The role of visfatin (PBEF/Nampt) in pregnancy complications

Visfatin impact on the proteome of porcine luteal cells during implantation

Visfatin (VIS) is a hormone belonging to the adipokines' group secreted mainly by the adipose tissue. VIS plays a crucial role in the control of energy homeostasis, inflammation, cell differentiation, and angiogenesis. VIS expression was confirmed in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis structures, as well as in the uterus, placenta, and conceptuses. We hypothesised that VIS may affect the abundance of proteins involved in the regulation of key processes occurring in the corpus luteum (CL) during the implantation process in pigs. In the present study, we performed the high-throughput proteomic analysis (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS) to examine the in vitro influence of VIS (100 ng/mL) on differentially regulated proteins (DRPs) in the porcine luteal cells (LCs) on days 15-16 of pregnancy (implantation period). We have identified 511 DRPs, 276 of them were up-regulated, and 235 down-regulated in the presence of VIS. Revealed DRPs were assigned to 162 gene ontology terms. Western blot analysis of five chosen DRPs, ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 1 (ADAMTS1), lanosterol 14-α demethylase (CYP51A1), inhibin subunit beta A (INHBA), notch receptor 3 (NOTCH3), and prostaglandin E synthase 2 (mPGES2) confirmed the veracity and accuracy of LC-MS/MS method. We indicated that VIS modulates the expression of proteins connected with the regulation of lipogenesis and cholesterologenesis, and, in consequence, may be involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones, as well as prostaglandins' metabolism. Moreover, we revealed that VIS affects the abundance of protein associated with ovarian cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as CL new vessel formation and tissue remodelling. Our results suggest important roles for VIS in the regulation of ovarian functions during the peri-implantation period.

The interplay between extracellular NAMPT and inflammatory cytokines in preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is the major cause of maternal-fetal mortality and morbidity. Its pathophysiology is not elucidated, but there is evidence for the role of visfatin/nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT), mainly due to its relation to endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of PE. However, there is heterogeneous data regarding visfatin/NAMPT in healthy pregnancy (HP) and PE. Therefore, we performed a search on MEDLINE/PubMed using the terms "visfatin and preeclampsia" and "NAMPT and preeclampsia, and we selected 23 original articles: 12 articles reported increased levels in PE compared to HP, only four articles showed lower levels and eight articles did not find differences regarding visfatin/NAMPT in the groups studied. It is widely acknowledged that levels detected in plasma, serum, or placenta can be influenced by the size of the population and sample analyzed, as well as genetic factors. We further discussed the correlations of visfatin/NAMPT with clinical biomarkers in PE and inflammatory pathways. Considering the common inflammatory mechanisms between PE and visfatin/NAMPT, few studies have recently performed serum or plasma dosages. In conclusion, further studies are needed to highlight the potential role of visfatin/NAMPT in the pathophysiology of PE. This will provide comparative evidence to establish it as a biomarker for disease outcomes and treatment.

Visfatin Affects the Transcriptome of Porcine Luteal Cells during Early Pregnancy

Visfatin/NAMPT (VIS), the hormone exerting a pleiotropic effect, is also perceived as an important factor in the regulation of reproductive processes and pregnancy maintenance. Previous studies confirmed its involvement in the control of porcine pituitary and ovary function. In this study, we hypothesized that VIS may affect the global transcriptome of luteal cells and thus regulate the functioning of the ovaries. Illumina's NovaSeq 6000 RNA sequencing was performed to investigate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and long non-coding RNAs (DELs) as well as the occurrence of differential alternative splicing events (DASs) in the porcine luteal cells exposed to VIS (100 ng/mL) during the implantation period. The obtained results revealed 170 DEGs (99 up- and 71 downregulated) assigned to 45 functional annotations. Moreover, we revealed 40 DELs, of which 3 were known and 37 were described for the first time. We identified 169 DASs events. The obtained results confirmed a significant effect of VIS on the transcriptome and spliceosome of luteal cells, including the genes involved in the processes crucial for successful implantation and pregnancy maintenance as angiogenesis, steroidogenesis, inflammation, cell development, migration, and proliferation.

