1
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Ruiz-Agudo C, Cölfen H. Exploring the Potential of Nonclassical Crystallization Pathways to Advance Cementitious Materials. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7538-7618. [PMID: 38874016 PMCID: PMC11212030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the crystallization of cement-binding phases, from basic units to macroscopic structures, can enhance cement performance, reduce clinker use, and lower CO2 emissions in the construction sector. This review examines the crystallization pathways of C-S-H (the main phase in PC cement) and other alternative binding phases, particularly as cement formulations evolve toward increasing SCMs and alternative binders as clinker replacements. We adopt a nonclassical crystallization perspective, which recognizes the existence of critical intermediate steps between ions in solution and the final crystalline phases, such as solute ion associates, dense liquid phases, amorphous intermediates, and nanoparticles. These multistep pathways uncover innovative strategies for controlling the crystallization of binding phases through additive use, potentially leading to highly optimized cement matrices. An outstanding example of additive-controlled crystallization in cementitious materials is the synthetically produced mesocrystalline C-S-H, renowned for its remarkable flexural strength. This highly ordered microstructure, which intercalates soft matter between inorganic and brittle C-S-H, was obtained by controlling the assembly of individual C-S-H subunits. While large-scale production of cementitious materials by a bottom-up self-assembly method is not yet feasible, the fundamental insights into the crystallization mechanism of cement binding phases presented here provide a foundation for developing advanced cement-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruiz-Agudo
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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2
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de Beer M, Daviran D, Roverts R, Rutten L, Macías-Sánchez E, Metz JR, Sommerdijk N, Akiva A. Precise targeting for 3D cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy volume imaging of tissues using a FinderTOP. Commun Biol 2023; 6:510. [PMID: 37169904 PMCID: PMC10175257 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy (cryoCLEM) is a powerful strategy to high resolution imaging in the unperturbed hydrated state. In this approach fluorescence microscopy aids localizing the area of interest, and cryogenic focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (cryoFIB/SEM) allows preparation of thin cryo-lamellae for cryoET. However, the current method cannot be accurately applied on bulky (3D) samples such as tissues and organoids. 3D cryo-correlative imaging of large volumes is needed to close the resolution gap between cryo-light microscopy and cryoET, placing sub-nanometer observations in a larger biological context. Currently technological hurdles render 3D cryoCLEM an unexplored approach. Here we demonstrate a cryoCLEM workflow for tissues, correlating cryo-Airyscan confocal microscopy with 3D cryoFIB/SEM volume imaging. Accurate correlation is achieved by imprinting a FinderTOP pattern in the sample surface during high pressure freezing, and allows precise targeting for cryoFIB/SEM volume imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit de Beer
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Deniz Daviran
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rona Roverts
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luco Rutten
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Macías-Sánchez
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Stratigraphy and Paleontology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juriaan R Metz
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Sommerdijk
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anat Akiva
- Electron Microscopy Center, Radboud Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Descoteaux AE, Zuch DT, Bradham CA. Polychrome labeling reveals skeletal triradiate and elongation dynamics and abnormalities in patterning cue-perturbed embryos. Dev Biol 2023; 498:1-13. [PMID: 36948411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The larval skeleton of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus is an ideal model system for studying skeletal patterning; however, our understanding of the etiology of skeletal patterning in sea urchin larvae is limited due to the lack of approaches to live-image skeleton formation. Calcium-binding fluorochromes have been used to study the temporal dynamics of bone growth and healing. To date, only calcein green has been used in sea urchin larvae to fluorescently label the larval skeleton. Here, we optimize labeling protocols for two additional calcium-binding fluorochromes: xylenol orange and calcein blue- and demonstrate that these fluorochromes can be used individually or in nested pulse-chase experiments to understand the temporal dynamics of skeletogenesis and patterning. Using a pulse-chase approach, we show that the initiation of skeletogenesis begins around 15 h post fertilization. We also assess the timing of triradiate formation in embryos treated with a range of patterning perturbagens and demonstrate that triradiate formation is delayed and asynchronous in embryos ventralized via treatment with either nickel or chlorate. Finally, we measure the extent of fluorochrome incorporation in triple-labeled embryos to determine the elongation rate of numerous skeletal elements throughout early skeletal patterning and compare this to the rate of skeletal growth in embryos treated with axitinib to inhibit VEGFR. We find that skeletal elements elongate much more slowly in axitinib-treated embryos, and that axitinib treatment is sufficient to induce abnormal orientation of the triradiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Descoteaux
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States; Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States; Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - Daniel T Zuch
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States; Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - Cynthia A Bradham
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States; Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States; Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States; Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States.
