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Argüelles D, Saitua A, Miraz R, Calle-González N, Requena F, Nocera I, Vitale V, Sgorbini M, Muñoz A. The application of a single session of capacitive resistive electric transfer 24 h before exercise modifies the accelerometric pattern in standardbred racing trotters. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:217. [PMID: 38773549 PMCID: PMC11110407 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that capacitive resistive electric transfer (CRET) increases blood circulation, hemoglobin oxygenation and temperature in muscles. The attributed benefits of these changes have been linked to improved athletic performance, enhanced muscle flexibility and fastening recovery from exercise-induced fatigue. For all of this, the present research aims to investigate whether the application of CRET 24 h before exercise affects the accelerometric pattern in horses during exercise. Six sound Standardbred trotters were subjected to a CRET session of 40 min of duration, applied on both sides of the neck, back and croup, 24 h before a training session. Training sessions consisted of a warming-up (WU) for 6400 m and a training bout (TB) at their maximal training speed for 1600 m. The same protocol was followed for the device off (sham protocol), also applied 24 h before the training session. CRET and sham experiments were separated by one week, the order of application of both was randomly defined for each individual and drivers were blinded for the duration of the experiment. During the training sessions, horses wore an accelerometer fixed at the sternal level. Speed, stride frequency (SF), length (SL), regularity and symmetry and accelerometric activities were measured during WU and TB. RESULTS CRET increased speed, mediolateral and total accelerometric activities during WU and speed, SL, dorsoventral, longitudinal and total accelerometric activities during TB, but stride regularity and symmetry decreased. CONCLUSION The application of CRET 24 h before exercise increased speed and accelerometric activities, results that highlight the need to evaluate the interaction between CRET and training in order to develop new methods to limit fatigue. However, the decrease in stride regularity and symmetry after CRET application could be negative effects, which could be attributed to the increased speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Argüelles
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Equine Sport Medicine Center CEMEDE, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aritz Saitua
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Equine Sport Medicine Center CEMEDE, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Miraz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Equine Sport Medicine Center CEMEDE, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Natalie Calle-González
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Equine Sport Medicine Center CEMEDE, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Requena
- Equine Sport Medicine Center CEMEDE, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Vitale
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ana Muñoz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
- Equine Sport Medicine Center CEMEDE, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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Lee J, Park D, Lee JY, Park J. Effect of Warm-Up Exercise on Functional Regulation of Motor Unit Activation during Isometric Torque Production. J Hum Kinet 2024; 92:29-41. [PMID: 38736599 PMCID: PMC11079928 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/185157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested several hypotheses related to changes in motor unit activation patterns after warm-up exercise. Fifteen healthy young men participated in the experiment and the main task was to produce voluntary torque through the elbow joint under the isometric condition. The experimental conditions consisted of two directions of torque, including flexion and extension, at two joint angles, 10° and 90°. Participants were asked to increase the joint torque to the maximal level at a rate of 10% of the maximum voluntary torque. The warm-up protocol followed the ACSM guidelines, which increased body temperature by approximately 1.5°C. Decomposition electromyography electrodes, capable of extracting multiple motor unit action potentials from surface signals, were placed on the biceps and triceps brachii muscles, and joint torque was measured on the dynamometer. The mean firing rate and the recruitment threshold of the decomposed motor units were quantified. In addition, a single motor unit activity from the spike train was quantified for each of five selected motor units. The magnitude of joint torque increased with the warm-up exercise for all the experimental conditions. The results of the motor unit analyses showed a positive and beneficial effect of the warm-up exercise, with an increase in both the mean firing rate and the recruitment threshold by about 56% and 33%, respectively, particularly in the agonist muscle. Power spectral density in the gamma band, which is thought to be the dominant voluntary activity, was also increased by the warm-up exercise only in the high threshold motor units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseop Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dawon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Fashion and Textiles, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaebum Park
