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Guan D, Sun W, Gao M, Chen Z, Ma X. Immunologic insights in recurrent spontaneous abortion: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117082. [PMID: 38972152 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion refers to the occurrence of two or more spontaneous abortions before or during the early stages of pregnancy. The immune system plays a crucial role in the maintenance of pregnancy and embryo implantation. Various immune cells, cytokines, and immune regulatory pathways are involved in the complex immune balance required for a stable pregnancy. Studies suggest that immune abnormalities may be associated with some recurrent spontaneous abortion cases, particularly those involving the dysregulation of immune cell function, autoimmune responses, and placental immunity. In terms of treatment, interventions targeting immune mechanisms are crucial. Various therapeutic approaches, including immunomodulatory drugs, immunoadsorption therapies, and immunocellular therapies, are continually being researched and developed. These approaches aim to restore the immune balance, enhance the success rate of pregnancies, and provide more effective treatment options for patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Guan
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingxia Gao
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryology, Lanzhou, China.
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Yao Y, Ye Y, Chen J, Zhang M, Cai X, Zheng C. Maternal-fetal immunity and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Am J Reprod Immunol 2024; 91:e13859. [PMID: 38722063 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (RSA) is a common pregnancy complication, that has multifactorial causes, and currently, 40%-50% of cases remain unexplained, referred to as Unexplained RSA (URSA). Due to the elusive etiology and mechanisms, clinical management is exceedingly challenging. In recent years, with the progress in reproductive immunology, a growing body of evidence suggests a relationship between URSA and maternal-fetal immunology, offering hope for the development of tailored treatment strategies. This article provides an immunological perspective on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of RSA. On one hand, it comprehensively reviews the immunological mechanisms underlying RSA, including abnormalities in maternal-fetal interface immune tolerance, maternal-fetal interface immune cell function, gut microbiota-mediated immune dysregulation, and vaginal microbiota-mediated immune anomalies. On the other hand, it presents the diagnosis and existing treatment modalities for RSA. This article offers a clear knowledge framework for understanding RSA from an immunological standpoint. In conclusion, while the "layers of the veil" regarding immunological factors in RSA are gradually being unveiled, our current research may only scratch the surface. In terms of immunological etiology, effective diagnostic tools for RSA are currently lacking, and the efficacy and safety of immunotherapies, primarily based on lymphocyte immunotherapy and intravenous immunoglobulin, remain contentious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, China
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Zhong Y, Qin C, Wang Q, Ding M, Qiu C, Xu Y, Chen J. Inhibition of Foxp3 expression in the placenta of mice infected intraperitoneally by toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites: insights into the PPARγ/miR-7b-5p/Sp1 signaling pathway. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:189. [PMID: 38632598 PMCID: PMC11025192 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoa, infects approximately 30% of the global population. Contracting T. gondii at the primary infection of the mother can result in neonatal microcephaly, chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, or mortality. Our previous study indicated that pregnant mice infected with T. gondii displayed a decrease in both the number and the suppressive ability of regulatory T cells, accompanied by the reduced Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). Numerous studies have proved that microRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in T. gondii infection, but there is meager evidence on the relationship between alterations of miRNAs and downregulation of Foxp3 induced by T. gondii. METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was utilized to detect the transcriptions of miRNAs and Foxp3. Protein blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expressions of Foxp3 and related transcription factors. The structure of mouse placenta was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. To examine the activity of miR-7b promoter and whether miR-7b-5p targets Sp1 to suppress Foxp3 expression, we constructed recombinant plasmids containing the full-length/truncated/mutant miR-7b promoter sequence or wildtype/mutant of Sp1 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) to detect the fluorescence activity in EL4 cells. RESULTS In T. gondii-infected mice, miR-7b transcription was significantly elevated, while Foxp3 expression was decreased in the placenta. In vitro, miR-7b mimics downregulated Foxp3 expression, whereas its inhibitors significantly upregulated Foxp3 expression. miR-7b promoter activity was elevated upon the stimulation of T. gondii antigens, which was mitigated by co-transfection of mutant miR-7b promoter lacking peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) target sites. Additionally, miR-7b mimics diminished Sp1 expression, while miR-7b inhibitors elevated its expression. miR-7b mimics deceased the fluorescence activity of Sp1 3' untranslated region (3' UTR), but it failed to impact the fluorescence activity upon the co-transfection of mutant Sp1 3' UTR lacking miR-7b target site. CONCLUSIONS T. gondii infection and antigens promote miR-7b transcription but inhibit Foxp3 protein and gene levels. T. gondii antigens promote miR-7b promoter activity by a PPARγ-dependent mechanism. miR-7b directly binds to Sp1 3' UTR to repress Sp1 expression. Understanding the regulatory functions by which T. gondii-induced miR-7b suppresses Foxp3 expression can provide new perspectives for the possible therapeutic avenue of T. gondii-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Qin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoyuan Ding
