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Feigel ED, Sterczala AJ, Krajewski KT, Sekel NM, Lovalekar M, Peterson PA, Koltun KJ, Flanagan SD, Connaboy C, Martin BJ, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Nindl BC. Physiological characteristics predictive of passing military physical employment standard tasks for ground close combat occupations in men and women. Eur J Sport Sci 2024. [PMID: 38967991 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Challenges for some women meeting the physical employment standards (PES) for ground close combat (GCC) roles stem from physical fitness and anthropometric characteristics. The purpose of this study was to identify the modifiable and nonmodifiable characteristics predictive of passing GCC-based PES tasks and determine the modifiable characteristics suitable to overcome nonmodifiable limitations. 107 adults (46 women) underwent multiday testing assessing regional and total lean mass (LM), percent body fat (BF%), aerobic capacity (V̇O2peak), strength, power, and PES performance. Predictors with p-value <0.200 were included in stepwise logistic regression analysis or binary logistic regression when outcomes among sexes were insufficient. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 4.617-8.522, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 2.463, p < 0.05), and upper body power (OR: 2.061, p < 0.05) predicted medicine ball chest throw success. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 3.734-11.694, p < 0.05), absolute trunk LM (OR: 2.576, p < 0.05), and leg LM (OR: 2.088, p < 0.05) predicted casualty drag success. Upper body power (OR: 3.910, p < 0.05), absolute trunk LM (OR: 2.387, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 2.290, p < 0.05), and total LM (OR: 1.830, p < 0.05) predicted maximum single lift success. Relative and absolute arm LM (OR: 3.488-7.377, p < 0.05), leg LM (OR: 1.965, p < 0.05), and upper body power (OR: 1.957, p < 0.05) predicted water can carry success. %BF (OR: 0.814, p = 0.007), V̇O2peak (OR: 1.160, p = 0.031), and lower body strength (OR: 1.059, p < 0.001) predicted repeated lift and carry success. V̇O2peak (OR: 1.540, p < 0.001) predicted 2-km ruck march success. Modifiable characteristics were the strongest predictors for GCC-based PES task success to warrant their improvement for enhancing PES performance for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Feigel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kellen T Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole M Sekel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick A Peterson
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristen J Koltun
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian J Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sophie L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Moreno MR, Dawes JJ, Orr RM, Dulla JM, Lockie RG. Relationships Between Strength and Power With the 74.84-kg (165-lb) and 90.72-kg (200-lb) Body Drags. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1305-1313. [PMID: 38900177 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Moreno, MR, Dawes, JJ, Orr, RM, Dulla, JM, and Lockie, RG. Relationships between strength and power with the 74.84-kg (165-lb) and 90.72-kg (200-lb) body drags. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1305-1313, 2024-A body drag is an essential job task in law enforcement. It is purported that strength and power should contribute to this task, but there has been limited analysis. This study examined strength (1-repetition maximum hexagonal bar deadlift [1RM HBD]) and power (vertical jump [VJ], standing broad jump [SBJ]) relationships with the 74.84-kg and 90.72-kg body drags. Forty-three civilians (24 men and 19 women) completed the SBJ, VJ, and 1RM HBD in 1 session. Peak anaerobic power measured in watts (PAPw) was derived from the VJ. Relative measures were calculated from the SBJ, PAPw, and HBD. In another 2 sessions, subjects completed 74.84-kg and 90.72-kg drags in a counterbalanced order using 2 techniques: standard and adapted (time taken to pick dummy up from ground included in time). Independent samples t-tests compared the sexes and subjects who could or could not complete all drags. Partial correlations and stepwise regression, both controlling for sex, examined relationships between strength and power and the drags. In general, men outperformed women in almost all tests (p ≤ 0.024). Thirty-five subjects completed all drags and were stronger and more powerful than subjects who could not (p ≤ 0.011). The SBJ correlated with the 74.84-kg standard (r = -0.355) and 90.72-kg adapted (r = -0.373) drags; the VJ correlated with the 74.84-kg standard drag (r = -0.356). Peak anaerobic power measured in watts and 1RM HBD correlated with all drags (r = -0.382 to -0.668); PAPw was involved in all significant predictive relationships (explained variance = 34-62%). Absolute strength and power training should be a focus for recruits to enhance their ability to perform dragging tasks, especially with heavier masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Moreno
- Human Performance, Marine Corps Community Services, Camp Pendleton, California
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
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3