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of AI-Integrated Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Santos IA, Lemos MP, Puggina EF, Mota GR. Innovative integration: optimizing performance through warm-up and photobiomodulation in high-intensity test. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1341106. [PMID: 38304418 PMCID: PMC10830741 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1341106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the application of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) immediately after a standardized warm-up (WU + PBMT) or traditional PBMT (no pre-warming) would influence performance in intermittent testing and intensity variables. In a counterbalanced randomized crossover design, twelve female futsal players (mean age: 23.9 ± 3.8 years) attended four sessions. Each session involved either a standardized warm-up or maintaining seated rest for five minutes. Subsequently, PBMT or placebo (with the PBMT device turned off) was applied, followed by the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test (YYIR1) during which we assessed heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and blood lactate levels. The performance in YYIIR1 was superior (p = 0.02) in the WU + PBMT condition (440.0 ± 59.0 m) compared to the WU + Placebo (353.3 ± 94.7 m), and placebo alone (no warm-up) (325.0 ± 67.2 m). We conclude that a combination of a specific warm-up before PBMT application improves high-intensity intermittent performance in amateur female futsal players without affecting intensity variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela A. Santos
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Exercise Physiology in Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Marina Paiva Lemos
- Exercise Physiology in Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Enrico Fuini Puggina
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R. Mota
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
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Gervasi M, Fernández-Peña E, Patti A, Benelli P, Sisti D, Padulo J, Boullosa D. Moderate intensity active recovery improves performance in a second wingate test in cyclists. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18168. [PMID: 37496921 PMCID: PMC10366462 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of active (AR) vs. passive recovery (PR) between two Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnT) on power output, blood lactate (BLa) and oxygen consumption (VO2) in a second WAnT. Methods Twelve well-trained cyclists underwent three experimental sessions. In the first session, they completed an incremental test for maximum oxygen consumption (V O2max) and lactate threshold determination. In the second and third sessions, cyclists completed, in random order, two WAnT tests separated by 30-min recovery intervals, during which they performed an AR at 70% of the V O2 at lactate threshold (V O2LT) or a PR. The cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and mechanical responses in the two recovery conditions were compared. Results No differences were found in the VO2-on kinetics between WAnT tests (p > 0.05). As expected, blood lactate kinetics showed a greater clearance (from the 7th to the 31st min, p < 0.001) during AR; however, no differences were found in peak BLa between conditions (p > 0.05). Mean and peak power, and total work were significantly higher in the second WAnT after AR (p < 0.001), while the power decline was also lower in this condition (p < 0.05). Conclusion The submaximal active recovery strategy used in the present study can induce an improvement in mechanical power and total work during a second WAnT. This suggests that AR of submaximal intensity can induce a post-activation performance enhancement when used during the recovery phase between maximal anaerobic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gervasi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Eneko Fernández-Peña
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Antonino Patti
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Piero Benelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Universidad de León, León, Spain
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Babault N, Hitier M, Paizis C, Vieira DCL. Exploring Acute Changes in Hamstring EMG after Warm-up and Stretching Using a Multifractal Analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1023-1033. [PMID: 36719665 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to apply multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) to surface EMG to detect neuromuscular changes after realistic warm-up procedures that was followed by various stretching exercises. METHODS Sixteen volunteers conducted two experimental sessions. Testing included two maximal voluntary contractions before, after a standardized warm-up, and after a stretching exercise (static or neurodynamic nerve gliding technique). EMG was registered on biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles. EMG was analyzed using different parameters obtained from the singularity Hurst exponent function and multifractal power spectrum (both obtained from the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis). RESULTS The Hurst exponent, α maximum, and peak value of the multifractal spectrum significantly decreased after warm-up as compared with baseline for both biceps femoris ( P = 0.003, P = 0.006, and P = 0.003, respectively) and semitendinosus ( P = 0.006, P = 0.013 and P = 0.01, respectively) muscles. No further alteration was obtained after static or neurodynamic nerve gliding stretching as compared with post-warm-up ( P = 1.0). No significant difference was obtained for Hurst exponent range, width, and asymmetry of the multifractal spectrum ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS From the present results, EMG depicted multifractal features sensitive to detect neuromuscular changes after a warm-up procedure. An increase in multiscale complexity is revealed after warm-up without any further alteration after stretching. The multifractal spectrum depicted dominant small fluctuations that shifted toward slightly larger fluctuations that could be attributed to motor unit recruitment.