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Qiu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzhao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinling Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Liu PC, Li JB, Huang YP, Zhang M, Yu SJ, Wu R. Overexpression of regulatory T cells in patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: friend or foe? Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1244424. [PMID: 38239620 PMCID: PMC10794536 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1244424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the role of regulatory T cells in patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL). Methods We retrospectively analyzed 136 women who had experienced two or more miscarriages before 24 weeks of gestation for no obvious reason from May 2018 to October 2021. The basic clinical data of the patients and expression of lymphocyte subsets such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and natural killer cells (NKs) by flow cytometry were collected to explore the risk factors of pregnancy outcome in URPL patients. Results A total of 136 URPL patients were enrolled in this study. Eventually, 50 patients attained clinical pregnancy. The median age was 31.8 ± 4.6 years in patients with clinical pregnancy. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that Tregs was associated with the pregnancy outcomes of patients with URPL (odds ratio 0.63, 95% confidence interval 0.50-0.80). More importantly, a U-shaped association was found between Tregs and pregnancy outcome (p < 0.001), with either higher or lower Tregs levels adversely affecting pregnancy outcome. Conclusion Tregs levels that are either too high or too low can harm pregnancy outcomes. It was expected to be a very promising quantitative biomarker for predicting pregnancy outcomes in URPL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rui Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Lewis EL, Reichenberger ER, Anton L, Gonzalez MV, Taylor DM, Porrett PM, Elovitz MA. Regulatory T cell adoptive transfer alters uterine immune populations, increasing a novel MHC-II low macrophage associated with healthy pregnancy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1256453. [PMID: 37901247 PMCID: PMC10611509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1256453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) - fetal loss after 20 weeks - affects 6 pregnancies per 1,000 live births in the United States, and the majority are of unknown etiology. Maternal systemic regulatory T cell (Treg) deficits have been implicated in fetal loss, but whether mucosal immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface contribute to fetal loss is under-explored. We hypothesized that the immune cell composition and function of the uterine mucosa would contribute to the pathogenesis of IUFD. To investigate local immune mechanisms of IUFD, we used the CBA mouse strain, which naturally has mid-late gestation fetal loss. We performed a Treg adoptive transfer and interrogated both pregnancy outcomes and the impact of systemic maternal Tregs on mucosal immune populations at the maternal-fetal interface. Treg transfer prevented fetal loss and increased an MHC-IIlow population of uterine macrophages. Single-cell RNA-sequencing was utilized to precisely evaluate the impact of systemic Tregs on uterine myeloid populations. A population of C1q+, Trem2+, MHC-IIlow uterine macrophages were increased in Treg-recipient mice. The transcriptional signature of this novel uterine macrophage subtype is enriched in multiple studies of human healthy decidual macrophages, suggesting a conserved role for these macrophages in preventing fetal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Lewis
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Erin R. Reichenberger
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lauren Anton
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael V. Gonzalez
- Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Deanne M. Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paige M. Porrett
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michal A. Elovitz
- Women’s Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Avery D, Morandini L, Gabriec M, Sheakley L, Peralta M, Donahue HJ, Martin RK, Olivares-Navarrete R. Contribution of αβ T cells to macrophage polarization and MSC recruitment and proliferation on titanium implants. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:605-624. [PMID: 37532133 PMCID: PMC10528595 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Physiochemical cues like topography and wettability can impact the inflammatory response and tissue integration after biomaterial implantation. T cells are essential for immunomodulation of innate immune cells and play an important role in the host response to biomaterial implantation. This study aimed to understand how CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, members of the αβ T cell family, polarize in response to smooth, rough, or rough-hydrophilic titanium (Ti) implants and whether their presence modulates immune cell crosstalk and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment following biomaterial implantation. Post-implantation in mice, we found that CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets polarized differentially in response to modified Ti surfaces. Additionally, mice lacking αβ T cells had significantly more pro-inflammatory macrophages, fewer anti-inflammatory macrophages, and reduced MSC recruitment in response to modified Ti post-implantation than αβ T cell -competent mice. Our results demonstrate that T cell activation plays a significant role during the inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials, contributing to macrophage polarization and MSC recruitment and proliferation, and the absence of αβ T cells compromises new bone formation at the implantation site. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: T cells are essential for immunomodulation and play an important role in the host response to biomaterial implantation. Our results demonstrate that T cells actively participate during the inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials, controlling macrophage phenotype and recruitment of MSCs to the implantation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Avery
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lais Morandini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Melissa Gabriec
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luke Sheakley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Matthieu Peralta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rene Olivares-Navarrete