Visfatin in the porcine pituitary gland: expression and regulation of secretion during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy

Visfatin is a multifunctional protein which, besides the control of energy homeostasis, seems to be also involved in the regulation of female fertility through the influence on the endocrine hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, including the pituitary. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of visfatin mRNA and protein in the anterior (AP) and posterior pituitary lobes of the pig during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. In AP, we also examined colocalisation of visfatin with pituitary tropic hormones. Moreover, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of GnRH, FSH, LH, and insulin on visfatin protein concentration and secretion in AP cells during the cycle. The study showed that visfatin is present in all types of porcine pituitary endocrine cells and its expression is reliant on stage of the cycle or pregnancy. GnRH, FSH, LH and insulin stimulated visfatin secretion by AP cells on days 17 to 19 of the cycle, while on days 2 to 3 visfatin release was enhanced only by LH. Summarising, visfatin is locally produced in the pituitary in a way dependent on hormonal milieu typical for reproductive status of pigs. Further research is required to clarify the role of visfatin in the pituitary gland.

Longitudinal Study of Plasma Visfatin/Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) Levels in Healthy Pregnant Women

Visfatin/nicotinamide phosphorybosil transferase (NAMPT) is a novel adipocytokine with potential roles in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders, including gestational disorders. However, there is no clear interpretation regarding the circulating visfatin levels in a healthy pregnancy. Therefore, we conducted the first longitudinal study of plasma visfatin levels that followed up healthy pregnant women until the third trimester, including the postpartum period (PPP). The study recruited healthy women with singleton pregnancy who were not using any drug (including tobacco and alcohol). We have excluded pregnant women who did not attend all scheduled exams and developed gestational diabetes or hypertension, obesity, preeclampsia, or any infections during pregnancy. Nine women were considered eligible and examined during all three trimesters of pregnancy and between 8 and 12 weeks postpartum (PPP). Visfatin/NAMPT concentrations were measured in EDTA-plasma by ELISA. The mean age of pregnant women included was 22±5 years (54% primiparous), and the mean of gestational age at delivery was 40±1.2 weeks. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 90 and 70 mmHg, respectively. Mean values (± standard error mean) of visfatin concentrations (μg/L) during trimesters were 11.38±1.45 (first, 11-14 weeks), 9.18±1.82 (second, 20-24 weeks), 18.67±2.65 (third, 34-36 weeks), and 10.12±1.49 in the PPP. The value of the third trimester was significantly higher than the second trimester, and significantly reduced in the PPP (p<0.05, ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests). Visfatin/NAMPT levels are significantly lower in the PPP, suggesting that factors stimulating its production would be limited to pregnancy, thereby contributing to its potential application as a biomarker in pregnancy complications.

Maternal saliva visfatin level in term and preterm labor: A case control study

Visfatin, a colony-enhancing factor (pre-B-cell), is an inflammatory biomarker that is secreted from a different number of cells and appears to have some proinflammatory or immune-regulating effects. The aim of this study was to compare maternal saliva visfatin levels in women with preterm and term delivery. In This case-control study, women in labor before 37 weeks of gestation were the case group (n = 40) and women in labor after 37 weeks of gestation were in control group (n = 40). The saliva of the participants was sampled and maternal saliva visfatin level was measured by ELISA test. In this study, 80 pregnant women were studied in case and control groups. The mean age of case and control group was 29.1±6.9 and 30.55±5.3 years, respectively. The results revealed that the mean maternal saliva visfatin level in the preterm group (4.75±2.2) is significantly (p = 0.001) lower than that in term birth group (6.7±3.1). The results of adjusted logistic regression revealed that after adjusting for GDM, preeclampsia, pre pregnancy BMI and weight gain, the mean of maternal saliva visfatin level in the preterm group is significantly lower than that in the term group (p = 0.026). Considering that during the term pregnancy visfatin levels increase and visfatin may play a role in initiating labor, in our study due to the high visfatin level in case group although the level of maternal saliva visfatin was lower than the control group but high levels of visfatin in the case group can represent the role of visfatin in initiating labor and due to this issue can be use the role of this adipokine for early diagnosis of preterm delivery can be used to prevent, treat and improve the prognosis of this disease. Also, this study is the first study to compare the maternal saliva visfatin level between SGA and AGA group and there is no difference between these groups.