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Sax van der Weyden M, Merrigan JJ, Newman K, Hahn J, Martin J. Army Combat Fitness Test Scores Moderate Cognitive Function Improvements After a Ruck March: A Hierarchical Linear Model Approach. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1314-1320. [PMID: 38662931 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sax van der Weyden, M, Merrigan, JJ, Newman, K, Hahn, J, and Martin, J. Army Combat Fitness Test scores moderate cognitive function improvements after a ruck march: A hierarchical linear model approach. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1314-1320, 2024-Heavy load carriage is a common task for military personnel and can lead to undue physical and mental fatigue. The purpose of this study was to assess effects of load carriage on cognitive function (CF) and the role individual characteristics play in CF responses. Anthropometrics/body composition, demographics, and Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) scores were gathered from 47 Reserve Officers' Training Corps cadets. Cadets' CF was assessed through the concentration task grid (CTG) before (preruck), immediately after (postruck), and 3 weeks after (follow-up) a 16.09- to 19.31-km ruck march. Hierarchical linear modeling was used, with α < 0.05. The final model revealed growth, or improvement, in CF from preruck to postruck with growth decelerating, but still improved, at follow-up. The load carriage bout improved CF in most cadets, with average growth from 5.67- to 7.20-grid squares found. However, postruck CF did not return to the same level as a controlled follow-up (9.69). Sex (2.46, female), familiarity with the CTG (1.99), ACFT total scores (0.009), and relative ruck mass (-0.09) were all significant predictors of postruck CF. Army Combat Fitness Test scores (0.008) were also significant predictors of the slope between preruck and postruck, such that an ACFT score 59 points above average would result in a 1-grid square greater improvement in CF postruck. The significance of ACFT scores, lower relative ruck mass, and familiarization highlights the importance physical and mental preparation for desirable CF outcomes after occupational tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Sax van der Weyden
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | | | - Kayleigh Newman
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Joseph Hahn
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Joel Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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Sterczala AJ, Rodriguez‐Ortiz N, Feigel ED, Krajewski K, Martin BJ, Sekel NM, Lovalekar M, Kargl CK, Koltun KJ, Van Eck C, Flanagan S, Connaboy C, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Nindl BC. Skeletal muscle adaptations to high-intensity, low-volume concurrent resistance and interval training in recreationally active men and women. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15953. [PMID: 38490811 PMCID: PMC10942853 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the structural and cellular skeletal muscle factors underpinning adaptations in maximal strength, power, aerobic capacity, and lean body mass to a 12-week concurrent resistance and interval training program in men and women. Recreationally active women and men completed three training sessions per week consisting of high-intensity, low-volume resistance training followed by interval training performed using a variety upper and lower body exercises representative of military occupational tasks. Pre- and post-training vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were analyzed for changes in muscle fiber type, cross-sectional area, capillarization, and mitochondrial biogenesis marker content. Changes in maximal strength, aerobic capacity, and lean body mass (LBM) were also assessed. Training elicited hypertrophy of type I (12.9%; p = 0.016) and type IIa (12.7%; p = 0.007) muscle fibers in men only. In both sexes, training decreased type IIx fiber expression (1.9%; p = 0.046) and increased total PGC-1α (29.7%, p < 0.001) and citrate synthase (11.0%; p < 0.014) content, but had no effect on COX IV content or muscle capillarization. In both sexes, training increased maximal strength and LBM but not aerobic capacity. The concurrent training program was effective at increasing strength and LBM but not at improving aerobic capacity or skeletal muscle adaptations underpinning aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Human Engineering Research LaboratoriesVA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nathaniel Rodriguez‐Ortiz
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Evan D. Feigel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kellen T. Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nicole M. Sekel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Christopher K. Kargl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kristen J. Koltun
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Carola Van Eck
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shawn D. Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory ResearchRosalind Franklin University of Medicine & ScienceNorth ChicagoILUSA
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory ResearchRosalind Franklin University of Medicine & ScienceNorth ChicagoILUSA
| | - Sophie L. Wardle
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Thomas J. O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Julie P. Greeves