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Mu F, Huo H, Wang M, Wang F. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements and recurrent miscarriage: A perspective on potential mechanisms and clinical evidence. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4460-4471. [PMID: 37576058 PMCID: PMC10420786 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent miscarriage (RM) affects approximately 1%-5% of couples worldwide. Due to its complicated etiologies, the treatments for RM also vary greatly, including surgery for anatomic factors such as septate uterus and uterine adhesions, thyroid modulation drugs for hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and aspirin and low molecular weight heparin for antiphospholipid syndrome. However, these treatment modalities are still insufficient to solve RM. Omega-3 fatty acids are reported to modulate the dysregulation of immune cells, oxidative stress, endocrine disorders, inflammation, etc., which are closely associated with the pathogenesis of RM. However, there is a lack of a systematic description of the involvement of omega-3 fatty acids in treating RM, and the underlying mechanisms are also not clear. In this review, we sought to determine the potential mechanisms that are highly associated with the pathogenesis of RM and the regulation of omega-3 fatty acids on these mechanisms. In addition, we also highlighted the direct and indirect clinical evidence of omega-3 fatty acid supplements to treat RM, which might encourage the application of omega-3 fatty acids to treat RM, thus improving pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxiang Mu
- Department of Reproductive MedicineLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouChina
| | - Huyan Huo
- Department of Reproductive MedicineLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouChina
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Reproductive MedicineLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouChina
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Reproductive MedicineLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouChina
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Cai S, Dai S, Lin R, Huang C, Zeng Y, Diao L, Lian R, Tu W. The effectiveness and safety of intrauterine infusion of autologous regulatory T cells (Tregs) in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and low levels of endometrial FoxP3 + cells: A retrospective cohort study. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 90:e13735. [PMID: 37491931 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized type of T cells that help maintain immune tolerance and homeostasis. The potential of Tregs cell-based therapies in treating diseases has been demonstrated in several clinical trials, which have shown promising outcomes and high safety in autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and graft-versus-host disease. However, their effectiveness and safety in improving endometrial receptivity and reducing pregnancy loss in human reproduction are unknown. METHOD OF STUDY The study used a retrospective design and included patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and lower levels of endometrial FoxP3+ Tregs. Patients in the Tregs group (n = 33) received intrauterine Tregs infusion three times during the follicular phase, while the control group (n = 28) did not receive any intrauterine infusion. RESULTS The intrauterine infusion of autologous Tregs increased the levels of FoxP3+ Tregs and CD56+ NK cells. Patients in the Treg group had higher live birth rates and lower miscarriage rates, especially early miscarriage rates. However, the two groups had no differences in the implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and percentage of preterm delivery. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that intrauterine Tregs infusion may be a potential therapeutic approach for RPL. Further research in larger clinical trials is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songchen Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Su Dai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunyu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianghui Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruochun Lian
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Qiu P, Jiang J, Wu X, Mei J, Sun H. Decidual macrophages derived NO downregulates PD-L1 in trophoblasts leading to decreased Treg cells in recurrent miscarriage. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1180154. [PMID: 37520550 PMCID: PMC10379637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Placental trophoblasts contribute to regulatory T (Treg) function via the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway during normal pregnancy. Decreased expression of PD-L1 in trophoblasts was closely associated with Treg deficiency in the development of pregnancy failure. Thus, targeting PD-L1 might be a novel therapy to prevent pregnancy loss. However, the mechanisms for modulating the expression of PD-L1 in trophoblasts are an enigma. Methods The proportion of decidual Treg cells, and the profile of decidual macrophages (DMs) sampled from women with normal pregnancy (NP) and recurrent miscarriage (RM) were evaluated by flow cytometry. The expression of Yin and Yang 1 protein (YY1) and PD-L1 in human villous were measured by Immunohistochemistry (IHC), qRT-PCR and western blot. The determination of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) in serum from NP and RM, and trophoblast conditioned media (TCM) was performed by the PD-L1 SimpleStep ELISA kit. Knockdown of YY1 was processed in the human trophoblast derived cell lines, HTR-8 and Bewo, with siYY1 transfection. Peripheral naïve CD4+ T cells were isolated from women with NP for the in vitro culture. The percentages of Treg cells differentiated from peripheral naïve CD4+ T cells were measured by flow cytometry. The interaction between YY1 and CD274 was proved by CHIP. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in decidua was evaluated by IHC. The level of NO in serum from women with NP and RM was determined by the Griess reagent system. The effects of NO on YY1 were determined by the in vitro culture of HTR-8 cells with the NO donor, SNAP. The in vivo model comprising twelve pregnant mice and underwent different treatment. The percentages of Treg cells in murine uterus were measured by flow cytometry. Similarly, Western blot and IHC were performed to determine the expression of YY1 and PD-L1 in murine placenta. Results Decreased expression of YY1 and PD-L1 in trophoblasts and lower proportion of decidual Treg cells were observed in patients with RM. Knockdown of YY1 contributes to a lower expression of YY1 and PD-L1. Soluble PD-L1 in the supernatant from HTR-8 cells was also decreased with siYY1 administration. Lower Treg differentiation was observed in the presence of supernatant from HTR-8 cells treated with siYY1. CHIP analysis revealed that endogenous YY1 directly occupied the promoter region of the CD274 (PD-L1) gene. Accompanied with increased M1 DMs, higher NO was observed in serum sampled from patients with RM. In the presence of Reduced expression of YY1 and PD-L1 was observed in HTR-8 cells with the treatment of SNAP. Furthermore, less Treg differentiation was observed with SNAP treated TCM. Moreover, our in vivo data found that YY1 deficiency was associated with decreased PD-L1, which further resulting in less Treg differentiation and Treg deficiency at the maternal-fetal interface and increased embryo loss. Discussion Our work found the modulatory capacity of YY1 on PD-L1 in trophoblasts during early pregnancy. Furthermore, reduced YY1 was supposed resulting from higher levels of NO produced from the M1 DMs in RM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jie Mei