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4
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Colon S, Paige A, Bolarinho R, Young H, Gerdon AE. Secondary Structure of DNA Aptamer Influences Biomimetic Mineralization of Calcium Carbonate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6274-6282. [PMID: 36715729 PMCID: PMC9924263 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium materials, such as calcium carbonate, are produced in natural and industrial settings that range from oceanic to biomedical. An array of biological and biomimetic template molecules have been employed in controlling and understanding the mineralization reaction but have largely focused on small molecule additives or disordered polyelectrolytes. DNA aptamers are synthetic and programmable biomolecules with polyelectrolyte characteristics but with predictable and controllable secondary structure akin to native extracellular moieties. This work demonstrates for the first time the influence of DNA aptamers with known G-quadruplex structures on calcium carbonate mineralization. Aptamers demonstrate kinetic inhibition of mineral formation, sequence and pH-dependent uptake into the mineral, and morphological control of the primarily calcite material in controlled solution conditions. In reactions initiated from the complex matrix of ocean water, DNA aptamers demonstrated enhancement of mineralization kinetics and resulting amorphous material. This work provides new biomimetic tools to employ in controlled mineralization and demonstrates the influence that template secondary structure can have in material formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rylie Bolarinho
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics, Emmanuel College, 400 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hailey Young
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics, Emmanuel College, 400 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aren E Gerdon
- Department of Chemistry and
Physics, Emmanuel College, 400 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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5
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Zito F, Bonaventura R, Costa C, Russo R. Carbonic anhydrases in development: morphological observations and gene expression profiling in sea urchin embryos exposed to acetazolamide. Open Biol 2023; 13:220254. [PMID: 36597694 PMCID: PMC9811153 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CANs) are conserved metalloenzymes catalysing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide into protons and bicarbonate, with important roles in cells physiology. Some CAN-coding genes were found in sea urchin genome, although only one involved in embryonic skeletogenesis was described in Paracentrotus lividus. Here, we investigated gene expression patterns of P. lividus embryos cultured in the presence of acetazolamide (AZ), a CAN inhibitor, to combine morphological defects with their molecular underpinning. CAN inhibition blocked skeletogenesis, affected the spatial/temporal expression of some biomineralization-related genes, inhibited embryos swimming. A comparative analysis on the expression of 127 genes in control and 3 h/24 h AZ-treated embryos, using NanoString technology, showed the differential expression of genes encoding for structural/regulatory proteins, with different embryonic roles: biomineralization, transcriptional regulation, signalling, development and defence response. The study of the differentially expressed genes and the signalling pathways affected, besides in silico analyses and a speculative 'interactomic model', leads to predicting the presence of various CAN isoforms, possibly involved in different physiological processes/activities in sea urchin embryo, and their potential target genes/proteins. Our findings provide new valuable molecular data for further studies in several biological fields: developmental biology (biomineralization, axes patterning), cell differentiation (neural development) and drug toxicology (AZ effects on embryos/tissues).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zito
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Rosa Bonaventura
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Caterina Costa
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Roberta Russo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo 90146, Italy
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6
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Kahil K, Kaplan-Ashiri I, Wolf SG, Rechav K, Weiner S, Addadi L. Elemental compositions of sea urchin larval cell vesicles evaluated by cryo-STEM-EDS and cryo-SEM-EDS. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:482-490. [PMID: 36375785 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
During spicule formation in sea urchin larvae, calcium ions translocate within the primary mesenchymal cells (PMCs) from endocytosed seawater vacuoles to various organelles and vesicles where they accumulate, and subsequently precipitate. During this process, calcium ions are concentrated by more than three orders of magnitude, while other abundant ions (Na, Mg) must be removed. To obtain information about the overall ion composition in the vesicles, we used quantitative cryo-SEM-EDS and cryo-STEM-EDS analyzes. For cryo-STEM-EDS, thin (500 nm) frozen hydrated lamellae of PMCs were fabricated using cryo-focused ion beam-SEM. The lamellae were then loaded into a cryo-TEM, imaged and the ion composition of electron dense bodies was measured. Analyzes performed on 18 Ca-rich particles/particle clusters from 6 cells contained Ca, Na, Mg, S and P in different ratios. Surprisingly, all the Ca-rich particles contained P in amounts up to almost 1:1 of Ca. These cryo-STEM-EDS results were qualitatively confirmed by cryo-SEM-EDS analyzes of 310 vesicles, performed on high pressure frozen and cryo-planed samples. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the two techniques, and their potential applicability, especially to study ion transport pathways and ion trafficking in cells involved in mineralization. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The 'inorganic side of life', encompassing ion trafficking and ion storage in soft tissues of organisms, is a generally overlooked problem. Addressing such a problem becomes possible through the application of innovative techniques, performed in cryogenic conditions, which preserve the tissues in quasi-physiological state. We developed here a set of analytical tools, cryo-SEM-EDS, and cryo-STEM-EDS, which allow reconstructing the ion composition inside vesicles in sea urchin larval cells, on their way to deposit mineral in the skeletons. The techniques are complex, and we evaluate here the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. The methodologies that we are developing here can be applied to other cells and other pathways as well, eventually leading to quantitative elemental analyzes of tissues under cryogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Kahil
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ifat Kaplan-Ashiri
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sharon G Wolf
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Katya Rechav
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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7
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Amor M, Faivre D, Corvisier J, Tharaud M, Busigny V, Komeili A, Guyot F. Defining Local Chemical Conditions in Magnetosomes of Magnetotactic Bacteria. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2677-2687. [PMID: 35362974 PMCID: PMC9098202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Defining chemical properties of intracellular organelles is necessary to determine their function(s) as well as understand and mimic the reactions they host. However, the small size of bacterial and archaeal microorganisms often prevents defining local intracellular chemical conditions in a similar way to what has been established for eukaryotic organelles. This work proposes to use magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals contained in magnetosome organelles of magnetotactic bacteria as reporters of elemental composition, pH, and redox potential of a hypothetical environment at the site of formation of intracellular magnetite. This methodology requires combining recent single-cell mass spectrometry measurements together with elemental composition of magnetite in trace and minor elements. It enables a quantitative characterization of chemical disequilibria of 30 chemical elements between the intracellular and external media of magnetotactic bacteria, revealing strong transfers of elements with active influx or efflux processes that translate into elemental accumulation (Mo, Se, and Sn) or depletion (Sr and Bi) in the bacterial internal medium of up to seven orders of magnitude relative to the extracellular medium. Using this concept, we show that chemical conditions in magnetosomes are compatible with a pH of 7.5-9.5 and a redox potential of -0.25 to -0.6 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Amor