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Sterczala AJ, Krajewski KT, Peterson PA, Sekel NM, Lovalekar M, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Flanagan SD, Connaboy C, Nindl BC. Twelve weeks of concurrent resistance and interval training improves military occupational task performance in men and women. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2411-2424. [PMID: 37517090 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2239752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In the British Army, ground close combat roles have opened to women, however, they must pass the newly developed, gender-neutral Role Fitness Tests for Soldiers (RFT(S)). Due to physiological differences between sexes, training that optimally prepares both sexes for military occupational demands and the RFT(S) is needed. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a 12-week periodized strength and power programme with concurrent interval training on RFT(S) performance and determine if performance adaptations differed between sexes. 39 recruit-aged (18-35 yrs) participants, including 21 men (29 ± 1 yrs) and 18 women (27 ± 1 yrs), completed the study. Participants performed 3 training sessions per week that included strength and power resistance training followed by interval training. Pre- to post-training, improvements were observed for seated medicine ball throw (4.5%, p < 0.001), casualty drag (29.8%, p < 0.001), single lift (8.9%, p < 0.001), water can carry (13.8%, p = 0.012), repeated lift and carry (6.5%, p < 0.001), 2-km load carriage (7.2%, p < 0.001) and 2-km run (3.2%, p = 0.021). Pre- to post-training improvements were also observed for maximal squat (27.0%, p < 0.001), bench press (8.9%, p < 0.001) and deadlift (24.6%, p < 0.001) maximal strength, but not upper body power or aerobic capacity. No differences in RFT(S) improvements were observed between sexes, however men performed better than women in all RFT(S) and physical performance measures. Concurrent resistance and interval training improves military occupational performance in men and women; however, women may need more training than men to pass the gender-neutral RFT(S).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kellen T Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick A Peterson
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicole M Sekel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sophie L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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6
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Brady E, Keller MF. Women in Combat Need a Collaborative Culture Shift. Mil Med 2023; 188:3-8. [PMID: 37490561 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2021 Women in Combat (WIC) Symposium brought together hundreds of service members, researchers, and multidisciplinary leaders for 3 days of virtual education and interactive discussion regarding female leadership, operational performance, and physical health and well-being. Three days of presentations were followed by virtual face-to-face breakout room sessions that aimed to identify gaps currently impacting military servicewomen, mirroring the inaugural WIC Symposium held in 2014. Keynote speakers revisited old recommendations and redefined these in the context of new research and policy changes within the Department of Defense (DoD), making it apparent that although much work has been done, policy and practice are yet to fully integrate the research recommendations that will improve the health and wellness of servicewomen. Originally planned as an in-person meeting, the WIC Symposium was held completely online because of the sustained threat of the COVID-19 pandemic. This event was collectively attended by nearly 10,000 people, reflecting an attendance of over ten times the number of registered attendees. The 2021 WIC Symposium was successful in part because of the groundwork laid by previous researchers who laid out virtual meeting best practices and in part because of the increased accessibility of an online event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Brady
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Margaux F Keller
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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Withrow KL, Rubin DA, Dawes JJ, Orr RM, Lynn SK, Lockie RG. Army Combat Fitness Test Relationships to Tactical Foot March Performance in Reserve Officers' Training Corps Cadets. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030477. [PMID: 36979168 PMCID: PMC10045466 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT), consisting of deadlift, standing power throw, hand release push-up, sprint-drag-carry, leg tuck or plank, and 2-mile run, is the United States Army's new fitness test. The ACFT is designed to measure multiple fitness components required to perform combat tasks. One critical task is the tactical foot march (TFM), where soldiers cover long distances while carrying loads comprised of mission-essential equipment. As the ACFT is meant to predict soldier task performance, determining the relationships between the ACFT and the TFM is important. Data from 29 cadets (♂ = 20, ♀ = 9) from one university Reserve Officers' Training Corps program were analyzed. The ACFT was recorded in raw and scaled scores. The TFM was performed over 6.44 km, with time recorded. Cadets carried a 15.88-kg rucksack, fighting load carrier, 3-L hydration pack, and replica M4 carbine. Independent samples t-tests evaluated ACFT and TFM between-sex differences. Partial correlations, controlling for sex, determined ACFT event and TFM relationships. Male cadets outperformed females in all ACFT tasks (p ≤ 0.039), except the push-up. ACFT total score, leg tuck, 2-mile run, and sprint-drag-carry showed large correlations with the TFM (r = ±0.463-0.531, p ≤ 0.026). Aerobic and anaerobic capacity and upper body/trunk strength were important fitness components for cadet TFM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Withrow