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Di Virgilio TG, Ietswaart M, Selvamoorthy R, Hunter AM. The Reliability of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Derived Corticomotor Inhibition as a Brain Health Evaluation Tool in Soccer Players. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:7. [PMID: 35029772 PMCID: PMC8760368 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The suitability of corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability to measure brain health outcomes and recovery of sport-related head impact (concussion and subconcussion) depends on good inter-day reliability, which is evaluated in this study. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) reliability in soccer players is assessed by comparing soccer players, for whom reliability on this measure may be reduced due to exposure to head impacts, to generally active individuals not engaged in contact sport. Methods TMS-derived corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability were recorded from the rectus femoris muscle during two testing sessions, spaced 1–2 weeks apart in 19 soccer players (SOC—age 22 ± 3 years) and 20 generally active (CON—age 24 ± 4 years) healthy volunteers. Inter-day reliability between the two time points was quantified by using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Intra-group reliability and group differences on actual measurement values were also explored. Results Good inter-day reliability was evident for corticomotor inhibition (ICCSOC = 0.61; ICCCON = 0.70) and corticospinal excitability (ICCSOC = 0.59; ICCCON = 0.70) in both generally active individuals and soccer players routinely exposed to sport-related head impacts. Corticomotor inhibition showed lower coefficients of variation than excitability for both groups (InhibSOC = 15.2%; InhibCON = 9.7%; ExcitabSOC = 41.6%; ExcitabCON = 39.5%). No group differences between soccer players and generally active individuals were found on the corticomotor inhibition value (p > 0.05), but levels of corticospinal excitability were significantly lower in soccer players (45.1 ± 20.8 vs 85.4 ± 6.2%Mmax, p < 0.0001). Corticomotor inhibition also showed excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.87). Conclusions Corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability are stable and maintain good degrees of reliability when assessed over different days in soccer players, despite their routine exposure to head impacts. However, based on intra-group reliability and group differences of the levels of excitability, we conclude that corticomotor inhibition is best suited for the evaluation of neuromuscular alterations associated with head impacts in contact sports.
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Usefulness of Surface Electromyography Complexity Analyses to Assess the Effects of Warm-Up and Stretching during Maximal and Sub-Maximal Hamstring Contractions: A Cross-Over, Randomized, Single-Blind Trial. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091337. [PMID: 36138816 PMCID: PMC9495372 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to apply different complexity-based methods to surface electromyography (EMG) in order to detect neuromuscular changes after realistic warm-up procedures that included stretching exercises. Sixteen volunteers conducted two experimental sessions. They were tested before, after a standardized warm-up, and after a stretching exercise (static or neuromuscular nerve gliding technique). Tests included measurements of the knee flexion torque and EMG of biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles. EMG was analyzed using the root mean square (RMS), sample entropy (SampEn), percentage of recurrence and determinism following a recurrence quantification analysis (%Rec and %Det) and a scaling parameter from a detrended fluctuation analysis. Torque was significantly greater after warm-up as compared to baseline and after stretching. RMS was not affected by the experimental procedure. In contrast, SampEn was significantly greater after warm-up and stretching as compared to baseline values. %Rec was not modified but %Det for BF muscle was significantly greater after stretching as compared to baseline. The a scaling parameter was significantly lower after warm-up as compared to baseline for ST muscle. From the present results, complexity-based methods applied to the EMG give additional information than linear-based methods. They appeared sensitive to detect EMG complexity increases following warm-up.
