Implicit theories moderate the relation of positive future fantasies to academic outcomes

Potential-based achievement goals

BACKGROUND

Self-based achievement goals use one's own intrapersonal trajectory as a standard of evaluation, and this intrapersonal trajectory may be grounded in one's past (past-based goals) or one's future potential (potential-based goals). Potential-based goals have been overlooked in the literature to date.

AIMS

The primary aim of the present research was to address this oversight within the context of the 3 × 2 achievement goal framework.

SAMPLES

The Study 1 sample was 381 US undergraduates; the Study 2 sample was 310 US undergraduates.

METHODS

In Study 1, we developed scales to assess potential-approach and potential-avoidance goals and tested their factorial validity with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. In Study 2, we used confirmatory factor analysis to test both the separability of past-based and potential-based goals and their higher order integration within the self-based category.

RESULTS

Study 1 supported the factorial validity of the potential-approach and potential-avoidance goal scales. Study 2 supported the separability of past-based and potential-based goals, as well as their higher order integration within the self-based category.

CONCLUSIONS

This research documents the utility of the proposed distinction and paves the way for subsequent work on antecedent and consequences of potential-approach and potential-avoidance goals. It highlights the importance of focusing on distinct types of growth-based goals in the achievement goal literature.