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102, United States
| | - Damien Faivre
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Jérôme Corvisier
- Mines ParisTech, PSL Research University, Centre de Géosciences, 35 rue Saint Honoré, Fontainebleau Cedex 77305, France
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Vincent Busigny
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris F-75005, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75005, France
| | - Arash Komeili
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, United States
| | - François Guyot
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7590 CNRS, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
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8
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Winter MR, Morgulis M, Gildor T, Cohen AR, Ben-Tabou de-Leon S. Calcium-vesicles perform active diffusion in the sea urchin embryo during larval biomineralization. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008780. [PMID: 33617532 PMCID: PMC7932551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms use minerals to harden their tissues and provide them with physical support. Biomineralizing cells concentrate the mineral in vesicles that they secret into a dedicated compartment where crystallization occurs. The dynamics of vesicle motion and the molecular mechanisms that control it, are not well understood. Sea urchin larval skeletogenesis provides an excellent platform for investigating the kinetics of mineral-bearing vesicles. Here we used lattice light-sheet microscopy to study the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of calcium-bearing vesicles in the cells of normal sea urchin embryos and of embryos where skeletogenesis is blocked through the inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR). We developed computational tools for displaying 3D-volumetric movies and for automatically quantifying vesicle dynamics. Our findings imply that calcium vesicles perform an active diffusion motion in both, calcifying (skeletogenic) and non-calcifying (ectodermal) cells of the embryo. The diffusion coefficient and vesicle speed are larger in the mesenchymal skeletogenic cells compared to the epithelial ectodermal cells. These differences are possibly due to the distinct mechanical properties of the two tissues, demonstrated by the enhanced f-actin accumulation and myosinII activity in the ectodermal cells compared to the skeletogenic cells. Vesicle motion is not directed toward the biomineralization compartment, but the vesicles slow down when they approach it, and probably bind for mineral deposition. VEGFR inhibition leads to an increase of vesicle volume but hardly changes vesicle kinetics and doesn’t affect f-actin accumulation and myosinII activity. Thus, calcium vesicles perform an active diffusion motion in the cells of the sea urchin embryo, with diffusion length and speed that inversely correlate with the strength of the actomyosin network. Overall, our studies provide an unprecedented view of calcium vesicle 3D-dynamics and point toward cytoskeleton remodeling as an important effector of the motion of mineral-bearing vesicles. Biomineralization is a widespread, fundamental process by which organisms use minerals to harden their tissues. Mineral-bearing vesicles were observed in biomineralizing cells and play an essential role in biomineralization, yet little is known about their three-dimensional (3D) dynamics. Here we quantify 3D-vesicle-dynamics during calcite skeleton formation in sea urchin larvae, using lattice-light-sheet microscopy. We discover that calcium vesicles perform a diffusive motion in both calcifying and non-calcifying cells of the embryo. The diffusion coefficient and vesicle speed are higher in the mesenchymal skeletogenic cells compared to the epithelial ectodermal cells. This difference is possibly due to the higher rigidity of the ectodermal cells as demonstrated by the enhanced signal of f-actin and myosinII activity in these cells compared to the skeletogenic cells. The motion of the vesicles in the skeletogenic cells, is not directed toward the biomineralization compartment but the vesicles slow down near it, possibly to deposit their content. Blocking skeletogenesis through the inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR), increases vesicle volume but doesn’t change the diffusion mode and the cytoskeleton markers in the cells. Our studies reveal the active diffusive motion of mineral bearing vesicles that is apparently defined by the mechanical properties of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Winter
- Marine Biology Department, Charney School of Marine Sciences, the University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail: (MRW); (SBD)
| | - Miri Morgulis
- Marine Biology Department, Charney School of Marine Sciences, the University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tsvia Gildor
- Marine Biology Department, Charney School of Marine Sciences, the University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andrew R. Cohen
- Dept of Electrical Engineering, Drexel University, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
- Marine Biology Department, Charney School of Marine Sciences, the University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail: (MRW); (SBD)
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9
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Morgulis M, Winter MR, Shternhell L, Gildor T, Ben-Tabou de-Leon S. VEGF signaling activates the matrix metalloproteinases, MmpL7 and MmpL5 at the sites of active skeletal growth and MmpL7 regulates skeletal elongation. Dev Biol 2021; 473:80-89. [PMID: 33577829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organisms can uptake minerals, shape them in different forms and generate teeth, skeletons or shells that support and protect them. Mineral uptake, trafficking and nucleation are tightly regulated by the biomineralizing cells through networks of specialized proteins. Specifically, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) digest various extracellular substrates and allow for mineralization in the vertebrates' teeth and bones, but little is known about their role in invertebrates' systems. The sea urchin embryo provides an excellent invertebrate model for genetic and molecular studies of biomineralization. MMP inhibition prevents the growth of the calcite spicules of the sea urchin larval skeleton, however, the molecular mechanisms and genes that underlie this response are not well understood. Here we study the spatial expression and regulation of two membrane type MMPs that were found to be occluded in the sea urchin spicules, Pl-MmpL7 and Pl-MmpL5, and investigate the function of Pl-MmpL7 in skeletogenesis. The inhibition of MMPs does not change the volume of the calcium vesicles in the skeletogenic cells. The expression of Pl-MmpL7 and Pl-MmpL5 is regulated by the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling, from the time of skeleton initiation and on. The expression of these genes is localized to the subsets of skeletogenic cells where active spicule growth occurs throughout skeletogenesis. Downregulation of Pl-MmpL7 expression delays the growth of the skeletal rods and in some cases, strongly perturbs skeletal shape. The localized expression of Pl-MmpL7 and Pl-MmpL5 to the active growth zone and the effect of Pl-MmpL7 perturbations on skeletal growth, suggest that these genes are essential for normal spicule elongation in the sea urchin embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Morgulis
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Mark R Winter
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Ligal Shternhell
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Tsvia Gildor
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel.