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Brighenti A, Noé F, Stella F, Schena F, Mourot L. Warm-Up Improves Balance Control Differently in the Dominant and Non-Dominant Leg in Young Sportsmen According to Their Experience in Asymmetric or Symmetric Sports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084562. [PMID: 35457430 PMCID: PMC9028579 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of a warm-up on balance control and inter-limb balance asymmetries by analyzing the influence of the nature of the sport practiced by participants. Twelve sportspeople were recruited. They had to stand on a force plate for 30 s in a one-leg stance on their dominant (used to perform skilled movements) and non-dominant leg (used to support the body) before and 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min after a 10 min warm-up exercise performed at moderate intensity on a cycle ergometer. The center of foot pressure displacements was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed by considering one group of all participants and with two subgroups according to the symmetrical or asymmetrical nature of the sport they practiced. The warm-up exercise improved acute balance control only on the dominant leg after a 20 min rest without significantly reducing inter-limb balance asymmetries. This effect was more characteristic of participants with experience in asymmetric sports. These results confirm previous findings of the greater sensitivity of the dominant leg to the physiological state and reveal that between-leg differences in balance control appear mainly in subjects with experience in asymmetric sports in a specific physiological condition (post-warm-up state).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Brighenti
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (F.S.); (F.S.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37131 Verona, Italy
| | - Frédéric Noé
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Equilibre, Performance et Santé (EA 4445), Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour/E2S UPPA, 65000 Tarbes, France;
| | - Federico Stella
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (F.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (F.S.); (F.S.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37131 Verona, Italy
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
- Division for Physical Education, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634040 Tomsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Danek N, Michalik K, Zatoń M. Warm-Up With Added Respiratory Dead Space Volume Mask Improves the Performance of the Cycling Sprint Interval Exercise: Cross-Over Study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:812221. [PMID: 35370784 PMCID: PMC8964979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.812221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Special breathing exercises performed during warm-up lead to hypercapnia and stimulation of mechanisms leading to increased exercise performance, but the effect of a device that increases the respiratory dead space volume (ARDSv) during warm-up has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 min warm-up with ARDSv on performance, physiological and biochemical responses during sprint interval cycling exercise (SIE). During four laboratory visits at least 72 h apart, they completed: (1) an incremental exercise test (IET) on a cycloergometer, (2) a familiarization session, and cross-over SIE sessions conducted in random order on visits (3) and (4). During one of them, 1200 mL of ARDSv was used for breathing over a 10-min warm-up. SIE consisted of 6 × 10-s all-out bouts with 4-min active recovery. Work capacity, cardiopulmonary parameters, body temperature, respiratory muscle strength, blood acid-base balance, lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were analyzed. After warm-up with ARDSv, P ET CO2 was 45.0 ± 3.7 vs. 41.6 ± 2.5 (mm Hg) (p < 0.001). Body temperature was 0.6 (°C) higher after this form of warm-up (p < 0.05), bicarbonate concentration increased by 1.8 (mmol⋅L-1) (p < 0.01). As a result, work performed was 2.9% greater (p < 0.01) compared to the control condition. Respiratory muscle strength did not decreased. Warming up with added respiratory dead space volume mask prior to cycling SIE produces an ergogenic effect by increasing body temperature and buffering capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Danek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław University of Sport and Health Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław University of Sport and Health Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Zatoń
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław University of Sport and Health Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Myburgh GK, Pfeifer CE, Hecht CJ. Warm-ups for Youth Athletes: Making the First 15-Minutes Count. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Winwood PW, Pritchard HJ, Wilson D, Dudson M, Keogh JWL. The Competition-Day Preparation Strategies of Strongman Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2308-2320. [PMID: 31343547 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Winwood, PW, Pritchard, HJ, Wilson, D, Dudson, M, and Keogh, JWL. The competition-day preparation strategies of strongman athletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2308-2320, 2019-This study provides the first empirical evidence of the competition-day preparation strategies used by strongman athletes. Strongman athletes (n = 132) (mean ± SD: 33.7 ± 8.1 years, 178.2 ± 11.1 cm, 107.0 ± 28.6 kg, 12.8 ± 8.0 years general resistance training, 5.9 ± 4.8 years strongman implement training) completed a self-reported 4-page internet survey on their usual competition-day preparation strategies. Analysis of the overall group and by sex, age, body mass, and competitive standard was conducted. Ninety-four percent of strongman athletes used warm-ups in competition, which were generally self-directed. The typical warm-up length was 16.0 ± 8.9 minutes, and 8.5 ± 4.3 minutes was the perceived optimal rest time before the start of an event. The main reasons for warming up were injury prevention, to increase activation, and increase blood flow/circulation, temperature, and heart rate. Athletes generally stated that competition warm-ups were practiced in training. Dynamic stretching, foam rolling, and myofascial release work were performed during warm-ups. Warm-up intensity was monitored using the rate of perceived exertion, perceived speed of movement, and training load (as a percentage of 1 repetition maximum). Cognitive strategies were used to improve competition performance, and psychological arousal levels needed to increase or be maintained in competition. Electrolyte drinks, caffeine, and preworkout supplements were the commonly used supplements. These data will provide strongman athletes and coaches some insight into common competition-day preparation strategies, which may enhance competition performances. Future research could compare different competition-day preparation strategies in an attempt to further improve strongman competition performance and injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Winwood