- 16th Combat Aviation Brigade, Holistic Health and Fitness, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA 98433, USA
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Daniela A Rubin
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia
| | - Scott K Lynn
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
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8
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Sinnott AM, Krajewski KT, LaGoy AD, Beckner ME, Proessl F, Canino MC, Nindl BC, Turner RL, Lovalekar MT, Connaboy C, Flanagan SD. Prevention of Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Injuries in Tactical and First Responder Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials From 1955 to 2020. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:239-252. [PMID: 36026481 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sinnott, AM, Krajewski, KT, LaGoy, AD, Beckner, ME, Proessl, F, Canino, MC, Nindl, BC, Turner, RL, Lovalekar, MT, Connaboy, C, and Flanagan, SD. Prevention of lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries in tactical and first responder populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials from 1955 to 2020. J Strength Cond Res 37(1): 239-252, 2023-Lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries (LEMSIs) impose a significant burden on tactical and first responder populations. To determine the effectiveness of LEMSI prevention strategies, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials published in English from 1955 to 2020 (PROSPERO: CRD42018081799). MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL, ProQuest, and DTIC databases were searched for trials that assigned military service members, police, firefighters, or paramedics to LEMSI prevention interventions with a minimum surveillance period of 12 weeks. Evidence was synthesized as odds ratios (OR) for LEMSI occurrence between individuals assigned to interventions and those assigned to standard activities. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for (a) physical training and (b) footwear modifications to reduce LEMSI and (c) footwear modifications to reduce stress fractures specifically. Certainty in the body of evidence was determined with the GRADE approach. Of 28,499 records, 18 trials comprised of more than 11,000 subjects were synthesized. Interventions included physical training (8, N = 6,838), footwear modifications (8, N = 3,792), nutritional supplementation (1, N = 324), and training modifications (1, N = 350). Overall risk of bias was generally moderate ( N = 7 of 18) or high ( N = 9 of 18). Physical training (OR = 0.87, 95% CI [0.71, 1.08], p = 0.22, I 2 = 58.4%) and footwear modification (OR = 1.13, 95% CI [0.85, 1.49], p = 0.42, I 2 = 0.0%) did not reduce LEMSI or stress fractures (OR = 0.76, 95% CI [0.45, 1.28], p = 0.30, I 2 = 70.7%). Our results indicate that there is weak evidence to support current LEMSI prevention strategies. Future efforts will benefit from longer surveillance periods, assessment of women and nonmilitary populations, improved methodological rigor, and a greater breadth of approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Sinnott
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Kellen T Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Alice D LaGoy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Meaghan E Beckner
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Felix Proessl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Maria C Canino
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Rose L Turner
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mita T Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
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Chronic Pain in Spanish Wildland Firefighters. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11040989. [PMID: 35207262 PMCID: PMC8875785 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11040989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The work performed by wildland firefighters (WFFs) is very demanding owing to the conditions in which they have to operate. It has been reported that these professionals walk long distances over unstable and steep terrain carrying heavy loads, handle tools manually and repeatedly and are subject to a high level of thermal stress. Under such conditions, the risk of developing chronic pain (CP) is high, although despite this, there are no available data pertaining to CP among WFFs, to the best of our knowledge. As such, the aim of this study is to describe CP in Spanish helitack crews, for which purpose 221 WFFs (203 men and 18 women) completed an online self-report questionnaire. Approximately 60% of WFFs reported suffering from CP, of which 45.5% had CP in more than one body region at the same time. Age and length of service were associated with the probability of suffering from CP. Likewise, the age and height of WFFs and weight of the protective equipment used increased the prevalence of CP. Lastly, gender and job position affected CP location, with women and forepersons reporting greater prevalence of CP in the lower limbs. To conclude, the results obtained suggest the major prevalence of CP among Spanish WFFs, with current data suggesting in turn the importance that age, stature, gender, length of service, weight of protective equipment and job position have on the prevalence and location of CP.
