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Hulteen RM, Barnett LM, Morgan PJ, Robinson LE, Barton CJ, Wrotniak BH, Lubans DR. Development, content validity and test-retest reliability of the Lifelong Physical Activity Skills Battery in adolescents. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2358-2367. [PMID: 29589507 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1458392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous skill batteries assess fundamental motor skill (e.g., kick, hop) competence. Few skill batteries examine lifelong physical activity skill competence (e.g., resistance training). This study aimed to develop and assess the content validity, test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the "Lifelong Physical Activity Skills Battery". Development of the skill battery occurred in three stages: i) systematic reviews of lifelong physical activity participation rates and existing motor skill assessment tools, ii) practitioner consultation and iii) research expert consultation. The final battery included eight skills: grapevine, golf swing, jog, push-up, squat, tennis forehand, upward dog and warrior I. Adolescents (28 boys, 29 girls; M = 15.8 years, SD = 0.4 years) completed the Lifelong Physical Activity Skills Battery on two occasions two weeks apart. The skill battery was highly reliable (ICC = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.72-0.90) with individual skill reliability scores ranging from moderate (warrior I; ICC = 0.56) to high (tennis forehand; ICC = 0.82). Typical error (4.0; 95% CI 3.4-5.0) and proportional bias (r = -0.21, p = .323) were low. This study has provided preliminary evidence for the content validity and reliability of the Lifelong Physical Activity Skills Battery in an adolescent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Hulteen
- a Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- b School of Health and Social Development , Deakin University , Burwood , Australia
| | - Philip J Morgan
- a Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia
| | - Leah E Robinson
- c School of Kinesiology and Center for Human Growth and Development , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Christian J Barton
- d Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - Brian H Wrotniak
- e Center for Health Behavior Research , D'Youville College , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - David R Lubans
- a Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia
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Duncan MJ, Lawson C, Hurst J, Tallis J, Jones V, Eyre ELJ. Construct validity of the resistance training skills battery in children aged 7-10 years. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:1979-1984. [PMID: 29350110 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1428885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study sought to examine the construct validity of the Resistance Training Skills Battery for Children (RTSBc), a movement screen purported to assess resistance training skill in children. Children aged 7-10 years (n = 27, 21 males, 6 females) undertook measures of resistance training skill via the RTSBc, motor competence and muscular fitness. Using a median split for RTSBc scores, children were categorised as high or low resistance training competence. Univariate ANCOVAs, controlling for maturation, were used to examine whether measures of muscular fitness and motor competence scores differed as a function of RTSBc competence. Children who were classified as high for resistance training competence had significantly better motor competence (P = .001) and significantly faster 10 m sprint speed (P = .001). However, medicine ball throw and standing long jump scores as well as peak and average isokinetic muscle strength did not differ as a function of RTSBc (P > 0.05). In all cases maturation was significant as a covariate. This study is the first to demonstrate construct validity of the RTSBc as a measure of general motor competence and sprint speed, but not strength, in children aged 7-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsey Lawson
- a School of Life Sciences, Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Josh Hurst
- a School of Life Sciences, Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Jason Tallis
- a School of Life Sciences, Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Victoria Jones
- a School of Life Sciences, Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Emma L J Eyre
- a School of Life Sciences, Coventry University , Coventry , UK
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Furzer BJ, Bebich-Philip MD, Wright KE, Reid SL, Thornton AL. Reliability and validity of the adapted Resistance Training Skills Battery for Children. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:822-827. [PMID: 29331404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Resistance training (RT) is emerging as a training modality to improve motor function and facilitate physical activity participation in children across the motor proficiency spectrum. Although RT competency assessments have been established and validated among adolescent cohorts, the extent to which these methods are suitable for assessing children's RT skills is unknown. This project aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the adapted Resistance Training Skills Battery for Children (RTSBc), in children with varying motor proficiency. DESIGN Repeated measures design with 40 participants (M age=8.2±1.7years) displaying varying levels of motor proficiency. METHODS Participants performed the adapted RTSBc on two occasions, receiving a score for their execution of each component, in addition to an overall RT skill quotient child (RTSQc). Cronbach's alpha, intra-class correlation (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis, and typical error were used to assess test-retest reliability. To examine construct validity, exploratory factor analysis was performed alongside computing correlations between participants' muscle strength, motor proficiency, age, lean muscle mass, and RTSQc. RESULTS The RTSBc displayed an acceptable level of internal consistency (alpha=0.86) and test-retest reliability (ICC range=0.86-0.99). Exploratory factor analysis supported internal test structure, with all six RT skills loading strongly on a single factor (range 0.56-0.89). Analyses of structural validity revealed positive correlations for RTSQc in relation to motor proficiency (r=0.52, p<0.001) and strength scores (r=0.61, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Analyses revealed support for the construct validity and test-retest reliability of the RTSBc, providing preliminary evidence that the RTSBc is appropriate for use in the assessment of children's RT competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie J Furzer
