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Jabbari J, Bessaha M, Malik S, Ferris D, Brickman S, Schiff M, Pat-Horenczyk R, Grinstein-Weiss M, Frank T. How does social support relate to emotional availability for learning during COVID-19? A multi-group structural equation model of university students from the U.S. and Israel. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2023; 26:1-25. [PMID: 37362045 PMCID: PMC10074354 DOI: 10.1007/s11218-023-09783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Given the social and emotional tolls of the COVID-19 pandemic on college and university students, many students have become academically disengaged during the pandemic. Although some colleges and universities have the capacity to promote social support for their students, research has yet to comprehensively demonstrate the relationship between social support and academic engagement. To fill this gap, we leverage survey results from four universities across the United States and Israel. Through multi-group structural equation modelling, we explore (a) how perceived social support relates to being emotionally unavailable for learning, (b) how this relationship is partially explained through coping and COVID-19 concerns, and (c) how these relationships can differ across countries. We find that students who perceived higher levels of social support had lower rates of being emotionally unavailable for learning. Part of this relationship occurred through greater rates of coping and, subsequently, fewer concerns about the pandemic. We also noticed significant differences in these relationships between countries. We conclude with a discussion of study implications for higher education policies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Jabbari
- Social Policy Institute, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Melissa Bessaha
- School of Social Welfare, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Sana Malik
- School of Social Welfare, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Dan Ferris
- Social Policy Institute, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Sophie Brickman
- Psychology Department, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, USA
| | - Miriam Schiff
- Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruth Pat-Horenczyk
- Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Grinstein-Weiss
- Social Policy Institute, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Tyler Frank
- Public Health Sciences, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
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Feng G, Xu X, Lei J. Tracking perceived stress, anxiety, and depression in daily life: a double-downward spiral process. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1114332. [PMID: 37143594 PMCID: PMC10151810 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1114332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies using retrospective questionnaires have suggested a complex relationship between perceived stress and related negative emotions and emphasized their importance in mental health. However, how daily perceived stress, anxiety, and depression interact dynamically in a natural context remains largely unexplored. Methods This study conducted a longitudinal survey that applied experience sampling methodology to data from 141 Chinese college students (58% women, mean age = 20.1 ± 1.63 years). Results The hierarchical linear models confirmed that daily perceived stress and negative emotions (i.e., perceived depression and anxiety) could reciprocally reinforce one another with the characteristic dynamics of a cognitive-emotional downward spiral. Additionally, anxiety and depression could further circularly aggravate each other imminently. These two intertwined downward-spiral processes constitute a double-downward-spiral model. Discussion The findings contribute to a better understanding of the interactive mechanisms underlying perceived stress and its related negative emotions in everyday life and highlight the significance of early emotion regulation and stress relief in healthy people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Feng
- Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Guo Feng,
| | - Xiaxia Xu
- Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiawei Lei
- Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Shahar G, Ahronson-Daniel L, Greenberg D, Shalev H, Tendler A, Grotto I, Malone P, Davidovitch N. Anxiety in the face of the first wave of the spread of COVID-19 in Israel: Psychosocial determinants of a "Panic-to-complacency-continuum". Soc Sci Med 2023; 317:115585. [PMID: 36563585 PMCID: PMC9719843 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Based on an established ongoing prospective-longitudinal study examining anxiety in response to COVID-19, a representative sample of 1018 Jewish-Israeli adults were recruited online. A baseline assessment was employed two days prior to the first spread of COVID-19, followed by six weekly assessments. Three classes of general anxiety and virus-specific anxiety were identified: (1) "Panic" (a very high and stable anxiety throughout the spread), (2) "Complacency" (a very low and stable anxiety throughout the spread), and (3) "Threat-Sensitivity" (a linear increase, plateauing at the 5th wave). For general-anxiety only, a fourth, "Balanced," class was identified, exhibiting a stable, middle-level of anxiety. We tested theory-based, baseline, social-cognitive predictors of these classes: self-criticism, perceived social support, and perceptions/attitudes towards the Israeli Ministry of Health. We also controlled for trait anxiety. Multinomial regression analyses in the context of General Mixture Modeling were utilized. RESULTS Baseline virus-specific anxiety linearly predicted emerging virus-specific anxiety classes. Virus-specific panic has higher trait anxiety than the other two classes. The general anxiety panic class was over-represented by women and exhibited higher baseline general anxiety and self-criticism than all other classes, and higher baseline virus-specific anxiety along with lower perceived support and less positive perceptions of the ministry of health than two of the three other classes. CONCLUSIONS Preexisting anxiety shapes subsequent anxious responses to the spread of COVID-19. The general-anxiety panic class may be markedly demoralized, requiring targeted public-health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golan Shahar