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Steinberg N, Bar-Sela S, Moran U, Pantanowitz M, Waddington G, Adams R, Svorai Band S, Funk S. Injury Prevention Exercises for Reduced Incidence of Injuries in Combat Soldiers. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3128-3138. [PMID: 34446643 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Steinberg, N, Bar-Sela, S, Moran, U, Pantanowitz, M, Waddington, G, Adams, R, Band, SS, and Funk, S. Injury prevention exercises for reduced incidence of injuries in combat soldiers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-The aim of this study was to determine the influence of an "all-cause injury" prevention program, focused on static-to-dynamic transitions, on injury prevalence in a military commanders course. Two cohorts of male infantry commanders were recruited (intervention [INT group], n = 196 and controls [CO group], n = 169) and tracked by a physiotherapist, who recorded any injuries that occurred during the 14-week course. Soldiers were tested precourse, midcourse, and postcourse for anthropometrics, proprioception ability, and dynamic postural balance (DPB). The INT group performed injury prevention exercises for 5 minutes, 3 times a week, and the CO group continued with their routine physical fitness sessions. The prevalence of injuries reported to the physiotherapist during the course was significantly lower for the INT group compared with the CO group (14.8 and 34.3%, respectively, p < 0.001). Similarly, rates of injury in the INT group were significantly lower than in the CO group (p < 0.001; hazard = 2.53, 95% confidence interval = 1.62-3.95). Precourse proprioception ability was significantly lower in those that became injured during the commanders course, irrespective of the group. Likewise, for DPB parameters, the injured subjects in both groups had significantly lower precourse scores than the noninjured subjects. From pretesting to midtesting, the injured soldiers in the INT group improved their ability up to the level of the noninjured subjects. A reduced prevalence of injuries was found for soldiers who completed the injury prevention program. Because the subjects soldiers injured on the course had reduced somatosensory abilities at the outset, and as these abilities can be improved by static-to-dynamic exercises, identifying at-risk soldiers and providing them with appropriate strategies for improvement beforehand is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nili Steinberg
- Wingate College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel; Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Israel; Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; Military Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Israel; and Combat Fitness Department, Doctrine and Research Branch, Israel Defense Forces, Israel
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11
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Orr R, Sakurai T, Scott J, Movshovich J, Dawes JJ, Lockie R, Schram B. The Use of Fitness Testing to Predict Occupational Performance in Tactical Personnel: A Critical Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7480. [PMID: 34299926 PMCID: PMC8307946 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tactical personnel work in an occupation that involves tasks requiring a high level of cardiovascular fitness as well as muscular strength and endurance. The aim of this literature review was to identify and critique studies investigating the relationship between physical fitness, quantified by fitness assessment measures, and occupational task performance. Databases were searched for relevant articles which assessed a fitness measure and a measure of occupational performance. A total of 15 articles were included and were deemed to be of acceptable methodological quality (8.4/12 on the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist). Included articles assessed a variety of fitness attributes and occupational tasks. Across tactical groups, there appear to be no standardized fitness tests that can determine occupational performance, with aerobic fitness, anaerobic fitness, strength, endurance, power, and agility all being associated with occupational task performance. A wide range of fitness assessments appears to be required to predict occupational performance within tactical personnel. Efforts should be made to base fitness assessments on occupational demands unique to both the environment and requirements of each individual tactical unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Orr
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia; (T.S.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (B.S.)
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia; (J.J.D.); (R.L.)
| | - Takato Sakurai
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia; (T.S.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Jordan Scott
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia; (T.S.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Jason Movshovich
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia; (T.S.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (B.S.)
| | - J. Jay Dawes
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia; (J.J.D.); (R.L.)
- Health and Human Performance Faculty, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA
| | - Robert Lockie
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia; (J.J.D.); (R.L.)
