1
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Jin YH, Xiang YZ, Zhao MF, Liu YH, Fan LL, Li XC. A novel variant (p.A524P) in Spastin is responsible for a Chinese family with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:951. [PMID: 39230614 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) represents a group of monogenic neurodegenerative disorders characterized by high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. HSP is characterized by slowly progressing hypertonia of both lower extremities, spastic gait, and myasthenia. The most prevalent autosomal dominant form of HSP, known as spastic paraplegia 4 (SPG4), is attributed to variants in the spastin (SPAST) gene. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, a Chinese family presenting with spasticity in both legs and a shuffling gait participated in our investigation. Whole exome sequencing of the proband was utilized to identify the genetic lesion in the family. Through data filtering, Sanger sequencing validation, and co-separation analysis, a novel variant (NM_014946.3: c.1669G > C:p.A557P) of SPAST was identified as the genetic lesion of this family. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis revealed that this variant was deleterious and located in a highly evolutionarily conserved site. CONCLUSION Our study confirmed the diagnosis of SPG4 in this family, contributing to genetic counseling for families affected by SPG4. Additionally, our study broadened the spectrum of SPAST variants and highlighted the importance of ATPases associated with various cellular activity domains of SPAST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Jin
- Department of Cell Biology, The School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yang-Ziyu Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology, The School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Mei-Fang Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, The School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yi-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Liang-Liang Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, The School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Xiao-Cong Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China.
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2
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Smart K, Sharp DJ. The fidgetin family: Shaking things up among the microtubule-severing enzymes. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024; 81:151-166. [PMID: 37823563 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton is required for several crucial cellular processes, including chromosome segregation, cell polarity and orientation, and intracellular transport. These functions rely on microtubule stability and dynamics, which are regulated by microtubule-binding proteins (MTBPs). One such type of regulator is the microtubule-severing enzymes (MSEs), which are ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities (AAA+ ATPases). The most recently identified family are the fidgetins, which contain three members: fidgetin, fidgetin-like 1 (FL1), and fidgetin-like 2 (FL2). Of the three known MSE families, the fidgetins have the most diverse range of functions in the cell, spanning mitosis/meiosis, development, cell migration, DNA repair, and neuronal function. Furthermore, they offer intriguing novel therapeutic targets for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and wound healing. In the two decades since their first report, there has been great progress in our understanding of the fidgetins; however, there is still much left unknown about this unusual family. This review aims to consolidate the present body of knowledge of the fidgetin family of MSEs and to inspire deeper exploration into the fidgetins and the MSEs as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Smart
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - David J Sharp
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Microcures, Inc., Bronx, New York, USA
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3
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Shin SC, Im SK, Jang EH, Jin KS, Hur EM, Kim EE. Structural and Molecular Basis for Katanin-Mediated Severing of Glutamylated Microtubules. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1357-1367.e5. [PMID: 30699360 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Katanin was the first microtubule (MT)-severing enzyme discovered, but how katanin executes MT severing remains poorly understood. Here, we report X-ray crystal structures of the apo and ATPγS-bound states of the catalytic AAA domain of human katanin p60 at 3.0 and 2.9 Å resolution, respectively. Comparison of the two structures reveals conformational changes induced by ATP binding and how such changes ensure hexamer stability. Moreover, we uncover structural details of pore loops (PLs) and show that Arg283, a residue unique to katanin among MT-severing enzymes, protrudes from PL1 and lines the entry of the catalytic pore. Functional studies suggest that PL1 and Arg283 play essential roles in the recognition and remodeling of the glutamylated, C-terminal tubulin tail and regulation of axon growth. In addition, domain-swapping experiments in katanin and spastin suggest that the non-homologous N-terminal region, which contains the MT-interacting and trafficking domain and a linker, confers specificity to the severing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Chul Shin