Adipokines in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Clinical Data

Adipokines are signaling proteins involved in metabolic, endocrinological, vascular and immunogenic processes. Associations of various adipokines with not only insulin resistance but also with increased insulin sensitivity, increased systolic blood pressure, and atherosclerosis highlight the significance of adipokines in several components of metabolic syndrome and metabolic diseases in general. As pregnancy presents a unique metabolic state, the role of adipokines in pregnancy, and even in various pregnancy complications, appears to be key to elucidating these metabolic processes. Many studies in recent years have attempted to clarify the role of adipokines in pregnancy and gestational pathologies. In this review, we aim to investigate the changes in maternal adipokine levels in physiological gestation, as well as the association of adipokines with pregnancy pathologies, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia (PE). Furthermore, we will analyze the association of adipokines in both maternal serum and cord blood with parameters of intrauterine growth and various pregnancy outcomes.

Age at Menarche Mediating Visceral Adipose Tissue's Influence on Pre-eclampsia: A Mendelian Randomization Study

CONTEXT

The association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and pre-eclampsia (PE) shows inconsistent results and the underlying mediator remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to explore the causal effect of VAT on PE risks and the mediation role of age at menarche (AAM) in explaining this relationship.

METHODS

Summary data for PE were obtained from the FinnGen genome-wide association study (3556 cases and 114 735 controls). For exposure data, 70 genetic variants associated with the predicted VAT in 161 149 European women from UK Biobank were used as instrumental variables. Inverse variance weighted and multiple sensitivity analyses were applied. We also conducted multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to test the association between VAT-associated single-nucleotide variations and PE. Next, mediation analyses were performed to study whether the association between VAT and PE was mediated via AAM.

RESULTS

In univariable MR analysis, higher volume of VAT was associated with the advancement of AAM and increased PE risk (beta = -0.33; 95% CI, -0.49 to -0.16 for AAM; odds ratio 1.65, 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.20 for PE). After adjusting for waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, and hip circumference, the multivariable MR results presented the consistent positive causality of VAT on PE. Two-step MR analysis proved an estimated 14.3% of the positive effect of VAT on PE was mediated by AAM.

CONCLUSION

Our findings provided evidence of the causal relationship between VAT and PE and proved VAT could accelerate AAM and then contribute to the risk of incident PE.

From Rate-Limiting Enzyme to Therapeutic Target: The Promise of NAMPT in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) salvage pathway in mammals. It is of great significance in the metabolic homeostasis and cell survival via synthesizing nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) through enzymatic activities, serving as a key protein involved in the host’s defense mechanism. The NAMPT metabolic pathway connects NAD-dependent sirtuin (SIRT) signaling, constituting the NAMPT–NAD–SIRT cascade, which is validated as a strong intrinsic defense system. Neurodegenerative diseases belong to the central nervous system (CNS) disease that seriously endangers human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed that neurodegenerative diseases will become the second leading cause of human death in the next two decades. However, effective drugs for neurodegenerative diseases are scant. NAMPT is specifically highly expressed in the hippocampus, which mediates cell self-renewal and proliferation and oligodendrocyte synthesis by inducing the biosynthesis of NAD in neural stem cells/progenitor cells. Owing to the active biological function of NAMPT in neurogenesis, targeting NAMPT may be a powerful therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. This study aims to review the structure and biological functions, the correlation with neurodegenerative diseases, and treatment advance of NAMPT, aiming to provide a novel idea for targeted therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.