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92835, USA
| | - Ben Schram
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia; (T.S.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (B.S.)
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia; (J.J.D.); (R.L.)
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12
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Vaara JP, Groeller H, Drain J, Kyröläinen H, Pihlainen K, Ojanen T, Connaboy C, Santtila M, Agostinelli P, Nindl BC. Physical training considerations for optimizing performance in essential military tasks. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:43-57. [PMID: 34006204 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1930193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Physically demanding essential military tasks include load carriage, manual material handling and casualty evacuation. This narrative review characterizes the main physical attributes related to performance of these occupational tasks and reviews physical training intervention studies in military settings to improve performance in these military tasks. Load carriage performance requires both aerobic and neuromuscular fitness with greater emphasis on maximal strength and absolute maximal oxygen uptake, especially when carrying heavier loads. In manual material handling, maximal strength and power are strongly associated with discrete lifting, while muscular strength, muscular endurance and aerobic fitness are also associated with repetitive lifting performance. Maximal strength including grip strength, muscular endurance, absolute maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic capacity are associated with casualty evacuation performance. The results of the present review particularly emphasize the role of muscular fitness in successful performance of the reviewed military occupational tasks. Training intervention studies indicate that load carriage performance can be effectively improved by combining strength, aerobic and specific load carriage training. Improvement in maximal lifting capacity can be achieved by strength training or combined strength and aerobic training, while strength and aerobic training alone, or their combination are effective in improving repetitive lifting, and carry tasks. Only a few studies are available for casualty evacuation and the results are inconclusive but may indicate benefits of strength or combined training. Moreover, emphasis on lower volume but higher intensity in combined training may be a feasible and effective mode to improve military occupational performance in recruits and active-duty soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani P Vaara
- National Defence University, Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Herbert Groeller
- Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jace Drain
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bends, Australia
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- National Defence University, Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kai Pihlainen
- Defence Command, Training Division, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Ojanen
- Finnish Defence Research Agency, Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Forces, Tuusula, Finland
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matti Santtila
- National Defence University, Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip Agostinelli
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brad C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Wills JA, Saxby DJ, Lenton GK, Doyle TLA. Lower Limb Biomechanical Responses During a Standardized Load Carriage Task are Sex Specific. Mil Med 2021; 186:1157-1168. [PMID: 33742660 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate sex-specific lower limb biomechanical adaptations during a standardized load carriage task in response to a targeted physical training program. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five healthy civilians (males [n = 13] and females [n = 12]) completed a load carriage task (5 km at 5.5 km·h-1, wearing a 23 kg vest) before and after a 10-week lower-body-focused training program. Kinematics and ground reaction force data were collected during the task and were used to estimate lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics (i.e., moments and powers). Direct statistical comparisons were not conducted due to different data collection protocols between sexes. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA tested for significant interactions between, and main effects of training and distance marched for male and female data, respectively. RESULTS Primary kinematic and kinetic changes were observed at the knee and ankle joints for males and at the hip and knee joints for females. Knee joint moments increased for both sexes over the 5 km distance marched (P > .05), with males demonstrating significant reductions in peak knee joint extension after training. Hip adduction, internal rotation, and knee internal rotation angles significantly increased after the 5 km load carriage task for females but not males. CONCLUSION Differences in adaptive gait strategies between sexes indicate that physical training needs to be tailored to sex-specific requirements to meet standardized load carriage task demands. The findings highlighted previously unfound sex-specific responses that could inform military training and facilitate the integration of female soldiers into physically demanding military roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie A Wills
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - David J Saxby
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research and Education Alliance (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Gavin K Lenton
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research and Education Alliance (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Timothy L A Doyle
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
