A mixed methods study exploring methadone treatment disclosure and perceptions of reproductive health care among women ages 18-44 years, Los Angeles, CA

Perceptions of Women in Opioid Recovery Regarding Policies and Laws on Sexual and Reproductive Health

OBJECTIVE

To explore perceptions of policies and laws on sexual and reproductive health among women in recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD).

DESIGN

Qualitative descriptive.

SETTING

Telephone interviews conducted in a midsized urban area in the midwestern region of the United States.

PARTICIPANTS

Twenty-two women ages 18 to 49 years who self-identified as being in recovery from OUD.

METHODS

We conducted individual, semistructured telephone interviews and analyzed the data using reflexive thematic analysis.

RESULTS

We identified three themes: Barriers to OUD Treatment and Recovery, Pregnancy as a Gateway to Treatment and Recovery, and The Dobbs Effect. Participants described OUD treatment barriers such as inadequate recovery resources for women and the criminalization of drug use. Many participants described pregnancy as a gateway to recovery because of improved access to treatment services and enhanced motivation for engaging in recovery. Participants described unintended pregnancy as a threat to recovery that made them seek woman-controlled contraceptive methods they could use without negotiating with a partner (e.g., intrauterine devices) after the Supreme Court overturned constitutionally protected access to abortion.

CONCLUSION

Opioid use disorder is a public and mental health crisis in the United States that affects reproductive-age women. Participants in our study closely connected recovery from OUD with sexual and reproductive health policy and laws. There is a need for regulation to support the unique needs of women in OUD treatment. The recent Supreme Court decision that overturned constitutionally protected abortion creates challenges for women in recovery from OUD. Nurses are ideally positioned to advocate for recovery and sexual and reproductive health policies and laws that improve the physical and mental health of women in recovery.

Programs and practices that support pregnant people who use drugs' access to sexual and reproductive health care in Canada: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Pregnant people who use unregulated drugs (PPWUD) are at high risk of health complications yet experience a range of barriers to sexual and reproductive health care. Given that improving maternal health and access to reproductive health care are key targets underpinning the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), there is an urgent need to improve access to appropriate supports and services for this population. Little is known about what programs and practices exist to support PPWUD's access to sexual and reproductive health care. This scoping review aimed to identify the available literature on these programs and practices in Canada.

METHODS

A scoping review was conducted using JBI methodology and reported using PRISMA guidelines. Scholarly databases and grey literature sources were searched to identify literature published between 2016-2023 in English or French that discussed, defined, conceptualised, or evaluated programs and practices that support PPWUD's access to sexual and reproductive health care in Canada. Identified literature was screened using Covidence. Data were extracted from included texts, then analysed descriptively. Frequencies and key concepts were reported.

RESULTS

A total of 71 articles were included, most of which were grey literature. Of the total, 46 unique programs were identified, as well as several useful practices. Most programs were in urban centres in Western Canada, and most programs offered holistic 'wrap-around services.' Several programs delivered these services on-site or as 'drop-in' programs with the support of staff with lived/living experience of substance use. Most frequent program outcomes included keeping parents and children together, improving connection to other services, and reducing substance use harms. Noted helpful practices included non-judgmental care and the use of harm-reduction strategies.

CONCLUSIONS

Several programs and practices that support PPWUD exist in Canada, though few focus exclusively on sexual and reproductive health. There remain opportunities to improve access to programs, including expanding geographic availability and range of services. The review has clinical application by providing an overview of available programs that may support clinicians in identifying services for PPWUD. Future research should consider client perspectives and experiences of these programs.

REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER

Open Science Framework https://osf.io/5y64j .

The experiences of people who use injection drugs with accessing hepatitis c testing and diagnosis in western countries: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the literature that reported on the experiences of people who use injection drugs' access to hepatitis C testing and diagnosis in Western countries.

METHODS

The initial search was conducted in 2020 and an updated review was completed in 2022. Seven electronic databases were searched using a peer-reviewed search strategy and included: full-text, peer-reviewed studies with people who inject(ed) drugs, hepatitis C testing or diagnosis, conducted in Western countries. Excluded were studies published prior to 2014 and intervention studies. Two-step screening was conducted in duplicate. Conventional content analysis was used.

RESULTS

Six studies were found from the search. The studies were published between 2014 and 2021 in Australia, United Kingdom, and United States. A total of 19 participant characteristics were extracted to contextualize their experiences, demonstrating a lack of demographic data. Four themes were found: Awareness and Knowledge, Stigma, Healthcare Service, and Psychological Responses. There were 58 occurrences of client quotes where participants described their experiences, 29 occurrences of quotes describing client-identified barriers, and 14 occurrences of quotes describing client-identified facilitators.

CONCLUSION

A scoping review was conducted to present the experiences, barriers, and facilitators of people who use injection drugs to hepatitis C testing. The lack of demographic data and connection to client quotes further exacerbates the inequities among the population by overlooking their intragroup identities. Understanding their experiences of accessing hepatitis C testing and collecting demographic data will help advance health policies and interventions targeting people who use injection drugs.