- *Correspondence: Haixiang Sun, ; Jie Mei,
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She J, Tan K, Liu J, Cao S, Li Z, Peng Y, Xiao Z, Diao R, Wang L. The Alteration of m 6A Modification at the Transcriptome-Wide Level in Human Villi During Spontaneous Abortion in the First Trimester. Front Genet 2022; 13:861853. [PMID: 35754822 PMCID: PMC9215105 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.861853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have demonstrated that N6 methyladenine (m6A) acts as an important role in the pathogenesis of reproductive diseases. Therefore, it is essential to profile the genome-wide m6A modifications such as in spontaneous abortion. In this study, due to the trace of human villi during early pregnancy, we performed high-throughput sequencing in villous tissues from spontaneous abortion (SA group) and controls with induced abortion (normal group) in the first trimester. Based on meRIP-seq data, 18,568 m6A peaks were identified. These m6A peaks were mainly located in the coding region near the stop codon and were mainly characterized by AUGGAC and UGGACG motif. Compared with normal group, the SA group had 2,159 significantly upregulated m6A peaks and 281 downregulated m6A peaks. Biological function analyses revealed that differential m6A-modified genes were mainly involved in the Hippo and Wnt signaling pathways. Based on the conjoint analysis of meRIP-seq and RNA-seq data, we identified thirty-five genes with differentially methylated m6A peaks and synchronously differential expression. And these genes were mainly involved in the Wnt signaling pathway, phosphatase activity regulation, protein phosphatase inhibitor activity, and transcription inhibitor activity. This study is the first to profile the transcriptome-wide m6A methylome in spontaneous abortion during early pregnancy, which provide novel insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie She
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaifen Tan
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Cao
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengguang Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - You Peng
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoyu Xiao
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiying Diao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Liao J, Li Y, Li X, Su X, Peng J, Xiao N, Fan X, Chen H, Lu G, Lin G, Cheng L, Gong F. Blood CD4 +CD25 + T regulatory cells constitute a potential predictive marker of subsequent miscarriage in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108960. [PMID: 35759810 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between pre-pregnancy blood immune status and unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL), and to evaluate the predictive value of pre-pregnancy blood Treg levels for subsequent miscarriage in patients with URPL. We retrospectively analyzed 76 women who had experienced two or more miscarriages before 24 weeks of gestation for no obvious reason, and 74 women who had achieved live births as controls. Flow-cytometric analysis of peripheral blood CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, B cells, NK cell subpopulations (including CD56bright NK cells, CD56dim NK cells, CD56dimCD16+ NK cells, and CD56brightCD16- NK cells) was executed in the luteal phase of women in the URPL and control groups. When we reviewed and analyzed reproductive outcomes in URPL patients, we found that blood Tregs were significantly lower in the URPL group than in the controls (1.89% ± 0.61% vs. 2.15% ± 0.58%, P < 0.01) during the luteal phase pre-pregnancy. However, we discerned no differences among blood CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, B cells, NKT cells, or NK cells, NK subpopulations (CD56bright NKs, CD56dim NKs, CD56dimCD16+ NKs, or CD56brightCD16- NKs) between the two groups. By implementing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine whether Treg levels predicted subsequent miscarriages, we found that the area under the ROC curves was 0.714, and that the cutoff value was 1.35, with a sensitivity of 0.556 and specificity of 0.923. Based on the cutoff value, we divided pregnant URPL patients into two groups, demonstrating that the subsequent miscarriage rates in the low-Treg level group (<1.35%) were significantly higher than those in the normal-Treg level group (>1.35%) (71.43% vs. 14.29%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The pre-pregnancy blood Treg level was a potential marker that predicted subsequent miscarriage in women with URPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Liao
- Institute of Reproductive & Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Reproductive & Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Institute of Reproductive & Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Xian Su
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; National Engineering Research Centre of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; National Engineering Research Centre of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Na Xiao
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; National Engineering Research Centre of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Xiangxiu Fan
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- Institute of Reproductive & Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Institute of Reproductive & Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; National Engineering Research Centre of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Lamei Cheng
- Institute of Reproductive & Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; National Engineering Research Centre of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Fei Gong
- Institute of Reproductive & Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; National Engineering Research Centre of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China.