Evaluation of a Maternal Plasma RNA Panel Predicting Spontaneous Preterm Birth and Its Expansion to the Prediction of Preeclampsia

Preterm birth is the principal contributor to neonatal death and morbidity worldwide. We previously described a plasma cell-free RNA panel that between 16 and 20 weeks of pregnancy had potential to predict spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) ≤ 32 weeks caused by preterm labor (PTL) or preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). The present study had three objectives: (1) estimate the RNA panel prognostic accuracy for PTL/PPROM ≤ 32 weeks in a larger series; (2) improve accuracy by adding clinical characteristics to the predictive model; and (3) examine the association of the RNA panel with preeclampsia. We studied 289 women from Memphis TN prospectively sampled 16.0-20.7 weeks and found: (1) PSME2 and Hsa-Let 7g were differentially expressed in cases of PTL/PPROM ≤ 32 weeks and together provided fair predictive accuracy with AUC of 0.76; (2) combining the two RNAs with clinical characteristics improved good predictive accuracy for PTL/PPROM ≤ 32 weeks (AUC 0.83); (3) NAMPT and APOA1 were differentially expressed in women with 'early-onset preeclampsia' (EOP) and together provided good predictive accuracy with AUC of 0.89; and (4) combining the two RNAs with clinical characteristics provided excellent predictive accuracy (AUC 0.96). Our findings suggest an underlying common pathophysiological relationship between PTL/PPROM ≤ 32 weeks and EOP and open inroads for the prognostication of high-risk pregnancies.

Serum visfatin as a metabolic biomarker in obese patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

Visfatin is an adipokine produced and secreted by the adipose tissue. It exerts an insulin-like effect by the insulin receptor-1 and has a hypoglycemic effect. We aimed to investigate how serum visfatin changes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and whether it is predictive of neonatal outcomes.

METHODS

Visfatin levels were prospectively measured in peripheral blood serum by enzyme immunoassay in 210 pregnant women, 156 of which were diagnosed with GDM, 18 of which suffered from pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and 36 healthy controls.

RESULTS

Patients with obesity class II (median=2.562 ng/mL) and class III (median=6.2940 ng/mL) had higher serum visfatin than overweight patients (median=0.735 ng/mL); (Mann-Whitney U test, P=0.037 and P=0.023, respectively). In GDM patients with BMI above 30, serum visfatin was associated to glycosylated hemoglobin (Spearman correlation test, R=0.26, P=0.045). Women with BMI above 25 treated with insulin had lower serum visfatin levels than those treated with diet only (Mann-Whitney U test, P=0.045). No correlation was found between visfatin and parameters of lipid profile such as HDL, LDL, or triglycerides (Spearman correlation tests, R=-0.051, -0.1, 0.0019; P=0.54, 0.29, 0.98, respectively). We observed that visfatin was not associated with birth weight (Spearman correlation test, R=-0.014, P=0.86) or adverse neonatal outcome as measured by umbilical artery pH below 7.25 (Mann-Whitney U test, P=0.55) or Apgar score below 10 (Mann-Whitney U test, P=0.21).

CONCLUSIONS

In GDM patients with higher BMI, serum visfatin was elevated, correlated positively with glycosylated hemoglobin, and decreased upon treatment with insulin therapy.

NAMPT single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1319501 and visfatin/NAMPT affect nitric oxide formation, sFlt-1 and antihypertensive therapy response in preeclampsia

Aim: We examined the relationships between visfatin/NAMPT and nitrite concentrations (a marker of nitric oxide [NO] formation) or sFlt-1 levels in 205 patients with preeclampsia (PE) responsive or nonresponsive to antihypertensive therapy, and whether NAMPT SNPs rs1319501 and rs3801266 affect nitrite concentrations in PE and 206 healthy pregnant women. Patients & methods: Circulating visfatin/NAMPT and sFlt-1 levels were measured by ELISA, and nitrite concentrations by using an ozone-based chemiluminescence assay. Results: In nonresponsive PE patients, visfatin/NAMPT levels were inversely related to nitrite concentrations and positively related to sFlt-1 levels. NAMPT SNP rs1319501 affected nitrite concentrations in nonresponsive PE patients and was tightly linked with NAMPT functional SNPs in Europeans. Conclusion: NAMPT SNP rs1319501 and visfatin/NAMPT affect NO formation, sFlt-1 levels and antihypertensive therapy response in PE.