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Limor Ahronson-Daniel
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel,PREPARED Center for Emergency Response Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - David Greenberg
- Pediatrics Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hadar Shalev
- Department of Psychiatry, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Itamar Grotto
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | | | - Nadav Davidovitch
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
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4
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Shahar G, Aharonson-Daniel L, Greenberg D, Shalev H, Malone PS, Tendler A, Grotto I, Davidovitch N. Changes in General and Virus-Specific Anxiety During the Spread of COVID-19 in Israel: A 7-Wave Longitudinal Study. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:49-62. [PMID: 34397093 PMCID: PMC8436394 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared three hypothetical trajectories of change in both general and COVID-19-specific anxiety during the 1st wave of the spread in the state of Israel: panic (very high anxiety, either from the outset or rapidly increasing), complacency (stable and low anxiety), and threat-sensitive (a moderate, linear increase compatible with the increase in threat). A representative sample of 1018 Jewish-Israeli adults was recruited online. A baseline assessment commenced two days prior to the identification of the first case, followed by six weekly assessments. Latent Mixture Modeling analyses revealed the presence of the three trajectories: (1) "threat-sensitivity" (29% and 66%, for general and virus-specific anxiety, respectively), (2) Panic (12% and 25%), and (3) Complacency (29% and 9%). Only for general anxiety, a fourth class representing a stable mid-level anxiety was identified ("balanced": 30%). For general anxiety, females and the initially anxious - both generally and specifically from the spread of the virus - were more likely to belong to the panic class. Men and older participants were more likely to belong to the complacency class. Findings indicate a marked heterogeneity in anxiety responses to the first wave of the spread of COVID-19, including a large group evincing a "balanced" response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golan Shahar
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
- Correspondence to: Prof. Golan Shahar, Department of Psychology, Ph.D., Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 800 Ben-Gurion Avenues, Beer-Sheva, Israel, emails: , or Prof. Nadav Davidovitch, M.D., Ph.D., School of Public Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 800 Ben-Gurion Avenues, Beer-Sheva, Israel,
| | - Limor Aharonson-Daniel
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
- PREPARED Center for Emergency Response Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - David Greenberg
- Pediatrics Unit, Soroka General Hospital, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hadar Shalev
- Department of Psychiatry, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Itamar Grotto
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Nadav Davidovitch
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
- PREPARED Center for Emergency Response Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Shahar G. Integrative Psychotherapy With Physicians In the Trenches: Convergence of Cognitive, Existential, and Psychodynamic Processes. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/00221678211065580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, I present insights gleaned from over a decade of working in therapy with physicians in the trenches who practice at general hospitals located in an area afflicted by the community and political violence, and recently, by the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychotherapy with these physicians requires an integrative psychotherapeutic approach that heeds their changing needs. Espousing cognitive-existential psychodynamics (CEP), a theory-based psychotherapeutic perspective developed for complex cases, I show how cognitive, existential, and psychodynamic processes strongly converge during the treatment of physicians in the trenches. Such convergence is manifested in issues of mental representations (of death, medicine, and the hospital) and choice/meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golan Shahar
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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6