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10
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Vidavsky N, Kunitake JAMR, Estroff LA. Multiple Pathways for Pathological Calcification in the Human Body. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001271. [PMID: 33274854 PMCID: PMC8724004 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization of skeletal components (e.g., bone and teeth) is generally accepted to occur under strict cellular regulation, leading to mineral-organic composites with hierarchical structures and properties optimized for their designated function. Such cellular regulation includes promoting mineralization at desired sites as well as inhibiting mineralization in soft tissues and other undesirable locations. In contrast, pathological mineralization, with potentially harmful health effects, can occur as a result of tissue or metabolic abnormalities, disease, or implantation of certain biomaterials. This progress report defines mineralization pathway components and identifies the commonalities (and differences) between physiological (e.g., bone remodeling) and pathological calcification formation pathways, based, in part, upon the extent of cellular control within the system. These concepts are discussed in representative examples of calcium phosphate-based pathological mineralization in cancer (breast, thyroid, ovarian, and meningioma) and in cardiovascular disease. In-depth mechanistic understanding of pathological mineralization requires utilizing state-of-the-art materials science imaging and characterization techniques, focusing not only on the final deposits, but also on the earlier stages of crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation. Such mechanistic understanding will further enable the use of pathological calcifications in diagnosis and prognosis, as well as possibly provide insights into preventative treatments for detrimental mineralization in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Vidavsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Jennie A M R Kunitake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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11
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Kahil K, Varsano N, Sorrentino A, Pereiro E, Rez P, Weiner S, Addadi L. Cellular pathways of calcium transport and concentration toward mineral formation in sea urchin larvae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30957-30965. [PMID: 33229583 PMCID: PMC7733801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918195117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea urchin larvae have an endoskeleton consisting of two calcitic spicules. The primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) are the cells that are responsible for spicule formation. PMCs endocytose sea water from the larval internal body cavity into a network of vacuoles and vesicles, where calcium ions are concentrated until they precipitate in the form of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). The mineral is subsequently transferred to the syncytium, where the spicule forms. Using cryo-soft X-ray microscopy we imaged intracellular calcium-containing particles in the PMCs and acquired Ca-L2,3 X-ray absorption near-edge spectra of these Ca-rich particles. Using the prepeak/main peak (L2'/ L2) intensity ratio, which reflects the atomic order in the first Ca coordination shell, we determined the state of the calcium ions in each particle. The concentration of Ca in each of the particles was also determined by the integrated area in the main Ca absorption peak. We observed about 700 Ca-rich particles with order parameters, L2'/ L2, ranging from solution to hydrated and anhydrous ACC, and with concentrations ranging between 1 and 15 M. We conclude that in each cell the calcium ions exist in a continuum of states. This implies that most, but not all, water is expelled from the particles. This cellular process of calcium concentration may represent a widespread pathway in mineralizing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Kahil
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Varsano
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Pereiro
- MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Rez
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel;
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12
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Zhu Y, Sun D, Schertel A, Ning J, Fu X, Gwo PP, Watson AM, Zanetti-Domingues LC, Martin-Fernandez ML, Freyberg Z, Zhang P. Serial cryoFIB/SEM Reveals Cytoarchitectural Disruptions in Leigh Syndrome Patient Cells. Structure 2020; 29:82-87.e3. [PMID: 33096015 PMCID: PMC7802768 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of serial cryoFIB/SEM offers an opportunity to study large volumes of near-native, fully hydrated frozen cells and tissues at voxel sizes of 10 nm and below. We explored this capability for pathologic characterization of vitrified human patient cells by developing and optimizing a serial cryoFIB/SEM volume imaging workflow. We demonstrate profound disruption of subcellular architecture in primary fibroblasts from a Leigh syndrome patient harboring a disease-causing mutation in USMG5 protein responsible for impaired mitochondrial energy production. Developed and optimized a serial cryoFIB/SEM volume imaging workflow Visualized the 3D structure of an entire cell under native conditions Revealed a disruption of cellular structures in primary LS patient fibroblasts Demonstrated the potential for clinical phenotyping of pathogenic tissues
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dapeng Sun
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Andreas Schertel
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Zeiss Customer Center Europe, Carl-Zeiss-Strassee 22, 73447 Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Jiying Ning
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Fu
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Pam Pam Gwo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alan M Watson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Laura C Zanetti-Domingues
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Marisa L Martin-Fernandez
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
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13
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Stapane L, Le Roy N, Ezagal J, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Labas V, Combes-Soia L, Hincke MT, Gautron J. Avian eggshell formation reveals a new paradigm for vertebrate mineralization via vesicular amorphous calcium carbonate. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15853-15869. [PMID: 32816992 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is an unstable mineral phase, which is progressively transformed into aragonite or calcite in biomineralization of marine invertebrate shells or avian eggshells, respectively. We have previously proposed a model of vesicular transport to provide stabilized ACC in chicken uterine fluid where eggshell mineralization takes place. Herein, we report further experimental support for this model. We confirmed the presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) using transmission EM and showed high levels of mRNA of vesicular markers in the oviduct segments where eggshell mineralization occurs. We also demonstrate that EVs contain ACC in uterine fluid using spectroscopic analysis. Moreover, proteomics and immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of major vesicular, mineralization-specific and eggshell matrix proteins in the uterus and in purified EVs. We propose a comprehensive role for EVs in eggshell mineralization, in which annexins transfer calcium into vesicles and carbonic anhydrase 4 catalyzes the formation of bicarbonate ions (HCO[Formula: see text]), for accumulation of ACC in vesicles. We hypothesize that ACC is stabilized by ovalbumin and/or lysozyme or additional vesicle proteins identified in this study. Finally, EDIL3 and MFGE8 are proposed to serve as guidance molecules to target EVs to the mineralization site. We therefore report for the first-time experimental evidence for the components of vesicular transport to supply ACC in a vertebrate model of biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacky Ezagal
- BOA INRAe, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Valérie Labas
- Unité Mixte de Recherches Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Lucie Combes-Soia
- Unité Mixte de Recherches Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Maxwell T Hincke
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Joël Gautron
- BOA INRAe, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France.