Commentary on Nowakowski et al.: Bringing the participants' own words into addictions research-a win-win for patients and investigators

Bringing the participant’s own words into the design of clinical investigations, such as with qualitative and mixed methodologies, should be prioritized in addictions research across the translational science spectrum.

Why Young Women Who Use Opioids Are at Risk for Rape: The Impact of Social Vulnerabilities and Sexually Coercive Drug Using Contexts

This study tests a theoretically informed model to understand why women who use opioids (WWUO) are at risk of rape while using drugs. Structured interviews were conducted with 168 WWUO. Three domains were hypothesized to increase risk: the sexually coercive context of drug use, women's social vulnerability, and drug use severity. Logistic regression examined the odds of being raped by domain. One-third of WWUO had been raped while using drugs. The sexually coercive context and social vulnerability domains significantly increased women's odds of being raped. Prevention efforts should target social and contextual factors.

A gender lens is needed in hepatitis C elimination research

The World Health Organisation has established a goal of eliminating the hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a public health threat by 2030. Considerable effort is being directed towards research to support and enhance HCV treatment uptake among people who inject drugs, but there is a distinct lack of attention given to gender in this work. We argue that a gender lens is needed to make visible the limitations of current HCV elimination research, and support the development of innovative, inclusive approaches to HCV treatment. Partnerships between researchers and people who inject drugs are essential in this work, particularly in the development and evaluation of programs by and for women who inject drugs. Failure to acknowledge the gendered dimensions of HCV elimination risks entrenching gender disparities in access to treatment and cure.

A Comparison of Sex-Specific Reproductive and Sexual Health Needs between Addiction Medicine and Primary Care Treatment Settings

Introduction: Reproductive and sexual health (RSH) is an important component of wellness and recovery for people with substance use disorder (SUD). Evidence to guide better integration of RSH services into SUD treatment is limited. Our objectives were to compare 1) unmet RSH needs; and 2) barriers to RSH service utilization between care settings providing treatment for SUD or other chronic medical conditions. Methods: Participants at two outpatient clinics, addiction medicine (women n = 91, men n = 75) and primary care (women n = 59, men n = 50), completed a one-time electronic survey between July and September 2019. Separately for men and women, comparisons between addiction medicine and primary care groups were made using Pearson χ², Fisher's Exact, and T-tests. Results: Participants were 75.0% Black and aged 49.4 years. Overall, unmet RSH needs were less prevalent among participants at the primary care than the addiction medicine clinic, such as receipt of a past 12-month sexual exam (men: 36.0% vs. 17.3%; women: 55.6% vs. 30.1%). The most common barrier to RSH service receipt was cost (men: 59.4%; women: 52.6%), followed by fear of judgment for drug/alcohol use for SUD participants (men: 33% vs. 12%; women: 26% vs. 7%). Many SUD participants expressed high desire for integrated RSH services into the addiction medicine clinic (men: 51.4%; women: 59.8%). Conclusion/Implications: The integration of RSH into addiction medicine is lagging compared to care settings for people with other chronic medical conditions. Future research should focus on advancing sex- and gender-informed RSH service integration into SUD treatment settings.

Desire to avoid pregnancy and contraceptive use among female methadone patients in Los Angeles

OBJECTIVE

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is increasing among U.S. women. Research indicates higher levels of unintended pregnancy among women with OUD as compared to the general population. Following formative in-depth research documenting the complexity of considerations around pregnancy in this population, we collected information on pregnancy preferences and contraceptive use among women attending methadone treatment.

STUDY DESIGN

We surveyed women attending methadone clinics in Los Angeles in 2018. We used the Desire to Avoid Pregnancy (DAP) Scale, a 14-item instrument (0-4; 4 = highest desire to avoid pregnancy) to capture pregnancy preferences across 3 domains: cognitive desires, affective feelings, and anticipated consequences. We conducted factor analysis, descriptive analyses, and linear and logistic regressions to assess the DAP scale and to examine relationships between pregnancy preferences, sociodemographic characteristics, and contraceptive use.

RESULTS

Women (n = 46) expressed the full range of pregnancy preferences (DAP score range: 0.4-4.0; mean: 2.24, standard deviation: 1.02; Cronbach's α = 0.92). Overall, 40% used contraception at last sex. Women who reported a greater preference to avoid pregnancy were marginally more likely to use contraception at last sex as compared to women who were more open to pregnancy (odds ratio = 1.73; p = 0.09).

CONCLUSIONS

Similar to findings from other populations, responses to the Desire to Avoid Pregnancy scale among a sample of women with OUD revealed a broad range of pregnancy preferences. Pregnancy preferences were marginally associated with contraceptive use in this sample suggesting that the DAP may provide useful insights on pregnancy preferences that may facilitate contraceptive and preconception counseling in this population.

IMPLICATIONS

Given the complexity of considerations around pregnancy for women with opioid use disorder, the DAP scale may be a valuable tool to identify women's pregnancy and childbearing preferences and to facilitate alignment of women's sexual and reproductive health desires with appropriate services.