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyoung Im
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Jessop M, Arragain B, Miras R, Fraudeau A, Huard K, Bacia-Verloop M, Catty P, Felix J, Malet H, Gutsche I. Structural insights into ATP hydrolysis by the MoxR ATPase RavA and the LdcI-RavA cage-like complex. Commun Biol 2020; 3:46. [PMID: 31992852 PMCID: PMC6987120 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexameric MoxR AAA+ ATPase RavA and the decameric lysine decarboxylase LdcI form a 3.3 MDa cage, proposed to assist assembly of specific respiratory complexes in E. coli. Here, we show that inside the LdcI-RavA cage, RavA hexamers adopt an asymmetric spiral conformation in which the nucleotide-free seam is constrained to two opposite orientations. Cryo-EM reconstructions of free RavA reveal two co-existing structural states: an asymmetric spiral, and a flat C2-symmetric closed ring characterised by two nucleotide-free seams. The closed ring RavA state bears close structural similarity to the pseudo two-fold symmetric crystal structure of the AAA+ unfoldase ClpX, suggesting a common ATPase mechanism. Based on these structures, and in light of the current knowledge regarding AAA+ ATPases, we propose different scenarios for the ATP hydrolysis cycle of free RavA and the LdcI-RavA cage-like complex, and extend the comparison to other AAA+ ATPases of clade 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jessop
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Arragain
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Roger Miras
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, DRF, IRIG, UMR 5249, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Angélique Fraudeau
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Karine Huard
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Maria Bacia-Verloop
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Catty
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, DRF, IRIG, UMR 5249, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Jan Felix
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France.
| | - Hélène Malet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France.
| | - Irina Gutsche
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France.
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5
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Sandate CR, Szyk A, Zehr EA, Lander GC, Roll-Mecak A. An allosteric network in spastin couples multiple activities required for microtubule severing. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:671-678. [PMID: 31285604 PMCID: PMC6761829 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The AAA+ ATPase spastin remodels microtubule arrays through severing and its mutation is the most common cause of hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP). Polyglutamylation of the tubulin C-terminal tail recruits spastin to microtubules and modulates severing activity. Here, we present a ~3.2 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the Drosophila melanogaster spastin hexamer with a polyglutamate peptide bound in its central pore. Two electropositive loops arranged in a double-helical staircase coordinate the substrate sidechains. The structure reveals how concurrent nucleotide and substrate binding organizes the conserved spastin pore loops into an ordered network that is allosterically coupled to oligomerization, and suggests how tubulin tail engagement activates spastin for microtubule disassembly. This allosteric coupling may apply generally in organizing AAA+ protein translocases into their active conformations. We show that this allosteric network is essential for severing and is a hotspot for HSP mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Szyk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena A Zehr
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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6
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Cupido T, Pisa R, Kelley ME, Kapoor TM. Designing a chemical inhibitor for the AAA protein spastin using active site mutations. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:444-452. [PMID: 30778202 PMCID: PMC6558985 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Spastin is a microtubule-severing AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) protein needed for cell division and intracellular vesicle transport. Currently, we lack chemical inhibitors to probe spastin function in such dynamic cellular processes. To design a chemical inhibitor of spastin, we tested selected heterocyclic scaffolds against wild-type protein and constructs with engineered mutations in the nucleotide-binding site that do not substantially disrupt ATPase activity. These data, along with computational docking, guided improvements in compound potency and selectivity and led to spastazoline, a pyrazolyl-pyrrolopyrimidine-based cell-permeable probe for spastin. These studies also identified spastazoline-resistance-conferring point mutations in spastin. Spastazoline, along with the matched inhibitor-sensitive and inhibitor-resistant cell lines we generated, were used in parallel experiments to dissect spastin-specific phenotypes in dividing cells. Together, our findings suggest how chemical probes for AAA proteins, along with inhibitor resistance-conferring mutations, can be designed and used to dissect dynamic cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cupido