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Akariya O, Anholt GE, Shahar G. Is Self-Criticism Uniquely Associated with Health Anxiety among Jewish and Arab Israeli Young Adults? Int J Cogn Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41811-021-00121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Allison ST, Green JD. Nostalgia and Heroism: Theoretical Convergence of Memory, Motivation, and Function. Front Psychol 2020; 11:577862. [PMID: 33424689 PMCID: PMC7786399 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article seeks to develop theoretical convergences between the science of nostalgia and the science of heroism. We take four approaches in forging a conceptual relationship between these two phenomena. First, we examine the definitions of nostalgia and heroism from scholars, laypeople, and across cultures, noting how the history of defining the two phenomena has shaped current conceptualizations. Second, we demonstrate how nostalgic experiences consist of reminiscences about our own personal heroism and about cultural role models and heroes. A review of heroism research, moreover, shows also that our recall of our heroes and of heroism is tinged with nostalgia. Third, we make linkages between heroism and nostalgia research focusing on functions, inspiration, sociality, and motivation. Nostalgia researchers have illuminated the functions of nostalgia implicating the self, existential concerns, goal pursuit, and sociality. Our review shows that heroism researchers invoke similar categories of hero functionality. Finally, we propose three areas of future research that can profit from the merging of nostalgia and heroism science, involving the mechanisms by which (a) heroism can fuel nostalgia, (b) nostalgia can promote heroic action, and (c) wisdom results from nostalgic reverie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T. Allison
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Green
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Collard JJ, Fuller-Tyskiewicz M. Positive Irrational Beliefs and Mental Health. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-020-00375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Allison ST, Goethals GR, Marrinan AR, Parker OM, Spyrou SP, Stein M. The Metamorphosis of the Hero: Principles, Processes, and Purpose. Front Psychol 2019; 10:606. [PMID: 30949105 PMCID: PMC6437092 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article examines the phenomenon of heroic metamorphosis: what it is, how it unfolds, and why it is important. First, we describe six types of transformation of the hero: mental, moral, emotional, spiritual, physical, and motivational. We then argue that these metamorphoses serve five functions: they foster developmental growth, promote healing, cultivate social unity, advance society, and deepen cosmic understanding. Internal and external sources of transformation are discussed, with emphasis on the importance of mentorship in producing metamorphic growth. Next we describe the three arcs of heroic transformation: egocentricity to sociocentricity, dependence to autonomy, and stagnation to growth. We then discuss three activities that promote heroic metamorphosis as well as those that hinder it. Implications for research on human growth and development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Allison
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - George R Goethals
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Allyson R Marrinan
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Owen M Parker
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Smaragda P Spyrou
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Madison Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
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Pestana JV, Codina N. Being Conscious of One's Own Heroism: An Empirical Approach to Analyzing the Leadership Potential of Future CEOs. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2787. [PMID: 30705661 PMCID: PMC6344402 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From the disciplinary field of the science of heroism, there is a need to deepen the processes that this science comprises, and at the same time, to test methods of inquiry to account for the variety of processes associated with this science. Linked to this sensitivity, the objective of this contribution is to jointly analyze, in a sample of future CEOs, what they imagine about heroism, their psychological types, and their values orientation. The sample consisted of 45 students (21 men and 24 women) between 22 and 47 years old (M = 26.69, SD = 4.47), who were part of a master’s program oriented toward training future CEOs to be leaders. The analytical instruments were the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a story that each participant developed about him/herself as the main hero or heroine, and a questionnaire on personal values. In the psychological types observed, the functions of thinking and sensing predominated, with intuition and feeling residing at a lower level of consciousness. With regard to the stories, the majority of the sample offered tales in which the hero/heroine was confronted with a mystery to solve (or mission to fulfill), faced difficulties, and, finally, achieved harmony between the personal and the collective. Regarding the values, significant associations are observed between the gender, the characteristics of the psychological types, and the content of the story about their own hero / heroine. In sum, the research carried out offers an empirical approach to the study of the subjective elements of heroism, combining quantitative and qualitative aspects in an educational setting, and broadening the perspectives on the science of heroism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Pestana
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Euncet Business School, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Nuria Codina
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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