sexes, age groups, and occupational categories. The instrument exhibited strong scalability (e.g., H = 0.662). The observed total scores thus accurately ranked respondents on the latent continuum underlying the scale. The ODI's total-score reliability was high (e.g., McDonald's ω = 0.929). Speaking to the instrument's criterion validity, we found occupational depression to correlate, in the expected direction, with various work (e.g., job support) and nonwork (e.g., general anxiety) variables. Occupational depression showed large correlations with effort-reward imbalance (r = 0.613) and demand-control imbalance (r = 0.566) at work. Multiple regression analyses supported these associations further. As expected, we observed both a degree of convergent validity and a degree of discriminant validity when examining the ODI against the PHQ-9, an attribution-free measure of depression. DISCUSSION This study indicates that the ODI performs well within the Swedish context, consistent with the findings obtained in other linguistic and geographic contexts. The ODI promises to help researchers, practitioners, and public health decision-makers address job-related distress more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Jansson-Fröjmark
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Farzaneh Badinlou
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Lundgren
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irvin Sam Schonfeld
- Department of Psychology, The City College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Renzo Bianchi
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Bianchi R, Cavalcante DC, Queirós C, Santos BDM, Verkuilen J, Schonfeld IS. Validation of the Occupational Depression Inventory in Brazil: A study of 1612 civil servants. J Psychosom Res 2023; 167:111194. [PMID: 36801658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI) assesses work-attributed depressive symptoms. The ODI has demonstrated robust psychometric and structural properties. To date, the instrument has been validated in English, French, and Spanish. This study examined the psychometric and structural properties of the ODI's Brazilian-Portuguese version. METHODS The study involved 1612 civil servants employed in Brazil (MAGE = 44, SDAGE = 9; 60% female). The study was conducted online across all Brazilian states. RESULTS Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) bifactor analysis indicated that the ODI meets the requirements for essential unidimensionality. The general factor accounted for 91% of the common variance extracted. We found measurement invariance to hold across sexes and age groups. Consistent with these findings, the ODI showed strong scalability (H = 0.67). The instrument's total score accurately ranked respondents on the latent dimension underlying the measure. Furthermore, the ODI exhibited excellent total-score reliability (e.g., McDonald's ω = 0.93). Occupational depression correlated negatively with work engagement and each of its components (vigor, dedication, and absorption), speaking to the ODI's criterion validity. Finally, the ODI helped clarify the issue of burnout-depression overlap. Relying on ESEM confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), we found burnout's components to correlate more strongly with occupational depression than with each other. Using a higher-order ESEM-within-CFA framework, we found a correlation of 0.95 between burnout and occupational depression. CONCLUSION The ODI displays robust psychometric and structural properties within the Brazilian context. The ODI constitutes a valuable resource for occupational health specialists and may help advance research on job-related distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Bianchi
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Danísio Calixto Cavalcante
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; National Institute of Social Security, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cristina Queirós
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Jay Verkuilen
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Irvin Sam Schonfeld
- Department of Psychology, The City College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
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Bianchi R, Verkuilen J, Sowden JF, Schonfeld IS. Towards a new approach to job-related distress: A three-sample study of the Occupational Depression Inventory. Stress Health 2023; 39:137-153. [PMID: 35700982 PMCID: PMC10084211 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI) was recently developed to assess depressive symptoms that individuals specifically attribute to their work. One purpose of the ODI is to respond to limitations of current assessments of job-related distress, most notably, assessments relying on the burnout construct. In this study, we conducted a thorough examination of the psychometric and structural properties of the ODI using exploratory structural equation modelling bifactor analysis and Mokken scale analysis. The study involved three samples of employed individuals, recruited in France (N = 3454), Switzerland (N = 1971), and Australia (N = 1485). Results were consistent across the three samples. The ODI exhibited essential unidimensionality and excellent total-score reliability-as indexed by McDonald's omega, Cronbach's alpha, Guttman's lambda-2, and the Molenaar-Sijtsma statistic. We found evidence for measurement invariance across sexes, age groups, and samples. Mokken scale analysis revealed that the ODI's scalability was strong. No monotonicity violation was detected. Invariant item ordering showed sufficient accuracy. In all three samples, suicidal ideation was the least commonly endorsed item-thus acting as a sentinel item-and fatigue/loss of energy was the most commonly endorsed item. The ODI exhibits excellent psychometric and structural properties, suggesting that occupational health specialists can effectively employ the instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Bianchi
- University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jay Verkuilen
- City University of New York, New York City, New York, USA