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rudolf Pisa
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD program in Chemical Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan E Kelley
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Pisa R, Cupido T, Kapoor TM. Designing Allele-Specific Inhibitors of Spastin, a Microtubule-Severing AAA Protein. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5602-5606. [PMID: 30875216 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The bump-hole approach is a powerful chemical biology strategy to specifically probe the functions of closely related proteins. However, for many protein families, such as the ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA), we lack structural data for inhibitor-protein complexes to design allele-specific chemical probes. Here we report the X-ray structure of a pyrazolylaminoquinazoline-based inhibitor bound to spastin, a microtubule-severing AAA protein, and characterize the residues involved in inhibitor binding. We show that an inhibitor analogue with a single-atom hydrogen-to-fluorine modification can selectively target a spastin allele with an engineered cysteine mutation in its active site. We also report an X-ray structure of the fluoro analogue bound to the spastin mutant. Furthermore, analyses of other mutant alleles suggest how the stereoelectronics of the fluorine-cysteine interaction, rather than sterics alone, contribute to the inhibitor-allele selectivity. This approach could be used to design allele-specific probes for studying cellular functions of spastin isoforms. Our data also suggest how tuning stereoelectronics can lead to specific inhibitor-allele pairs for the AAA superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Pisa
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology , The Rockefeller University , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Tommaso Cupido
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology , The Rockefeller University , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology , The Rockefeller University , New York , New York 10065 , United States
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8
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McNally FJ, Roll-Mecak A. Microtubule-severing enzymes: From cellular functions to molecular mechanism. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4057-4069. [PMID: 30373906 PMCID: PMC6279391 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
McNally and Roll-Mecak review the molecular mechanism of microtubule-severing enzymes and their diverse roles in processes ranging from cell division to ciliogensis and morphogenesis. Microtubule-severing enzymes generate internal breaks in microtubules. They are conserved in eukaryotes from ciliates to mammals, and their function is important in diverse cellular processes ranging from cilia biogenesis to cell division, phototropism, and neurogenesis. Their mutation leads to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. All three known microtubule-severing enzymes, katanin, spastin, and fidgetin, are members of the meiotic subfamily of AAA ATPases that also includes VPS4, which disassembles ESCRTIII polymers. Despite their conservation and importance to cell physiology, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of microtubule-severing enzymes are not well understood. Here we review a subset of cellular processes that require microtubule-severing enzymes as well as recent advances in understanding their structure, biophysical mechanism, and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J McNally
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD .,Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
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9
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Ji Z, Zhang G, Chen L, Li J, Yang Y, Cha C, Zhang J, Lin H, Guo G. Spastin Interacts with CRMP5 to Promote Neurite Outgrowth by Controlling the Microtubule Dynamics. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:1191-1205. [PMID: 30257070 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changing the microtubule dynamics is sufficient to alter the axon and dendrite specification and development. Spastin participates in the growth and regeneration of neurites by severing microtubules into small segments, and collapsin response mediator protein 5 (CRMP5) provides structural support and serves as a track for cargo transport by promoting microtubule polymerization. Nevertheless, how spastin and CRMP5 cooperate to regulate neurite outgrowth by controlling the microtubule dynamics needs to be elucidated. In our present study, spastin interacted with CRMP5 in vitro and in vivo. The binding domains for the spastin and CRMP5 interaction were the N-terminal fragment of spastin (residues 270-328) and the C-terminal fragment of CRMP5 (residues 472-564). Spastin and its truncation mutants, including the microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) and ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA) domain, were necessary for the severing of microtubules. Furthermore, we demonstrated that microtubule polymerization of CRMP5 interfered with the microtubule-severing function of spastin. Knocking down either spastin or CRMP5 inhibited neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons. However, co-transfected spastin and CRMP5 promoted the outgrowth of neurites including dendrites and axons. Taken together, our data support a model in which the spastin interaction with CRMP5 promotes neurite outgrowth by controlling the microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caihui Cha