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14
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Ben Shir I, Kababya S, Zax DB, Schmidt A. Resilient Intracrystalline Occlusions: A Solid-State NMR View of Local Structure as It Tunes Bulk Lattice Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13743-13755. [PMID: 32689791 PMCID: PMC7586327 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In many marine organisms, biomineralization-the crystallization of calcium-based ionic lattices-demonstrates how regulated processes optimize for diverse functions, often via incorporation of agents from the precipitation medium. We study a model system consisting of l-aspartic acid (Asp) which when added to the precipitation solution of calcium carbonate crystallizes the thermodynamically disfavored polymorph vaterite. Though vaterite is at best only kinetically stable, that stability is tunable, as vaterite grown with Asp at high concentration is both thermally and temporally stable, while vaterite grown at 10-fold lower Asp concentration, yet 2-fold less in the crystal, spontaneously transforms to calcite. Solid-state NMR shows that Asp is sparsely occluded within vaterite and calcite. CP-REDOR NMR reveals that each Asp is embedded in a perturbed occlusion shell of ∼8 disordered carbonates which bridge to the bulk. In both the as-deposited vaterites and the evolved calcite, the perturbed shell contains two sets of carbonate species distinguished by their proximity to the amine and identifiable based on 13C chemical shifts. The embedding shell and the occluded Asp act as an integral until which minimally rearranges even as the bulk undergoes extensive reorganization. The resilience of these occlusion units suggests that large Asp-free domains drive the vaterite to calcite transformation-which are retarded by the occlusion units, resulting in concentration-dependent lattice stability. Understanding the structure and properties of the occlusion unit, uniquely amenable to ssNMR, thus appears to be a key to explaining other macroscopic properties, such as hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Ben Shir
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Shifi Kababya
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - David B. Zax
- Department
of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Asher Schmidt
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
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15
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Spehner D, Steyer AM, Bertinetti L, Orlov I, Benoit L, Pernet-Gallay K, Schertel A, Schultz P. Cryo-FIB-SEM as a promising tool for localizing proteins in 3D. J Struct Biol 2020; 211:107528. [PMID: 32387573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) is an invaluable tool to visualize the 3D architecture of cell constituents and map cell networks. Recently, amorphous ice embedding techniques have been associated with FIB-SEM to ensure that the biological material remains as close as possible to its native state. Here we have vitrified human HeLa cells and directly imaged them by cryo-FIB-SEM with the secondary electron InLens detector at cryogenic temperature and without any staining. Image stacks were aligned and processed by denoising, removal of ion beam milling artefacts and local charge imbalance. Images were assembled into a 3D volume and the major cell constituents were modelled. The data illustrate the power of the workflow to provide a detailed view of the internal architecture of the fully hydrated, close-to-native, entire HeLa cell. In addition, we have studied the feasibility of combining cryo-FIB-SEM imaging with live-cell protein detection. We demonstrate that internalized gold particles can be visualized by detecting back scattered primary electrons at low kV while simultaneously acquiring signals from the secondary electron detector to image major cell features. Furthermore, gold-conjugated antibodies directed against RNA polymerase II could be observed in the endo-lysosomal pathway while labelling of the enzyme in the nucleus was not detected, a shortcoming likely due to the inadequacy between the size of the gold particles and the voxel size. With further refinements, this method promises to have a variety of applications where the goal is to localize cellular antigens while visualizing the entire native cell in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Spehner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Anna M Steyer
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Igor Orlov
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Lucas Benoit
- University Grenoble Alpes; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1216, Grenoble, France; Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, GIN, Grenoble, France
| | - Karin Pernet-Gallay
- University Grenoble Alpes; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1216, Grenoble, France; Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, GIN, Grenoble, France
| | - Andreas Schertel
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Zeiss Customer Center Europe, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 22, D-73447 Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schultz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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16
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Stapane L, Le Roy N, Hincke MT, Gautron J. The glycoproteins EDIL3 and MFGE8 regulate vesicle-mediated eggshell calcification in a new model for avian biomineralization. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14526-14545. [PMID: 31358619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian eggshell is a critical physical barrier, which permits extra-uterine development of the embryo. Its formation involves the fastest known biomineralization process in vertebrates. The eggshell consists of proteins and proteoglycans that interact with the mineral phase to impart its specific microstructure and mechanical properties. In this study, we investigated the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats and discoidin-like domains 3 (EDIL3) and milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFGE8), two glycoproteins that are consistently detected in eggshell proteomes. We verified their common evolutionary history and identified the timing of the duplication event giving rise to these two distinct proteins. Edil3/mfge8 chromosomal locations revealed a nested syntenous relationship with other genes (hapln1/hapln3 and vcan/acan) that are also involved in vertebrate calcification. EDIL3 and MFGE8 proteins possess EGF-like and coagulation factor 5/8 (F5/8C) domains, and their 3D structures predicted that they bind calcium and extracellular vesicles. In chicken, we confirmed the presence of EDIL3 and MFGE8 proteins in eggshell, uterine fluid, and uterus. We observed that only edil3 is overexpressed in tissues in which eggshell mineralization takes place and that this overexpression occurs only at the onset of shell calcification. We therefore propose a model in which EDIL3 and, to a lesser extent, MFGE8 proteins guide vesicles containing amorphous calcium carbonate to the mineralization site. This model was supported by the observation that extracellular vesicles accumulate in uterine fluid during eggshell calcification and that they contain high levels of calcium, carbon, and oxygen that correspond to calcium carbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maxwell T Hincke
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joël Gautron
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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17