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Hsu WC, Wang CH, Chang KM, Chou LW. Shifted Firefighter Health Investigation by Personal Health Insurance Record in Taiwan. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:665-673. [PMID: 33623456 PMCID: PMC7896789 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s285729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Taiwan's firefighters use a shift rotation system with 2 days of work and 1 day of rest. Numerous papers have already explored the risks of shift work to the body. However, little data concern the impact of shift work on health as reflected in medical visits. This study used individuals' medical visit record in Taiwan's health insurance system. The locally called "health bank" contains individuals' medical visit record, health insurance payment points and the medicine used. METHODS Consent was obtained from 150 firefighters who were serving under the shift rotation system to obtain their 2015 individual "My Health Bank" medical data. Comparisons were made between national health insurance data norm. RESULTS Firefighters make significantly more visits for Western medicine than the annual average (firefighters 6.27 vs norm 5.24, P = 0.04142), more total number of medical visits (9.57 vs 7.75, P = 0.0102), more annual average payment points for Western medicine (4079 vs 2741, P = 0.003151), and a greater average number of total annual medical visit points (7003 vs 4940, p = 0.0003157). Firefighters had significantly higher incidents of respiratory diseases, urogenital diseases, skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases, musculoskeletal system and connective tissue diseases, injuries, and illness from poisoning than did the norm (P<0.05). CONCLUSION A persuasive health-survey-based method for workers in high occupational hazard industries was proposed in this study, and the result was highly correlated with risk factors of fireworkers. The proposed study method is potential to investigate risk factors of other working.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ching Hsu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Kang-Ming Chang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Digital Media Design, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Chou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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WILLS JODIEA, DRAIN JACE, FULLER JOELT, DOYLE TIMLA. Physiological Responses of Female Load Carriage Improves after 10 Weeks of Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1763-1769. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Nikolaidis PT, Papaioannou KG, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Exercise Testing of Muscle Strength in Military. Mil Med 2019; 184:e426-e430. [PMID: 31247093 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strength training has been routinely used in exercise programs of military groups; however, no review has been ever conducted to clarify the selection of exercise tests to monitor its effectiveness. Therefore, the aim of the present review was to critically evaluate the current practices in the choice of assessment methods for muscle strength in military and suggest directions for future research. METHODS The Scopus and Pubmed databases were searched in December 2018 using "fitness assessment OR muscle strength AND military OR army" as keywords. RESULTS Methodological concerns were highlighted in exercise testing of muscle strength, where the use of appropriate tests were recommended (handgrip, isokinetic or 1RM in bench or leg press) to complement tests that measured muscle endurance rather than muscle strength (e.g., timed push-ups or sit-ups). CONCLUSIONS Although strength training has been included in military training, it was concluded that the existed physical fitness test batteries focused mostly on muscle endurance rather than on muscle strength. Therefore, it would be suggested that muscle strength tests be included in future physical fitness test batteries in order to evaluate effectively the content of military training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Reilly TJ, Sharp MA, Cao M, Canino MC. A database of predictor test sex bias for development of military physical employment standards. Work 2019; 63:591-601. [PMID: 31282458 DOI: 10.3233/wor-192956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hesitation to employ females for physically demanding jobs is often due to sex related physical abilities. A physical employment standard (PES) identifies individuals who are physically capable for work. OBJECTIVE A database containing 300 + sources of physical performance tests (PFTs) will inform potential sex bias for PES development. METHODS Weighted means and probability density curves illustrate the percentage overlap between male and female performance on PFT data from the armed forces of 11 countries and the open literature. Where female training data were available, the change in percentage overlap illustrates the potential for reduction in sex-related differences. RESULTS PFTs demonstrating the extremes of sex disparity were bench press (11 sources) and sit-ups (14 sources) with 9% and 93% overlap in performance, respectively. Training for bench press; pull ups; VO2max; and upright pull improved female performance by 12%, 22%, 35%, and 23% respectively. This translated into narrowing the gap between male and female mean performance by 1%, 4%, 5%, and 10% respectively. CONCLUSIONS The ability of PFT to predict performance is essential; however, PFTs with more overlap will facilitate development of PES with reduced sex bias. PFTs with the greatest potential for improvement in females are identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara J Reilly
- Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marilyn A Sharp
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Michael Cao
- Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Maria C Canino
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, MA, USA
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18