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Hao F, Tang LC, Sun JX, Li WX, Zhao Y, Xu XH, Jin LP. Decreased nitric oxide content mediated by asymmetrical dimethylarginine and protein l-arginine methyltransferase 3 in macrophages induces trophoblast apoptosis: a potential cause of recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:3049-3061. [PMID: 34647126 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is the protein l-arginine methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3)/asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)/nitric oxide (NO) pathway involved in the development of recurrent miscarriage (RM), and what is the potential mechanism? SUMMARY ANSWER Elevated levels of PRMT3 and ADMA inhibit NO formation in the decidua, thereby impairing the functions of trophoblast cells at the maternal-foetal interface. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Decreased NO bioavailability is associated with RM. ADMA, an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), is derived from the methylation of protein arginine residues by PRMTs and serves as a predictor of mortality in critical illness. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A total of 145 women with RM and 149 healthy women undergoing elective termination of an early normal pregnancy were enrolled. Ninety-six female CBA/J, 24 male DBA/2 and 24 male BALB/c mice were included. CBA/J × DBA/2 matings represent the abortion group, while CBA/J × BALB/c matings represent the normal control group. The CBA/J pregnant mice were then categorised into four groups: (i) normal + vehicle group (n = 28), (ii) abortion + vehicle group (n = 28), (iii) normal + SGC707 (a PRMT3 inhibitor) group (n = 20) and (iv) abortion + SGC707 group (n = 20). All injections were made intraperitoneally on Days 0.5, 3.5 and 6.5 of pregnancy. Decidual tissues were collected on Days 8.5, 9.5 and 10.5 of gestation. The embryo resorption rates were calculated on Day 9.5 and Day 10.5 of gestation. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS NO concentration, ADMA content, NOS activity, expression levels of NOS and PRMTs in decidual tissues were determined using conventional assay kits or western blotting. PRMT3 expression was further analysed in decidual stromal cells, macrophages and natural killer cells. A co-culture system between decidual macrophages (DMs) and HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts was constructed to study the roles of the PRMT3/ADMA/NO signalling pathway. Trophoblast apoptosis was analysed via Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining. CBA/J × DBA/2 mouse models were used to investigate the effects of SGC707 on embryo resorption rates. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Our results show that NO concentration and NOS activity were decreased, but ADMA content and PRMT3 expression were increased in the decidua of RM patients. Moreover, compared with the normal control subjects, PRMT3 expression was significantly up-regulated in the macrophages but not in the natural killer cells or stromal cells of the decidua from RM patients. The inhibition of PRMT3 results in a significant decrease in ADMA accumulation and an increase in NO concentration in macrophages. When co-cultured with DMs, which were treated with SGC707 and ADMA, trophoblast apoptosis was suppressed and induced, respectively. In vivo experiments revealed that the administration of SGC707 reduced the embryo resorption rate of CBA/J × DBA/2 mice. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION All sets of experiments were not performed with the same samples. The main reason is that each tissue needs to be reserved for clinical diagnosis and only a small piece of each tissue can be cut and collected for this study. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results indicate that the PRMT3/ADMA/NO pathway is a potential marker and target for the clinical diagnosis and therapy of RM. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC1001401), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81730039, 82071653, 81671460, 81971384 and 82171657) and Shanghai Municipal Medical and Health Discipline Construction Projects (2017ZZ02015). The authors have declared no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Biobank, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Chen Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Biobank, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Xue Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Biobank, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Biobank, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongbo Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Biobank, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Biobank, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ping Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Department of Biobank, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Zhuang B, Shang J, Yao Y. HLA-G: An Important Mediator of Maternal-Fetal Immune-Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744324. [PMID: 34777357 PMCID: PMC8586502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal-fetal immune-tolerance occurs throughout the whole gestational trimester, thus a mother can accept a genetically distinct fetus without immunological aggressive behavior. HLA-G, one of the non-classical HLA class I molecules, is restricted-expression at extravillous trophoblast. It can concordantly interact with various kinds of receptors mounted on maternally immune cells residing in the uterus (e.g. CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells) for maintaining immune homeostasis of the maternal-fetus interface. HLA-G is widely regarded as the pivotal protective factor for successful pregnancies. In the past 20 years, researches associated with HLA-G have been continually published. Indeed, HLA-G plays a mysterious role in the mechanism of maternal-fetal immune-tolerance. It can also be ectopically expressed on tumor cells, infected sites and other pathologic microenvironments to confer a significant local tolerance. Understanding the characteristics of HLA-G in immunologic tolerance is not only beneficial for pathological pregnancy, but also helpful to the therapy of other immune-related diseases, such as organ transplant rejection, tumor migration, and autoimmune disease. In this review, we describe the biological properties of HLA-G, then summarize our understanding of the mechanisms of fetomaternal immunologic tolerance and the difference from transplant tolerance. Furthermore, we will discuss how HLA-G contributes to the tolerogenic microenvironment during pregnancy. Finally, we hope to find some new aspects of HLA-G in fundamental research or clinical application for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baimei Zhuang