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Ramesh K, Yarra T, Clark MS, John U, Melzner F. Expression of calcification-related ion transporters during blue mussel larval development. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7157-7172. [PMID: 31380040 PMCID: PMC6662379 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological processes driving the rapid rates of calcification in larval bivalves are poorly understood. Here, we use a calcification substrate-limited approach (low dissolved inorganic carbon, C T) and mRNA sequencing to identify proteins involved in bicarbonate acquisition during shell formation. As a secondary approach, we examined expression of ion transport and shell matrix proteins (SMPs) over the course of larval development and shell formation. We reared four families of Mytilus edulis under ambient (ca. 1865 µmol/kg) and low C T (ca. 941 µmol/kg) conditions and compared expression patterns at six developmental time points. Larvae reared under low C T exhibited a developmental delay, and a small subset of contigs was differentially regulated between ambient and low C T conditions. Of particular note was the identification of one contig encoding an anion transporter (SLC26) which was strongly upregulated (2.3-2.9 fold) under low C T conditions. By analyzing gene expression profiles over the course of larval development, we are able to isolate sequences encoding ion transport and SMPs to enhance our understanding of cellular pathways underlying larval calcification processes. In particular, we observe the differential expression of contigs encoding SLC4 family members (sodium bicarbonate cotransporters, anion exchangers), calcium-transporting ATPases, sodium/calcium exchangers, and SMPs such as nacrein, tyrosinase, and transcripts related to chitin production. With a range of candidate genes, this work identifies ion transport pathways in bivalve larvae and by applying comparative genomics to investigate temporal expression patterns, provides a foundation for further studies to functionally characterize the proteins involved in larval calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Ramesh
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchKielGermany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure‐KristinebergUniversity of GothenburgFiskebäckskilSweden
| | - Tejaswi Yarra
- British Antarctic SurveyNatural Environment Research CouncilCambridgeUK
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Melody S. Clark
- British Antarctic SurveyNatural Environment Research CouncilCambridgeUK
| | - Uwe John
- Ecological ChemistryAlfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐und MeeresforschungBremerhavenGermany
- Helmholtz‐Institute for Functional Marine BiodiversityOldenburgGermany
| | - Frank Melzner
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchKielGermany
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18
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Possible cooption of a VEGF-driven tubulogenesis program for biomineralization in echinoderms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12353-12362. [PMID: 31152134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902126116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms use minerals to form hard structures that protect and support them. Biomineralization is believed to have evolved rapidly and independently in different phyla utilizing preexisting components. The mechanistic understanding of the regulatory networks that drive biomineralization and their evolution is far from clear. Sea urchin skeletogenesis is an excellent model system for studying both gene regulation and mineral uptake and deposition. The sea urchin calcite spicules are formed within a tubular cavity generated by the skeletogenic cells controlled by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. The VEGF pathway is essential for biomineralization in echinoderms, while in many other phyla, across metazoans, it controls tubulogenesis and vascularization. Despite the critical role of VEGF signaling in sea urchin spiculogenesis, the downstream program it activates was largely unknown. Here we study the cellular and molecular machinery activated by the VEGF pathway during sea urchin spiculogenesis and reveal multiple parallels to the regulation of vertebrate vascularization. Human VEGF rescues sea urchin VEGF knockdown, vesicle deposition into an internal cavity plays a significant role in both systems, and sea urchin VEGF signaling activates hundreds of genes, including biomineralization and interestingly, vascularization genes. Moreover, five upstream transcription factors and three signaling genes that drive spiculogenesis are homologous to vertebrate factors that control vascularization. Overall, our findings suggest that sea urchin spiculogenesis and vertebrate vascularization diverged from a common ancestral tubulogenesis program, broadly adapted for vascularization and specifically coopted for biomineralization in the echinoderm phylum.
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19
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Moreno B, DiCorato A, Park A, Mobilia K, Knapp R, Bleher R, Wilke C, Alvares K, Joester D. Culture of and experiments with sea urchin embryo primary mesenchyme cells. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 150:293-330. [PMID: 30777181 PMCID: PMC8273911 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo gives rise to a pair of intricate endoskeletal spicules. Deposition of these skeletal elements in the early larva is the outcome of a morphogenetic program that begins with maternal inputs in the early zygote and results in the specification of the large micromere-primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) lineage. PMCs are of considerable interest as a model system, not only to dissect the mechanism of specific developmental processes, but also to investigate their evolution and the unrivaled level of control over the formation of a graded, mechanically robust, yet single crystalline biomineral. The ability to study gene regulatory circuits, cellular behavior, signaling pathways, and molecular players involved in biomineralization is significantly boosted by the high level of autonomy of PMCs. In fact, in the presence of horse serum, micromeres differentiate into PMCs and produce spicules in vitro, separated from the embryonic milieu. PMC culture eliminates indirect effects that can complicate the interpretation of experiments in vivo, offers superior spatiotemporal control, enables PMC-specific readouts, and is compatible with most imaging and characterization techniques. In this chapter, we provide an updated protocol, based on the pioneering work by Okazaki and Wilt, for the isolation of micromeres and subsequent culture of PMCs, as well as protocols for fixation and staining for fluorescent microscopy, preparation of cell cultures for electron microscopy, and the isolation of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Moreno
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Allessandra DiCorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Alexander Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Kellen Mobilia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Regina Knapp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Reiner Bleher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Charlene Wilke
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Keith Alvares
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Derk Joester
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.