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Allison KF, Keenan KA, Lovalekar M, Mi Q, Beals K, Coleman LCLC, Nindl BC. Fight load index and body composition are most associated with combat fitness in female Marines. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:494-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Flanagan SD, Krajewski KT, Sinnott AM, Johnson CD, Eagle SR, LaGoy AD, Beckner ME, Beethe AZ, Turner R, Lovalekar MT, Dunn-Lewis C, Connaboy C, Nindl BC. Prediction of exertional lower extremity musculoskeletal injury in tactical populations: protocol for a systematic review and planned meta-analysis of prospective studies from 1955 to 2018. Syst Rev 2018; 7:244. [PMID: 30580762 PMCID: PMC6304230 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-018-0883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) represent more than half of all injuries in tactical populations (i.e., military service and public safety workers including police, firefighters, emergency medical services (EMS)). Most lower extremity MSIs result from physical exertion during training, occupational tasks, and recreation. Such exertional lower extremity injuries (ELEI) produce a significant human and financial cost. Accordingly, significant efforts have been made to identify sensitive, specific, and reliable predictors of ELEI. There is a need to synthesize and evaluate the predictive value of risk factors for ELEI while addressing the influence of occupation, sex, exposure, injury characteristics, and study quality. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review and planned meta-analysis is to evaluate risk factors for ELEI in tactical populations. METHODS After the development of a search strategy, comprehensive searches will be conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases. Articles will be screened with a multi-user process and delimited to prospective comparative cohort studies that directly measure injury occurrence in the target population(s). Extracted data will be synthesized and assessed for reporting bias, meta-bias, and overall quality, with subgroup analyses to determine the influence of participant, injury, and exposure characteristics in addition to study quality. DISCUSSION This systematic review and planned meta-analysis will comprehensively evaluate ELEI risk factors. Information gained will inform injury prevention protocols, facilitate the use of improved measurements, and identify requirements for future research. TRIAL REGISTRATION The systematic review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on 3 Jan 2018 (registration number CRD42018056977 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D. Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Kellen T. Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Aaron M. Sinnott
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Caleb D. Johnson
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Shawn R. Eagle
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Alice D. LaGoy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Meaghan E. Beckner
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Anne Z. Beethe
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Rose Turner
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Mita T. Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Courtenay Dunn-Lewis
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, School of Education, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Eagle SR, Connaboy C, Nindl BC, Allison KF. Significantly Increased Odds of Reporting Previous Shoulder Injuries in Female Marines Based on Larger Magnitude Shoulder Rotator Bilateral Strength Differences. Orthop J Sports Med 2018; 6:2325967118756283. [PMID: 29497623 PMCID: PMC5824909 DOI: 10.1177/2325967118756283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Musculoskeletal injuries to the extremities are a primary concern for the United States (US) military. One possible injury risk factor in this population is side-to-side strength imbalance. Purpose: To examine the odds of reporting a previous shoulder injury in US Marine Corps Ground Combat Element Integrated Task Force volunteers based on side-to-side strength differences in isokinetic shoulder strength. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Male (n = 219) and female (n = 91) Marines were included in this analysis. Peak torque values from 5 shoulder internal/external rotation repetitions were averaged and normalized to body weight. The difference in side-to-side strength measurements was calculated as the absolute value of the limb difference divided by the mean peak torque of the dominant limb. Participants were placed into groups based on the magnitude of these differences: <10%, 10% to 20%, and >20%. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated. Results: When separated by sex, 13.2% of men reported an injury, while 5.5% of women reported an injury. Female Marines with >20% internal rotation side-to-side strength differences demonstrated increased odds of reporting a previous shoulder injury compared with female Marines with <10% strength differences (OR, 15.4; 95% CI, 1.4-167.2; P = .03 ) and female Marines with 10% to 20% strength differences (OR, 13.9; 95% CI, 1.3-151.2; P = .04). No significant ORs were demonstrated in male Marines. Conclusion: Marines with larger magnitude internal rotation strength differences demonstrated increased odds of reporting a previous shoulder injury compared with those with lesser magnitude differences. Additionally, female sex appears to drastically affect the increased odds of reporting shoulder injuries (OR, 13.9-15.4) with larger magnitude differences (ie, >20%) compared with those with lesser magnitude differences (ie, <10% and 10%-20%). The retrospective cohort design of this study cannot delineate cause and effect but establishes a relationship between female Marines and greater odds of larger magnitude strength differences after returning from an injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn R Eagle
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katelyn F Allison
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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