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Fan X, Lin Z, Fan G, Lu J, Hou Y, Habai G, Sun L, Yu P, Shen Y, Wen M, Wang C. The AAA protein spastin possesses two levels of basal ATPase activity. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1625-1633. [PMID: 29710391 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The AAA ATPase spastin is a microtubule-severing enzyme that plays important roles in various cellular events including axon regeneration. Herein, we found that the basal ATPase activity of spastin is negatively regulated by spastin concentration. By determining a spastin crystal structure, we demonstrate the necessity of intersubunit interactions between spastin AAA domains. Neutralization of the positive charges in the microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) of spastin dramatically decreases the ATPase activity at low concentration, although the ATP-hydrolyzing potential is not affected. These results demonstrate that, in addition to the AAA domain, the MTBD region of spastin is also involved in regulating ATPase activity, making interactions between spastin protomers more complicated than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Fan
- Institute of Protein Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanghui Fan
- Institute of Protein Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongfei Hou
- Institute of Protein Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gulijiazi Habai
- Institute of Protein Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyue Sun
- Institute of Protein Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengpeng Yu
- Institute of Protein Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuequan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Maorong Wen
- Institute of Protein Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunguang Wang
- Institute of Protein Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Nithianantham S, McNally FJ, Al-Bassam J. Structural basis for disassembly of katanin heterododecamers. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10590-10605. [PMID: 29752405 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The reorganization of microtubules in mitosis, meiosis, and development requires the microtubule-severing activity of katanin. Katanin is a heterodimer composed of an ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA) subunit and a regulatory subunit. Microtubule severing requires ATP hydrolysis by katanin's conserved AAA ATPase domains. Whereas other AAA ATPases form stable hexamers, we show that katanin forms only a monomer or dimers of heterodimers in solution. Katanin oligomers consistent with hexamers of heterodimers or heterododecamers were only observed for an ATP hydrolysis-deficient mutant in the presence of ATP. X-ray structures of katanin's AAA ATPase in monomeric nucleotide-free and pseudo-oligomeric ADP-bound states revealed conformational changes in the AAA subdomains that explained the structural basis for the instability of the katanin heterododecamer. We propose that the rapid dissociation of katanin AAA oligomers may lead to an autoinhibited state that prevents inappropriate microtubule severing or that cyclical disassembly into heterodimers may critically contribute to the microtubule-severing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Nithianantham
- From the Department of Molecular Cellular Biology University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Francis J McNally
- From the Department of Molecular Cellular Biology University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- From the Department of Molecular Cellular Biology University of California, Davis, California 95616
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12
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Katanin spiral and ring structures shed light on power stroke for microtubule severing. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:717-725. [PMID: 28783150 PMCID: PMC7152510 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-severing enzymes katanin, spastin and fidgetin are AAA ATPases important for the biogenesis and maintenance of complex microtubule arrays in axons, spindles and cilia. Because of a lack of known 3D structures for these enzymes, their mechanism of action has remained poorly understood. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of the monomeric AAA katanin module from Caenorhabditis elegans and cryo-EM reconstructions of the hexamer in two conformations. The structures reveal an unexpected asymmetric arrangement of the AAA domains mediated by structural elements unique to microtubule-severing enzymes and critical for their function. The reconstructions show that katanin cycles between open spiral and closed ring conformations, depending on the ATP occupancy of a gating protomer that tenses or relaxes interprotomer interfaces. Cycling of the hexamer between these conformations would provide the power stroke for microtubule severing.