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | | | - Kemi E Wright
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Siobhan L Reid
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ashleigh L Thornton
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia; Princess Margaret Hospital, Paediatric Rehabilitation, Western Australia, Australia
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Smith JJ, DeMarco M, Kennedy SG, Kelson M, Barnett LM, Faigenbaum AD, Lubans DR. Prevalence and correlates of resistance training skill competence in adolescents. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1241-1249. [PMID: 28832250 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1370822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence and correlates of adolescents' resistance training (RT) skill competence. Participants were 548 adolescents (14.1 ± 0.5 years) from 16 schools in New South Wales, Australia. RT skills were assessed using the Resistance Training Skills Battery. Demographics, BMI, muscular fitness, perceived strength, RT self-efficacy, and motivation for RT were also assessed. The proportion demonstrating "competence" and "near competence" in each of the six RT skills were calculated and sex differences explored. Associations between the combined RT skill score and potential correlates were examined using multi-level linear mixed models. Overall, the prevalence of competence was low (range = 3.3% to 27.9%). Females outperformed males on the squat, lunge and overhead press, whereas males performed better on the push-up (p < .05). Significant associations were seen for a number of correlates, which largely differed by sex. Muscular fitness was moderately and positively associated with RT skills among both males (β = 0.34, 95%CIs = 0.23 to 0.46) and females (β = 0.36, 95%CIs = 0.23 to 0.48). Our findings support a link between RT skills and muscular fitness. Other associations were statistically significant but small in magnitude, and should therefore be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Smith
- a Priority Research Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Matthew DeMarco
- b Faculty of Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Sarah G Kennedy
- a Priority Research Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Mark Kelson
- c South East Wales Trials Unit, School of Medicine , Cardiff University , Cardiff , United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- d School of Health and Social Development , Deakin University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- e Department of Health and Exercise Science , The College of New Jersey , New Jersey , USA
| | - David R Lubans
- a Priority Research Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , New South Wales , Australia
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Faigenbaum AD, Meadors L. A Coach's Dozen: An Update on Building Healthy, Strong, and Resilient Young Athletes. Strength Cond J 2017. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Faigenbaum AD, McFarland JE. RESISTANCE TRAINING FOR KIDS. ACSM'S HEALTH & FITNESS JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Peralta LR, Plotnikoff RC, Okely AD, Salmon J, Eather N, Dewar DL, Kennedy S, Lonsdale C, Hilland TA, Estabrooks P, Finn TL, Pollock E, Morgan PJ. A school-based intervention incorporating smartphone technology to improve health-related fitness among adolescents: rationale and study protocol for the NEAT and ATLAS 2.0 cluster randomised controlled trial and dissemination study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010448. [PMID: 27354070 PMCID: PMC4932296 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical inactivity has been described as a global pandemic. Interventions aimed at developing skills in lifelong physical activities may provide the foundation for an active lifestyle into adulthood. In general, school-based physical activity interventions targeting adolescents have produced modest results and few have been designed to be 'scaled-up' and disseminated. This study aims to: (1) assess the effectiveness of two physical activity promotion programmes (ie, NEAT and ATLAS) that have been modified for scalability; and (2) evaluate the dissemination of these programmes throughout government funded secondary schools. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study will be conducted in two phases. In the first phase (cluster randomised controlled trial), 16 schools will be randomly allocated to the intervention or a usual care control condition. In the second phase, the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (Re-AIM) framework will be used to guide the design and evaluation of programme dissemination throughout New South Wales (NSW), Australia. In both phases, teachers will be trained to deliver the NEAT and ATLAS programmes, which will include: (1) interactive student seminars; (2) structured physical activity programmes; (3) lunch-time fitness sessions; and (4) web-based smartphone apps. In the cluster RCT, study outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6 months (primary end point) and 12-months. Muscular fitness will be the primary outcome and secondary outcomes will include: objectively measured body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, resistance training skill competency, physical activity, self-reported recreational screen-time, sleep, sugar-sweetened beverage and junk food snack consumption, self-esteem and well-being. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received approval from the University of Newcastle (H-2014-0312) and the NSW Department of Education (SERAP: 2012121) human research ethics committees. This study is funded by the Australian Research Council (FT140100399) and the NSW Department of Education. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12615000360516; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louisa R Peralta