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Shang
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanqing Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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The Role and Function of Regulatory T Cells in Toxoplasma gondii-Induced Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8782672. [PMID: 34458378 PMCID: PMC8390175 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8782672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) during the pregnant period and its potentially miserable outcomes for the fetus, newborn, and even adult offspring continuously occur worldwide. People acquire infection through the consumption of infected and undercooked meat or contaminated food or water. T. gondii infection in pregnant women primarily during the gestation causes microcephaly, mental and psychomotor retardation, or death. Abnormal pregnancy outcomes are mainly associated with regulatory T cell (Treg) dysfunction. Tregs, a special subpopulation of T cells, function as a vital regulator in maintaining immune homeostasis. Tregs exert a critical effect on forming and maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance and promoting fetal development during the pregnancy period. Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), a significant functional factor of Tregs, determines the status of Tregs. In this review, we summarize the effects of T. gondii infection on host Tregs and its critical transcriptional factor, Foxp3.
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15
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Mohammadi S, Abdollahi E, Nezamnia M, Esmaeili SA, Tavasolian F, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. Adoptive transfer of Tregs: A novel strategy for cell-based immunotherapy in spontaneous abortion: Lessons from experimental models. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107195. [PMID: 33278746 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since half of the genes are inherited from the paternal side, the maternal immune system has to tolerate the presence of foreign paternal antigens. Regulatory T cells facilitate the development and maintenance of peripheral tissue tolerance of the fetus during pregnancy. Reduction in regulatory T cells is associated with complications of pregnancy, including spontaneous abortion. Recent studies in mouse models have shown that the adoptive transfer of Tregs can prevent spontaneous abortion in mouse models through improving maternal tolerance. Thus, adoptive cell therapy using autologous Tregs could potentially be a novel therapeutic approach for cell-based immunotherapy in women with unexplained spontaneous abortion. Besides, strategies for activating and expanding antigen-specific Tregs ex vivo and in vivo based on pharmacological agents can pave the foundation for an approach incorporating immunotherapy and pharmacotherapy. This review aims to elaborate on the current understanding of the therapeutic potential of the adoptive transfer of Tregs in the treatment of spontaneous abortion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Mohammadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Immunology and Allergy, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, South Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Maria Nezamnia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fataneh Tavasolian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.
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16
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Zhu W, Shen Y, Liu J, Fei X, Zhang Z, Li M, Chen X, Xu J, Zhu Q, Zhou W, Zhang M, Liu S, Du J. Epigenetic alternations of microRNAs and DNA methylation contribute to gestational diabetes mellitus. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13899-13912. [PMID: 33085184 PMCID: PMC7753873 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify epigenetic alternations of microRNAs and DNA methylation for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis and treatment using in silico approach. Data of mRNA and miRNA expression microarray (GSE103552 and GSE104297) and DNA methylation data set (GSE106099) were obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were obtained by limma package. Functional and enrichment analyses were performed with the DAVID database. The protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by STRING and visualized in Cytoscape. Simultaneously, a connectivity map (CMap) analysis was performed to screen potential therapeutic agents for GDM. In GDM, 184 low miRNA‐targeting up‐regulated genes and 234 high miRNA‐targeting down‐regulated genes as well as 364 hypomethylation–high‐expressed genes and 541 hypermethylation–low‐expressed genes were obtained. They were mainly enriched in terms of axon guidance, purine metabolism, focal adhesion and proteasome, respectively. In addition, 115 genes (67 up‐regulated and 48 down‐regulated) were regulated by both aberrant alternations of miRNAs and DNA methylation. Ten chemicals were identified as putative therapeutic agents for GDM and four hub genes (IGF1R, ATG7, DICER1 and RANBP2) were found in PPI and may be associated with GDM. Overall, this study identified a series of differentially expressed genes that are associated with epigenetic alternations of miRNA and DNA methylation in GDM. Ten chemicals and four hub genes may be further explored as potential drugs and targets for GDM diagnosis and treatment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yupei Shen
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Fei
- The First people's Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhang
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Health Care Hospital For Women & Children, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianxi Zhu
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijin Zhou
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Jing Du