Plasma level and expression of visfatin in the porcine hypothalamus during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy

Visfatin appears to be an energy sensor involved in the regulation of female fertility, which creates a hormonal link integrating the control of energy homeostasis and reproduction. This study evaluates the expression levels of visfatin gene and protein in selected areas of the porcine hypothalamus responsible for gonadotropin-releasing hormone synthesis: the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and preoptic area (POA), and visfatin concentrations in the blood plasma. The tissue samples were harvested from gilts on days 2-3, 10-12, 14-16, and 17-19 of the estrous cycle, and on days 10-11, 12-13, 15-16, 27-28 of pregnancy. Visfatin was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells creating both studied hypothalamic structures. The study demonstrated that visfatin gene and protein expression in MBH and POA depends on hormonal status related to the phase of the estrous cycle or early pregnancy. Blood plasma concentrations of visfatin during the estrous cycle were higher on days 2-3 in relation to other studied phases of the cycle, while during early pregnancy, the highest visfatin contents were observed on days 12-13. This study demonstrated visfatin expression in the porcine hypothalamus and its dependence on the hormonal milieu related to the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.

Relationships between placental adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and resistin and birthweight in cattle

Adipokines can affect intrauterine development while calf birthweight (CBW) is a breeding standard of calves, which reflects the status of fetal intrauterine development. To explore the correlation between placental adipokines and CBW, 54 healthy Chinese Holstein cows were used in the present study. The cows were grouped according to the CBW of their calves. Placentas were collected immediately after delivery and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the placental expression levels of adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and resistin. Our results show that the mRNA transcription and blood placental content of adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and resistin increased with increasing CBW. The analysis showed that the mRNA transcription levels of placental adiponectin, leptin and resistin were positively correlated with CBW. The mRNA and protein expression levels of adiponectin, leptin and visfatin between the three groups were significantly correlated. Placental resistin mRNA levels correlated positively with adiponectin mRNA, but not leptin or visfatin. The protein expression levels of resistin were significantly positively correlated with those of adiponectin, leptin and visfatin. These results suggest that placental adipokines play important roles in regulating calf intrauterine growth.

Association between circulating visfatin and pre-eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a serious pregnancy status characterized by high blood pressure. Although visfatin is usually associated with PE. Observational studies evaluating the relationship between circulating visfatin and pre-eclampsia have reported inconsistent results. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize published data on the association between visfatin and pre-eclampsia.

METHODS

Electronic databases PubMed, ISI web of science, EMBASE, Scopus and the Cochrane library were comprehensively searched for selection of eligible studies until January 5, 2020. A random-effects model and the generic inverse variance method were used for quantitative data synthesis. The assessment of study quality was performed using the e Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Sensitivity analyses and prespecified subgroup were conducted to evaluate potential heterogeneity. Random-effects meta-regression was conducted to assess the impact of potential confounders on the estimated effect sizes. The protocol for this study was registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD42018105861) in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).

RESULTS

Thirteen studies comprising a total of 536 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. We observed that the pre-eclampsia risk is associated with a statistically significant elevation of visfatin level [SMD (1.33 µg/l) (95% CI 0.37, 2.2) p = .007]. No significant publication bias was observed in the meta-analysis. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses indicated that the pooled effects size were affected by systolic blood pressure [SMD (1.82 µg/l) 95% CI (0.94, 2.7), p < .05], gestational age [SMD (2.01 µg/l) 95% CI (0.57, 3.4), p = .006], body mass index [SMD (1.6 µg/l) 95% CI (0.37, 3), p < .05] and pregnancy trimesters[SMD (2.3 µg/l) 95% CI (0.95, 3.7), p = .001]. Random-effects meta-regression showed a significant association of visfatin level with potential confounders including systolic blood pressure, gestational age and birth weight at delivery of pre-eclampsia patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, our data revealed that the increase of visfatin level can be associated with the risk of pre-eclampsia. However, further studies on pre-eclampsia populations are warranted for corroboration of our findings.