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13
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Ye Q, Kim DH, Dereli I, Rosenberg SC, Hagemann G, Herzog F, Tóth A, Cleveland DW, Corbett KD. The AAA+ ATPase TRIP13 remodels HORMA domains through N-terminal engagement and unfolding. EMBO J 2017; 36:2419-2434. [PMID: 28659378 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the conserved HORMA domain family, including the spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2 and the meiotic HORMADs, assemble into signaling complexes by binding short peptides termed "closure motifs". The AAA+ ATPase TRIP13 regulates both MAD2 and meiotic HORMADs by disassembling these HORMA domain-closure motif complexes, but its mechanisms of substrate recognition and remodeling are unknown. Here, we combine X-ray crystallography and crosslinking mass spectrometry to outline how TRIP13 recognizes MAD2 with the help of the adapter protein p31comet We show that p31comet binding to the TRIP13 N-terminal domain positions the disordered MAD2 N-terminus for engagement by the TRIP13 "pore loops", which then unfold MAD2 in the presence of ATP N-terminal truncation of MAD2 renders it refractory to TRIP13 action in vitro, and in cells causes spindle assembly checkpoint defects consistent with loss of TRIP13 function. Similar truncation of HORMAD1 in mouse spermatocytes compromises its TRIP13-mediated removal from meiotic chromosomes, highlighting a conserved mechanism for recognition and disassembly of HORMA domain-closure motif complexes by TRIP13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Ye
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ihsan Dereli
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine at the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Scott C Rosenberg
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Goetz Hagemann
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Tóth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine at the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA, USA .,Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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14
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Connell JW, Allison R, Reid E. Quantitative Gait Analysis Using a Motorized Treadmill System Sensitively Detects Motor Abnormalities in Mice Expressing ATPase Defective Spastin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152413. [PMID: 27019090 PMCID: PMC4809716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are genetic conditions in which there is progressive axonal degeneration in the corticospinal tract. Autosomal dominant mutations, including nonsense, frameshift and missense changes, in the gene encoding the microtubule severing ATPase spastin are the most common cause of HSP in North America and northern Europe. In this study we report quantitative gait analysis using a motorized treadmill system, carried out on mice knocked-in for a disease-associated mutation affecting a critical residue in the Walker A motif of the spastin ATPase domain. At 4 months and at one year of age homozygous mutant mice had a number of abnormal gait parameters, including in stride length and stride duration, compared to heterozygous and wild-type littermates. Gait parameters in heterozygous animals did not differ from wild-type littermates. We conclude that quantitative gait analysis using the DigiGait system sensitively detects motor abnormalities in a hereditary spastic paraplegia model, and would be a useful method for analyzing the effects of pharmacological treatments for HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Connell
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Allison
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Evan Reid
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Monroe N, Hill CP. Meiotic Clade AAA ATPases: Protein Polymer Disassembly Machines. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:1897-911. [PMID: 26555750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic clade AAA ATPases (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities), which were initially grouped on the basis of phylogenetic classification of their AAA ATPase cassette, include four relatively well characterized family members, Vps4, spastin, katanin and fidgetin. These enzymes all function to disassemble specific polymeric protein structures, with Vps4 disassembling the ESCRT-III polymers that are central to the many membrane-remodeling activities of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) pathway and spastin, katanin p60 and fidgetin affecting multiple aspects of cellular dynamics by severing microtubules. They share a common domain architecture that features an N-terminal MIT (microtubule interacting and trafficking) domain followed by a single AAA ATPase cassette. Meiotic clade AAA ATPases function as hexamers that can cycle between the active assembly and inactive monomers/dimers in a regulated process, and they appear to disassemble their polymeric substrates by translocating subunits through the central pore of their hexameric ring. Recent studies with Vps4 have shown that nucleotide-induced asymmetry is a requirement for substrate binding to the pore loops and that recruitment to the protein lattice via MIT domains also relieves autoinhibition and primes the AAA ATPase cassettes for substrate binding. The most striking, unifying feature of meiotic clade AAA ATPases may be their MIT domain, which is a module that is found in a wide variety of proteins that localize to ESCRT-III polymers. Spastin also displays an adjacent microtubule binding sequence, and the presence of both ESCRT-III and microtubule binding elements may underlie the recent findings that the ESCRT-III disassembly function of Vps4 and the microtubule-severing function of spastin, as well as potentially katanin and fidgetin, are highly coordinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Monroe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, USA
| | - Christopher P Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, USA.