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Chen J, Jiang J, Liu Y, Ye Y, Ma Y, Cen Y, Chen W, Wang S, Yang G, Zhang A. Arsenite induces dysfunction of regulatory T cells through acetylation control of the Foxp3 promoter. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:35-46. [PMID: 32735129 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120934533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is known to cause damage to the body's immune system by inducing epigenetic changes. However, the molecular mechanism of this damage remains elusive. Here, we report that arsenic disrupts the morphology of lymphocytes, decreases cell viability, and results in abnormal proportions of T lymphocyte subsets. Moreover, our results revealed that arsenic can reduce global acetylation of histone H4 at K16 (H4K16 ac) in lymphocytes via decreasing the level of males absent on the first but upregulates mRNA and protein levels of the forkhead/winged-helix box P3 (Foxp3) gene by increasing the acetylation of histone H4 at K16 (H4K16) at the promoter of Foxp3. Finally, arsenic-induced dysfunction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) could be ameliorated by trichostatin A. Our research indicates that arsenic-induced immunosuppressive effect in human lymphocytes may be related to the acetylation of H4K16 at the promoter of Foxp3 and that histone deacetylase inhibitors may play a role in the prevention and treatment of immune injury caused by arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - J Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Y Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Y Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Y Cen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - W Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - S Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - G Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - A Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, 74628Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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18
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Guzman-Genuino RM, Hayball JD, Diener KR. Regulatory B Cells: Dark Horse in Pregnancy Immunotherapy? J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166596. [PMID: 32693108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are many unanswered questions surrounding the function of immune cells and how they interact with the reproductive system to support successful pregnancy or contribute to pregnancy pathologies. While the role of immune cells such as uterine natural killer and dendritic cells, and more recently regulatory T cells has been established, the role of another major immune cell population, the B cell, and particularly the regulatory B cells, is relatively poorly understood. This review outlines what is known about B-cell subsets in the context of pregnancy, what constitutes a regulatory B cell and what role they may play, particularly during early pregnancy. Lastly, we discuss why immunotherapies for the treatment of pregnancy disorders is not widely progressed clinically and speculate on the potential of functional regulatory B cells as the basis of novel immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of immune-based pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Marian Guzman-Genuino
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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19
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Liu X, Wang Y, Zhang R, Jin T, Qu L, Jin Q, Zheng J, Sun J, Wu Z, Wang L, Liu T, Zhang Y, Meng X, Wang Y, Wei N. HDAC10 Is Positively Associated With PD-L1 Expression and Poor Prognosis in Patients With NSCLC. Front Oncol 2020; 10:485. [PMID: 32373519 PMCID: PMC7186423 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is a major worldwide health problem. Meanwhile accumulating evidence indicates that histone deacetylase (HDAC) activation could induce PD-L1 expression in various types of cancer, especially in myeloma and B-cell lymphomas. Therefore, we hypothesized that high-level expression of HDAC10 is associated with PD-L1 induction and poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. In total 180 NSCLC patients receiving complete pulmonary resection and systematic lymph node dissection were enrolled from April 2004 to August 2009. The patients with integrated clinicopathological records were followed up. The expression level of HDAC10 and PD-L1 in tissue samples was determined by immunohistochemistry. We observed that HDAC10 expression in lung cancer tissue is significantly higher than that in corresponding para-cancer tissue. Moreover, HDAC10 expression positively correlated with the expression level of PD-L1 (r = 0.213, P < 0.05) in NSCLC patients. Subgroup, multivariate analysis showed that the expression level of HDAC10 can be an independent prognostic factor and high-level expression of HDAC10 indicated poor overall survival for pulmonary carcinoma (r = 0.540, P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that the expression level of HDAC10 is positively associated with PD-L1 expression and may predict the outcome of patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Pharmacy Department, Dalian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Daliang, China
| | - Ting Jin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Qu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Qianwen Jin
- Department of Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jiasu Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Department of Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Wu
- Department of Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Linxi Wang
- Department of Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Tianxu Liu
- Department of Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yinxu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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20
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Sang Y, Li Y, Xu L, Li D, Du M. Regulatory mechanisms of endometrial decidualization and pregnancy-related diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:105-115. [PMID: 31854442 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial decidualization is one of the earliest changes by which the uterus adapts to pregnancy. During this period, the endometrium undergoes complex changes in its biochemistry, physiology, and function at various levels, providing a suitable microenvironment for embryo implantation and development. Favorable decidualization lays an essential foundation for subsequent gestation, without which pregnancy failure or pregnancy complications may occur. The interaction between pregnancy-related hormones and cytokines produced by embryonic and uterine cells is known to be essential for decidualization, in which some transcription factors also play pivotal roles. Increasing evidence has revealed the importance of metabolism in regulating decidualization. Here, we summarize and discuss these crucial elements in decidualization and the relationship between decidualization and pregnancy complications. A better comprehension of these issues should help to improve the prediction of pregnancy outcomes and the use of appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ling Xu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Dajin Li
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Meirong Du
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