Can adipokine visfatin be a novel marker of pregnancy-related disorders in women with obesity?

Overweight and obesity have become a dangerous disease requiring multiple interventions, treatment and preventions. In women of reproductive age, obesity is one of the most common medical conditions. Among others, obese state is characterized by low-grade systemic inflammation and enhanced oxidative stress. Increased maternal body mass index might amplify inflammation and reactive oxygen species production, which is associated with unfavourable clinical outcomes that affect both mother and child. Intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia, or gestational diabetes mellitus are examples of the hampered maternal and foetoplacental unit interactions. Visfatin is the obesity-related adipokine produced mainly by the visceral adipose tissue. Visfatin affects glucose homeostasis, as well as the regulation of genes related to oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Here, we review visfatin interactions in pregnancy-related disorders linked to obesity. We highlight the possible predictive and prognostic value of visfatin in diagnostic strategies on gravidas with obesity.

Adipokine profiles in preeclampsia

Objectives: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including preeclampsia (PE), are associated with short- and long-term maternal health complications, and obesity is a leading attributable risk factor for HDP. Yet, most women identified as obese [by body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m²] do not develop HDP, indicating limited predictability of BMI alone. In nonpregnant populations, increased visceral fat mass (VFM) is an obesity-associated phenotype increasing the risk of developing hypertension. We sought to assess whether, in pregnancy, obese women with PE would have higher circulating levels of adipokines preferential to VFM compared to obese women without PE.Study Design: We performed a case-control study of women with and without PE, including obese (n = 65; BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) and normal weight (n = 52; BMI 18.4-24.9 kg/m²) women. Plasma concentrations of adipokines preferential to VFM (visfatin, resistin), adipokines reflecting overall adiposity (leptin, adiponectin), and inflammatory cytokines were compared.Results: We found that among obese women, cases had significantly higher levels of VFM-associated adipokines and cytokines compared to controls [visfatin (p < .01, t = -3.8), resistin (p = .002, t = 1.12), IFN gamma (p = .04, t = -2.0), IL-6 (p < .01, t = -2.65), IL1-beta (p < .01, t = -4.1), IL-2 (p < .01, t = -3.9)]. Interestingly, however, obese and normal weight cases had similar VFM-adipokine and cytokine levels [visfatin (p = .34, t = -0.35), resistin (p = .55, t = -0.25)], and inflammatory marker concentrations [IFN gamma (p = .86, t = -0.76), IL-6 (p = .91, t = -0.53), IL-1beta (p = .67, t = 1.18), and IL-2 (p = .45, t = -1.16)]. These data possibly suggest an association between VFM and PE that is present independent of BMI.Conclusion: In summary, we demonstrated that, in normal-weight and obese women, PE was associated with higher concentrations of VFM-preferential adipokines compared to normal-weight and obese controls without PE.

Adipokine Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Depends on Degree of Obesity

Background

The fast pace of life, promoting fast food consumption and low physical activity, has resulted in obesity and/or diabetes as being serious social problems.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate concentrations of selected adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin) and to assess the leptin/adiponectin ratio in plasma of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients in relation to degree of obesity.

Material/Methods

The study comprised 92 T2D subjects divided into 4 groups according to BMI value – I (normal body weight), II (overweight), III (obesity), and IV (severe obesity) – and 20 healthy volunteers (control group). Each group was divided into male and female subgroups. Plasma concentrations of adipokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

In women, leptin concentration was significantly higher in group IV, whereas in men it was higher in groups III and IV than in the control group and groups I and II. Irrespective of sex, a significant decrease in adiponectin level was observed in group III vs. control. There was no significant difference in resistin levels. In women visfatin was markedly enhanced in group III, whereas in men in groups II, III and IV vs. control. Leptin/adiponectin ratio was increased in groups III and IV vs. control in women, whereas in men vs. both control and group I.

Conclusions

The obese type 2 diabetic patients presented a disturbed adipokine profile, which seems to be an important link between obesity and T2D. The future studies concerning the question if regulating of adipokines’ concentrations could be a promising approach for managing metabolic disorders seem to be well-grounded.