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Fitness, Faculty of Community Wellbeing and Development, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Hayden J Pritchard
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Exercise and Wellness, Universal College of Learning, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Wilson
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Fitness, Faculty of Community Wellbeing and Development, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dudson
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Fitness, Faculty of Community Wellbeing and Development, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Cluster for Health Improvement, Queensland, Australia
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Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U. Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1468. [PMID: 31849713 PMCID: PMC6895680 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of static stretching (StS) on subsequent strength and power activities has been one of the most debated topics in sport science literature over the past decades. The aim of this review is (1) to summarize previous and current findings on the acute effects of StS on muscle strength and power performances; (2) to update readers’ knowledge related to previous caveats; and (3) to discuss the underlying physiological mechanisms of short-duration StS when performed as single-mode treatment or when integrated into a full warm-up routine. Over the last two decades, StS has been considered harmful to subsequent strength and power performances. Accordingly, it has been recommended not to apply StS before strength- and power-related activities. More recent evidence suggests that when performed as a single-mode treatment or when integrated within a full warm-up routine including aerobic activity, dynamic-stretching, and sport-specific activities, short-duration StS (≤60 s per muscle group) trivially impairs subsequent strength and power activities (∆1–2%). Yet, longer StS durations (>60 s per muscle group) appear to induce substantial and practically relevant declines in strength and power performances (∆4.0–7.5%). Moreover, recent evidence suggests that when included in a full warm-up routine, short-duration StS may even contribute to lower the risk of sustaining musculotendinous injuries especially with high-intensity activities (e.g., sprint running and change of direction speed). It seems that during short-duration StS, neuromuscular activation and musculotendinous stiffness appear not to be affected compared with long-duration StS. Among other factors, this could be due to an elevated muscle temperature induced by a dynamic warm-up program. More specifically, elevated muscle temperature leads to increased muscle fiber conduction-velocity and improved binding of contractile proteins (actin, myosin). Therefore, our previous understanding of harmful StS effects on subsequent strength and power activities has to be updated. In fact, short-duration StS should be included as an important warm-up component before the uptake of recreational sports activities due to its potential positive effect on flexibility and musculotendinous injury prevention. However, in high-performance athletes, short-duration StS has to be applied with caution due to its negligible but still prevalent negative effects on subsequent strength and power performances, which could have an impact on performance during competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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What are the Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Fractionated Response Time: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-019-0026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Exercise Science Principles and the Vocal Warm-up: Implications for Singing Voice Pedagogy. J Voice 2018; 32:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Racinais S, Cocking S, Périard JD. Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 4:227-257. [PMID: 28944269 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1356427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Most professional and recreational athletes perform pre-conditioning exercises, often collectively termed a 'warm-up' to prepare for a competitive task. The main objective of warming-up is to induce both temperature and non-temperature related responses to optimize performance. These responses include increasing muscle temperature, initiating metabolic and circulatory adjustments, and preparing psychologically for the upcoming task. However, warming-up in hot and/or humid ambient conditions increases thermal and circulatory strain. As a result, this may precipitate neuromuscular and cardiovascular impairments limiting endurance capacity. Preparations for competing in the heat should include an acclimatization regimen. Athletes should also consider cooling interventions to curtail heat gain during the warm-up and minimize dehydration. Indeed, although it forms an important part of the pre-competition preparation in all environmental conditions, the rise in whole-body temperature should be limited in hot environments. This review provides recommendations on how to build an effective warm-up following a 3 stage RAMP model (Raise, Activate and Mobilize, Potentiate), including general and context specific exercises, along with dynamic flexibility work. In addition, this review provides suggestion to manipulate the warm-up to suit the demands of competition in hot environments, along with other strategies to avoid heating-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Racinais