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16
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Grode KD, Rogers SL. The non-catalytic domains of Drosophila katanin regulate its abundance and microtubule-disassembly activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123912. [PMID: 25886649 PMCID: PMC4401518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule severing is a biochemical reaction that generates an internal break in a microtubule and regulation of microtubule severing is critical for cellular processes such as ciliogenesis, morphogenesis, and meiosis and mitosis. Katanin is a conserved heterodimeric ATPase that severs and disassembles microtubules, but the molecular determinants for regulation of microtubule severing by katanin remain poorly defined. Here we show that the non-catalytic domains of Drosophila katanin regulate its abundance and activity in living cells. Our data indicate that the microtubule-interacting and trafficking (MIT) domain and adjacent linker region of the Drosophila katanin catalytic subunit Kat60 cooperate to regulate microtubule severing in two distinct ways. First, the MIT domain and linker region of Kat60 decrease its abundance by enhancing its proteasome-dependent degradation. The Drosophila katanin regulatory subunit Kat80, which is required to stabilize Kat60 in cells, conversely reduces the proteasome-dependent degradation of Kat60. Second, the MIT domain and linker region of Kat60 augment its microtubule-disassembly activity by enhancing its association with microtubules. On the basis of our data, we propose that the non-catalytic domains of Drosophila katanin serve as the principal sites of integration of regulatory inputs, thereby controlling its ability to sever and disassemble microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Grode
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Rogers
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Peng W, Lin Z, Li W, Lu J, Shen Y, Wang C. Structural insights into the unusually strong ATPase activity of the AAA domain of the Caenorhabditis elegans fidgetin-like 1 (FIGL-1) protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29305-12. [PMID: 23979136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.502559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The FIGL-1 (fidgetin like-1) protein is a homolog of fidgetin, a protein whose mutation leads to multiple developmental defects. The FIGL-1 protein contains an AAA (ATPase associated with various activities) domain and belongs to the AAA superfamily. However, the biological functions and developmental implications of this protein remain unknown. Here, we show that the AAA domain of the Caenorhabditis elegans FIGL-1 protein (CeFIGL-1-AAA), in clear contrast to homologous AAA domains, has an unusually high ATPase activity and forms a hexamer in solution. By determining the crystal structure of CeFIGL-1-AAA, we found that the loop linking helices α9 and α10 folds into the short helix α9a, which has an acidic surface and interacts with a positively charged surface of the neighboring subunit. Disruption of this charge interaction by mutagenesis diminishes both the ATPase activity and oligomerization capacity of the protein. Interestingly, the acidic residues in helix α9a of CeFIGL-1-AAA are not conserved in other homologous AAA domains that have relatively low ATPase activities. These results demonstrate that the sequence of CeFIGL-1-AAA has adapted to establish an intersubunit charge interaction, which contributes to its strong oligomerization and ATPase activity. These unique properties of CeFIGL-1-AAA distinguish it from other homologous proteins, suggesting that CeFIGL-1 may have a distinct biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Peng
- From the Institute of Protein Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092 and
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18
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Wen M, Wang C. The nucleotide cycle of spastin correlates with its microtubule-binding properties. FEBS J 2013; 280:3868-77. [PMID: 23745751 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spastin is an AAA (ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities) protein with microtubule (MT)-severing activity. The spastin-encoding gene was identified as the most often mutated gene in the human neurodegenerative disease hereditary spastic paraplegia. Although the structure of the AAA domain of spastin has been determined, the mechanism by which spastin severs MTs remains elusive. Here, we studied the MT-binding and nucleotide-binding properties of spastin, as well as their interplay. The results suggest that ATP-bound spastin interacts strongly and cooperatively with MTs; this interaction stimulates ATP hydrolysis by spastin. After ATP hydrolysis, spastin dissociates from MTs, and then exchanges ADP for ATP in solution for the next round of work. In particular, spastin in the ternary complex of MT-spastin-ATP is the most cooperative state during the working cycle, and is probably the force-generating state that is responsible for MT severing. The results presented in this study establish the nucleotide cycle of spastin in correlation with its MT-binding properties, and provide a biochemical framework for further studies of the working mechanism of spastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Wen
- Institute of Protein Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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