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20
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Albéric M, Stifler CA, Zou Z, Sun CY, Killian CE, Valencia S, Mawass MA, Bertinetti L, Gilbert PUPA, Politi Y. Growth and regrowth of adult sea urchin spines involve hydrated and anhydrous amorphous calcium carbonate precursors. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2019; 1:100004. [PMID: 32647811 PMCID: PMC7337052 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2019.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In various mineralizing marine organisms, calcite or aragonite crystals form through the initial deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) phases with different hydration levels. Using X-ray PhotoEmission Electron spectroMicroscopy (X-PEEM), ACCs with varied spectroscopic signatures were previously identified. In particular, ACC type I and II were recognized in embryonic sea urchin spicules. ACC type I was assigned to hydrated ACC based on spectral similarity with synthetic hydrated ACC. However, the identity of ACC type II has never been unequivocally determined experimentally. In the present study we show that synthetic anhydrous ACC and ACC type II identified here in sea urchin spines, have similar Ca L2,3-edge spectra. Moreover, using X-PEEM chemical mapping, we revealed the presence of ACC-H2O and anhydrous ACC in growing stereom and septa regions of sea urchin spines, supporting their role as precursor phases in both structures. However, the distribution and the abundance of the two ACC phases differ substantially between the two growing structures, suggesting a variation in the crystal growth mechanism; in particular, ACC dehydration, in the two-step reaction ACC-H2O → ACC → calcite, presents different kinetics, which are proposed to be controlled biologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Albéric
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cayla A Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zhaoyong Zou
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Chang-Yu Sun
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christopher E Killian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sergio Valencia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen & Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Luca Bertinetti
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Departments of Chemistry, Geoscience, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yael Politi
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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21
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Pfeffer S, Mahamid J. Unravelling molecular complexity in structural cell biology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 52:111-118. [PMID: 30339965 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Structural and cell biology have traditionally been separate disciplines and employed techniques that were well defined within the realm of either one or the other. Recent technological breakthroughs propelled electron microscopy of frozen hydrated specimens (cryo-EM) followed by single-particle analysis (SPA) to become a widely applied approach for obtaining near-atomic resolution structures of purified macromolecules. In parallel, ongoing developments on sample preparation are increasingly successful in bringing molecular views into cell biology. Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) has so far served as the main imaging modality employed in these efforts towards obtaining three-dimensional (3D) volumes of heterogeneous molecular assemblies. We review the state-of-the-art in cryo-ET and computational processing and describe the current opportunities and frontiers for in-cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pfeffer
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Mahamid
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Ivanina AV, Borah BM, Vogts A, Malik I, Wu J, Chin AR, Almarza AJ, Kumta P, Piontkivska H, Beniash E, Sokolova IM. Potential trade-offs between biomineralization and immunity revealed by shell properties and gene expression profiles of two closely related Crassostrea species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.183236. [PMID: 29997158 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.183236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Species of the Ostreidae family are key ecosystem engineers and many of them - including Crassostrea gigas and Crassostreavirginica - are commercially important aquaculture species. Despite similarities in their morphology and ecology, these two species differ in their ability to defend against pathogens, potentially reflecting species-specific differential specialization of hemocytes on immune defense versus biomineralization. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the expression levels of immune- and biomineralization-related genes as well as mineralogical and mechanical properties of the shells and the calcium sequestration ability of the hemocytes of C. gigas and C. virginica The expression of biomineralization-related genes was higher in C. virginica than in C. gigas in multiple tissues including the mantle edge and hemocytes, while the expression of immune genes was higher in the hemocytes of C. gigas Hemocytes of C. virginica contained more calcium (stored intracellularly as calcium carbonate mineral) compared with those of C. gigas Analysis of the adult shells showed that the crystallinity of calcite was higher and the laths of the foliated layer of the shell were thicker in C. virginica than in C. gigas Mechanically, the shells of C. virginica were stiffer, harder and stronger than those of C. gigas Taken together, our results show that the species-specific differences in physiology (such as disease resistance and exoskeleton properties) are reflected at the cellular and molecular levels in the differential specialization of hemocytes on potentially competing functions (immunity and biomineralization) as well as different expression profiles of other tissues involved in biomineralization (such as the mantle edge).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Ivanina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Ballav M Borah
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Angela Vogts
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Warnemünde 18119, Germany
| | - Ifra Malik
- Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jingyao Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Adam R Chin
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alejandro J Almarza
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Prashant Kumta
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44243, USA
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA .,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock 18059, Germany
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23
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Expanding horizons of cryo-tomography to larger volumes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 43:155-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Huang YC, Gindele MB, Knaus J, Rao A, Gebauer D. On mechanisms of mesocrystal formation: magnesium ions and water environments regulate the crystallization of amorphous minerals. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00241j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the emergence of crystalline superstructures from amorphous precursors, hydration environments and ionic constituents can guide transformation and structuration reactions towards distinct micro- and nano-structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Huang
- Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Universitätsstr. 10
- University of Konstanz
- Konstanz 78464
| | - Maxim Benjamin Gindele
- Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Universitätsstr. 10
- University of Konstanz
- Konstanz 78464
| | - Jennifer Knaus
- Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Universitätsstr. 10
- University of Konstanz
- Konstanz 78464
| | - Ashit Rao
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Freiburg 79104
- Germany
- University of Twente
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Universitätsstr. 10
- University of Konstanz
- Konstanz 78464
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25
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Abstract
Do corals form their skeletons by precipitation from solution or by attachment of amorphous precursor particles as observed in other minerals and biominerals? The classical model assumes precipitation in contrast with observed "vital effects," that is, deviations from elemental and isotopic compositions at thermodynamic equilibrium. Here, we show direct spectromicroscopy evidence in Stylophora pistillata corals that two amorphous precursors exist, one hydrated and one anhydrous amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC); that these are formed in the tissue as 400-nm particles; and that they attach to the surface of coral skeletons, remain amorphous for hours, and finally, crystallize into aragonite (CaCO3). We show in both coral and synthetic aragonite spherulites that crystal growth by attachment of ACC particles is more than 100 times faster than ion-by-ion growth from solution. Fast growth provides a distinct physiological advantage to corals in the rigors of the reef, a crowded and fiercely competitive ecosystem. Corals are affected by warming-induced bleaching and postmortem dissolution, but the finding here that ACC particles are formed inside tissue may make coral skeleton formation less susceptible to ocean acidification than previously assumed. If this is how other corals form their skeletons, perhaps this is how a few corals survived past CO2 increases, such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum that occurred 56 Mya.