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.,French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Scott Cocking
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
| | - Julien D Périard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.,University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
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16
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McGowan CJ, Pyne DB, Thompson KG, Raglin JS, Osborne M, Rattray B. Elite sprint swimming performance is enhanced by completion of additional warm-up activities. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1493-1499. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1223329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Abstract
It is widely accepted that warming-up prior to exercise is vital for the attainment of optimum performance. Both passive and active warm-up can evoke temperature, metabolic, neural and psychology-related effects, including increased anaerobic metabolism, elevated oxygen uptake kinetics and post-activation potentiation. Passive warm-up can increase body temperature without depleting energy substrate stores, as occurs during the physical activity associated with active warm-up. While the use of passive warm-up alone is not commonplace, the idea of utilizing passive warming techniques to maintain elevated core and muscle temperature throughout the transition phase (the period between completion of the warm-up and the start of the event) is gaining in popularity. Active warm-up induces greater metabolic changes, leading to increased preparedness for a subsequent exercise task. Until recently, only modest scientific evidence was available supporting the effectiveness of pre-competition warm-ups, with early studies often containing relatively few participants and focusing mostly on physiological rather than performance-related changes. External issues faced by athletes pre-competition, including access to equipment and the length of the transition/marshalling phase, have also frequently been overlooked. Consequently, warm-up strategies have continued to develop largely on a trial-and-error basis, utilizing coach and athlete experiences rather than scientific evidence. However, over the past decade or so, new research has emerged, providing greater insight into how and why warm-up influences subsequent performance. This review identifies potential physiological mechanisms underpinning warm-ups and how they can affect subsequent exercise performance, and provides recommendations for warm-up strategy design for specific individual and team sports.
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Major BP, Rogers MA, Pearce AJ. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation to quantify electrophysiological changes following concussive brain injury: A systematic review. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:394-405. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan P Major
- School of Psychology; Deakin University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Mark A Rogers
- School of Psychology; Deakin University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Alan J Pearce
- School of Psychology; Deakin University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Pinto MD, Wilhelm EN, Tricoli V, Pinto RS, Blazevich AJ. Differential Effects of 30- Vs. 60-Second Static Muscle Stretching on Vertical Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:3440-6. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Zeno SA, Purvis D, Crawford C, Lee C, Lisman P, Deuster PA. Warm-ups for military fitness testing: rapid evidence assessment of the literature. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:1369-76. [PMID: 23777958 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318285c1b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Warm-up exercises are commonly used before exercise as a method to physiologically prepare for strenuous physical activity. Various warm-up exercises are often implemented but without scientific merit and, at times, may be detrimental to performance. PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE To date, no systematic reviews have examined the effectiveness of warm-up exercises for military physical fitness test (PFT) or combat fitness test (CFT). The purpose of this rapid evidence assessment of the literature was to examine the quantity, quality, and effectiveness of warm-up exercises for PFT and identify those that might increase PFT and/or CFT scores, as reported in the literature. METHODS Literature searches of randomized controlled trials were performed across various databases from database inception to May 2011. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) 50 criteria for randomized controlled trial designs, and studies were individually described. Subject matter experts summarized the results applicable or generalizable to military testing. RESULTS The search yielded a total of 1177 citations, with 37 fitting our inclusion criteria. Cardiovascular warm-ups increased sprint/running time, but dynamic stretching and dynamic warm-ups had the most positive outcome for the various exercise tests examined. Systematically, static stretching had no beneficial or detrimental effect on exercise performance but did improve range of movement exercises. CONCLUSIONS Selected warm-up exercise may increase PFT and possibly CFT scores. Further research is needed to investigate the efficacy of dynamic stretching and dynamic warm-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Zeno
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
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Second time around: Corticospinal responses following repeated sports-related concussions within the same season. A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(14)60042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Effect of Eccentric Strengthening on Pain, Muscle Strength, Endurance, and Functional Fitness Factors in Male Patients with Achilles Tendinopathy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 92:68-76. [DOI: 10.1097/phm.0b013e31826eda63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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