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21
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Toth B, Zhu L, Karakizlis H, Weimer R, Morath C, Opelz G, Kuon RJ, Daniel V. NK cell subsets in idiopathic recurrent miscarriage and renal transplant patients. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 138:103098. [PMID: 32045760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present review article compares NK cell subsets and cytokine patterns determined in the peripheral blood as well as results of functional in-vitro assays using peripheral NK cells of idiopathic recurrent miscarriage (iRM) patients with corresponding results obtained in female healthy controls and female renal transplant recipients with good long-term graft function. Immune mechanisms, inducing transplant rejection in long-term transplant recipients might also be able to induce rejection of semi-allogeneic fetal cells in patients with iRM. Consequently, the immune status of transplant recipients with good stable long-term graft function should be different from the immune status of iRM patients. iRM patients show a strong persistent cytotoxic NK cell response in the periphery. Simultaneously, immunostimulatory Th1 as well as immunosuppressive Th2 type lymphocytes in the blood are strongly activated but plasma levels of immunosuppressive Th2 type cytokines are abnormally low. In-vitro, unstimulated NK cell cultures of iRM patients show a strong spontaneous TGF-ß1 release in the supernatant but lower TGF-ß1 levels after stimulation with tumor cell line K562, suggesting strong consumption of TGF-ß1 by pre-activated NK cells of iRM patients that might contribute to the low systemic Th2 type plasma levels. iRM patients do not show a systemic switch to a Th2 type cytokine pattern and one might hypothesize that low TGF-ß plasma levels indicate low TGF-ß levels in the micromilieu immediately before fetal rejection. Persistent TGF-ß deficiency implies a persistent unfavorable micromilieu for pregnancy resulting in failing tolerance induction due to lack of TGF-ß, a condition that might contribute to iRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Toth
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hristos Karakizlis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, D-35385 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Rolf Weimer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, D-35385 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Morath
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Im NeuenheimerFeld 162, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Opelz
- Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ruben-Jeremias Kuon
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Volker Daniel
- Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Zhang X, Lv X, Chen M, Liu H. Analysis of Blimp-1 and PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint in an Autoimmune Thyroiditis Animal Model. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:6543593. [PMID: 32351559 PMCID: PMC7178515 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6543593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) have opposing roles in the development of T cells; however, the mechanism of autoimmune thyroiditis- (AIT-) associated abortion is unclear. The present study investigated the expression of Blimp-1 and PD-1/PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in AIT-associated pregnancy loss and elucidated the related signaling pathway involving in the inflammatory response. METHODS An experimental fetal loss model with autoimmune thyroiditis was established after murine thyroglobulin- (mTg-) immunized CBA/J female mice mating with Balb/c males. ELISA was employed to investigate the TgAb level in the serum of CBA/J female mice. The expression of Blimp-1, PD-1/PD-L1, mammalian target protein rapamycin (mTOR), and Foxp3 proteins in the placenta and spleen was detected through immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. RESULTS ELISA indicated that the serum TgAb level in the mTg group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001). Fetal resorption rates increased in the mTg group compared with those in the control group (45.63% vs. 3.1%, P < 0.05). Blimp-1 levels in the placenta and spleen were higher in the AIT-related miscarriage group than in the control group. However, the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 and Foxp3 was significantly decreased in the placenta and spleen in the AIT-related miscarriage group. CONCLUSION Blimp-1 participates in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease-associated pregnancy loss through the inflammatory immune response, which is potentially mediated through the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoshu Lv
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mengya Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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23
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Ehsani M, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Mirzakhani M, Esmaeilzadeh S, Shahbazi M. Female Unexplained Infertility: A Disease with Imbalanced Adaptive Immunity. J Hum Reprod Sci 2019; 12:274-282. [PMID: 32038075 PMCID: PMC6937763 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_30_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unexplained infertility (UI) among women consists of only 10-17% of infertile females. Unexplained or idiopathic infertility is a condition, in which couples are not able to conceive without any definite causes. The presence of the decidual immune system (innate or adaptive) is essential for a successful pregnancy and fertility that is mediated by T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper, CD8+ CD28− T, and regulatory T cells, as well as autoantibodies such as antiphospholipid antibody, antithyroid antibody, antiovarian antibody, cytokines, and chemokines. Therefore, altered proportions or levels of the mentioned compartments of the adaptive immune system may cause pregnancy failure and infertility, especially in UI. Consequently, a deep understanding of immunological compartments in females with UI may help us to define the causes of this disease with regard to immunology. This review will discuss immunological factors, including cellular, molecular components, and transcription factors that are involved in the etiology of UI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Ehsani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mirzakhani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Sedighe Esmaeilzadeh
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahbazi
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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