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Is the Prevalence of Low Physical Activity among Teachers Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148868. [PMID: 35886716 PMCID: PMC9320074 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the levels of stress, depression, and anxiety among Polish secondary school teachers and their association with selected psychosocial, sociodemographic, and lifestyle factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 116 Polish teachers in 2019, using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form (IPAQ-SF), the Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), and author questionnaire including psychosocial factors specific to the respondents’ work environment. The prevalence of moderately to extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and symptoms of stress in teachers was 18.1%, 22.4%, and 51.7%, respectively. Among respondents with moderate or high physical activity level (PAL), normal or mild levels of depression (OR = 3.62; CI [1.31–10.03]), anxiety (OR = 2.61; CI [1.01–6.73]), and stress (OR = 2.79; CI [1.16–6.69]) were more common. The level of individual symptoms of mental disorders was higher than indicated by previous Polish reports. Given that teachers’ low PAL is significantly related to their moderately to extremely severe levels of stress, depression, and anxiety, we suggest running leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) enhancement programs and supporting the leadership of school management and the higher-education system in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Meier
- Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
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Saul D, Nikolitch K. The syndrome of burnout: A new spin or reinventing the wheel? J Psychosom Res 2022; 157:110914. [PMID: 35447604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Saul
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Katerina Nikolitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Mental Health Research, The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Ahmed F, Baruch J, Armstrong P. Examining the Constructs of Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, Secondary Traumatic Stress in Physicians Using Factor Analyses. Front Public Health 2022; 10:893165. [PMID: 35602123 PMCID: PMC9120964 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.893165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse affective experiences have been well-documented in healthcare providers. Research describes them under a variety of terms, including burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), and compassion fatigue (CF). The present study evaluates conflicting models of STS, CF, and burnout constructs in physicians. Methods Surveys were mailed to all allopathic physicians with active Rhode Island medical licenses. Three hundred and seventy-five complete responses were received. The survey included common measures of STS, CF, and burnout. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate discriminant validity of the three constructs and test 5 a priori (1-, 2-, and 3-factor) theoretical models, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was planned assess underlying factor structure in the case that CFA did not provide evidence supporting any existing model. Results By CFA, all five a priori models of burnout, CF, and STS fail to demonstrate adequate model fit (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual >0.10, Tucker-Lewis Index <0.90). EFA with parallel analysis extracts four factors underlying the three burnout, STS, and CF measures. The four factors describe 54.3% of variance and can be described as (1) depressive mood; (2) primary traumatic stress-like symptoms; (3) responses to patients' trauma; and (4) sleep disturbances. Conclusion In spite of abundant discussion surrounding burnout, CF, and STS in physicians, measures of these constructs did not uphold their theoretical factor structures in the present study. Future research might explore other constructs and measures that may describe adverse affective physician experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa Ahmed
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Fadwa Ahmed
| | - Jay Baruch
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Paul Armstrong
- Department of English, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Bianchi R, Fiorilli C, Angelini G, Dozio N, Palazzi C, Palazzi G, Vitiello B, Schonfeld IS. Italian version of the Occupational Depression Inventory: Validity, reliability, and associations with health, economic, and work-life characteristics. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1061293. [PMID: 36620692 PMCID: PMC9813419 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI) reflects a new approach to job-related distress centered on work-attributed depressive symptoms. The instrument was developed with reference to the characterization of major depression found in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. The ODI has been validated in English, French, and Spanish. This study (a) investigated the psychometric and structural properties of the ODI's Italian version and (b) inquired into the nomological network of occupational depression. METHODS A convenience sample of 963 employed individuals was recruited in Italy (69.9% female; mean age = 40.433). We notably relied on exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor analysis, common-practice confirmatory factor analysis, and Mokken scale analysis to examine our dataset. RESULTS Our analyses indicated that the Italian version of the ODI meets the requirements for essential unidimensionality, thus justifying the use of the instrument's total score. The ODI's reliability was excellent. Measurement invariance held across sexes, age groups, and occupations. Occupational depression was negatively associated with general wellbeing and positively associated with a 12-month history of depressive disorder, current antidepressant intake, 12-month sick leave, 6-month physical assault at work, 6-month verbal abuse at work, lack of money for leisure activities, and financial strain in the household. CONCLUSIONS The ODI's Italian version exhibits robust psychometric and structural properties, suggesting that the instrument can be fruitfully used for addressing job-related distress in Italian-speaking populations. Furthermore, the present study relates occupational depression to important health, economic, and work-life characteristics, including past depressive episodes, antidepressant medication, sickness-related absenteeism, workplace violence, and economic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Bianchi
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Caterina Fiorilli
- Department of Social Sciences (Communication, Education and Psychology), LUMSA University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Angelini
- Department of Social Sciences (Communication, Education and Psychology), LUMSA University, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Dozio
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) della Brianza, Vimercate, Italy
| | - Carlo Palazzi
- Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benedetto Vitiello
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Irvin Sam Schonfeld
- Department of Psychology, The City College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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