- Faculty of Education and Social work, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronald C Plotnikoff
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah L Dewar
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Toni A Hilland
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Estabrooks
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburgh, Virginia, USA
| | - Tara L Finn
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Pollock
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J Morgan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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Validity and Reliability of Field-Based Measures for Assessing Movement Skill Competency in Lifelong Physical Activities: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2015; 45:1443-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Faigenbaum AD, Lloyd RS, MacDonald J, Myer GD. Citius, Altius, Fortius: beneficial effects of resistance training for young athletes: Narrative review. Br J Sports Med 2015; 50:3-7. [PMID: 26089321 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The motto of the Olympic Games is Citius, Altius, Fortius which is Latin for 'Faster, Higher, Stronger'. It is a clarion call to all competitors, including the youngest, to engage in training strategies that prepare athletes to be the best in the world. Existing research indicates that various forms of resistance training can elicit performance improvements in young athletes. Stronger young athletes will be better prepared to learn complex movements, master sport tactics, and sustain the demands of training and competition. An integrative training programme grounded in resistance training and motor skill development can optimise a young athlete's potential to maximise their athletic and sporting performance, while reducing the risk of a sports-related injury. Resistance training may be especially important for modern-day young athletes who are more likely to specialise in one sport at an early age at the expense of enhancing general physical fitness and learning diversified sport skills. Structured interventions that include qualified instruction; targeted movement practice; and strength and conditioning activities that are developmentally appropriate, progressive and technique driven are needed to attain a level of athleticism that is consistent with the Olympic motto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Paediatrics and Family Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Division of Sports Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA The Sports Health and Performance Institute, OSU Sports Medicine, Ohio State University Medical Centre, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Skinner G, Morgan PJ. Development and implementation of a smartphone application to promote physical activity and reduce screen-time in adolescent boys. Front Public Health 2014; 2:42. [PMID: 24904909 PMCID: PMC4032995 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the development and implementation of a smartphone application (app) designed to promote physical activity and reduce screen-time in adolescent boys considered "at-risk" of obesity. METHODS An app was developed to support the delivery of a face-to-face school-based obesity prevention program known as the "Active Teen Leaders Avoiding Screen-time" (ATLAS) program. ATLAS was guided by self-determination theory and social cognitive theory and evaluated using a cluster randomized controlled trial with 361 boys (12.7 ± 0.5 years) in 14 secondary schools. Following the completion of the study, participants in the intervention group completed a process evaluation questionnaire and focus groups were conducted with 42 students to explore their general perceptions of the ATLAS program and their experience with the smartphone app. Barriers and challenges encountered in the development, implementation, and evaluation of the app are also described. RESULTS Participation in the study was not contingent on ownership of a smartphone, but 70% of participants in the intervention group reported having access to a smartphone or tablet device. Focus group participants reported an enjoyment of the program, and felt that it had provided them with new skills, techniques, and routines for the future. However, their engagement with the smartphone app was limited, due to a variety of reasons. Barriers to the implementation and evaluation of the app included limited access to smartphone devices, technical problems with the push notifications, lack of access to usage data, and the challenges of maintaining participants' interest in using the app. CONCLUSION Although participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the ATLAS program in general, the smartphone app was not used extensively. Additional strategies and features may be needed to enhance engagement in adolescent boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
| | - Geoff Skinner
- Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Design Communication and Information Technology, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
| | - Philip J Morgan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
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