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26
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Endocytosis in primary mesenchyme cells during sea urchin larval skeletogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:205-214. [PMID: 28782554 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The sea urchin larval embryo elaborates two calcitic endoskeletal elements called spicules. Spicules are synthesized by the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) and begin to form at early gastrula stage. It is known that the calcium comprising the spicules comes from the seawater and we wish to further consider the mode of calcium transport from the extracellular seawater to the PMCs and then onto the forming spicules. We used PMC in vitro cultures, calcein, fluorescently labeled dextran, and fluorescently labeled Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) to track calcium transport from the seawater into PMCs and spicules and to determine how molecules from the surface of PMCs interact with the incoming calcium. Labeling of PMC endocytic vesicles and forming spicules by both calcein and fluorescently tagged dextran indicate that calcium is taken up from the seawater by endocytosis and directly incorporated into spicules. Calcein labeling studies also indicate that calcium from the extracellular seawater begins to be incorporated into spicules within 30min of uptake. In addition, we demonstrate that fluorescently labeled WGA and calcein are taken up by many of the same endocytic vesicles and are incorporated into growing spicules. These findings suggest that PMC specific surface molecules accompany calcium ions as they enter PMCs via endocytosis and are incorporated together in the growing spicule. Using anti-spicule matrix protein antibodies, we pinpoint a subset of spicule matrix proteins that may accompany calcium ions from the surface of the PMCs until they are incorporated into spicules. Msp130 is identified as one of these spicule matrix proteins.
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27
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Ivanina AV, Falfushynska HI, Beniash E, Piontkivska H, Sokolova IM. Biomineralization-related specialization of hemocytes and mantle tissues of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3209-3221. [PMID: 28667243 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The molluscan exoskeleton (shell) plays multiple important roles including structural support, protection from predators and stressors, and physiological homeostasis. Shell formation is a tightly regulated biological process that allows molluscs to build their shells even in environments unfavorable for mineral precipitation. Outer mantle edge epithelial cells (OME) and hemocytes were implicated in this process; however, the exact functions of these cell types in biomineralization are not clear. Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were used to study differences in the expression profiles of selected biomineralization-related genes in hemocytes and mantle cells, and the functional characteristics of hemocytes such as adhesion, motility and phagocytosis. The specialized role of OME in shell formation was supported by high expression levels of the extracellular matrix (ECM) related and cell-cell interaction genes. Density gradient separation of hemocytes revealed distinct phenotypes based on the cell morphology, gene expression patterns, motility and adhesion characteristics. These hemocyte fractions can be categorized into two functional groups, i.e. biomineralization and immune response cells. Gene expression profiles of the putative biomineralizing hemocytes indicate that in addition to their proposed role in mineral transport, hemocytes also contribute to the formation of the ECM, thus challenging the current paradigm of the mantle as the sole source of the ECM for shell formation. Our findings corroborate the specialized roles of hemocytes and the OME in biomineralization and emphasize complexity of the biological controls over shell formation in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Ivanina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Halina I Falfushynska
- Department of Human Health, I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, Ternopil 46000, Ukraine
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock 18059, Germany
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28
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Rez P, Larsen T, Elbaum M. Exploring the theoretical basis and limitations of cryo-STEM tomography for thick biological specimens. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:466-478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Sleight VA, Marie B, Jackson DJ, Dyrynda EA, Marie A, Clark MS. An Antarctic molluscan biomineralisation tool-kit. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36978. [PMID: 27833129 PMCID: PMC5105077 DOI: 10.1038/srep36978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic clam Laternula elliptica lives almost permanently below 0 °C and therefore is a valuable and tractable model to study the mechanisms of biomineralisation in cold water. The present study employed a multidisciplinary approach using histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, proteomics and gene expression to investigate this process. Thirty seven proteins were identified via proteomic extraction of the nacreous shell layer, including two not previously found in nacre; a novel T-rich Mucin-like protein and a Zinc-dependent metalloprotease. In situ hybridisation of seven candidate biomineralisation genes revealed discrete spatial expression patterns within the mantle tissue, hinting at modular organisation, which is also observed in the mantle tissues of other molluscs. All seven of these biomineralisation candidates displayed evidence of multifunctionality and strong association with vesicles, which are potentially involved in shell secretion in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Sleight
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel J. Jackson
- Department of Geobiology, Goldschmidtstr.3, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth A. Dyrynda
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Arul Marie
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Melody S. Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
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30
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Varsano N, Dadosh T, Kapishnikov S, Pereiro E, Shimoni E, Jin X, Kruth HS, Leiserowitz L, Addadi L. Development of Correlative Cryo-soft X-ray Tomography and Stochastic Reconstruction Microscopy. A Study of Cholesterol Crystal Early Formation in Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14931-14940. [PMID: 27934213 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a high resolution correlative method involving cryo-soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), which provides information in three dimensions on large cellular volumes at 70 nm resolution. Cryo-SXT morphologically identified and localized aggregations of carbon-rich materials. STORM identified specific markers on the desired epitopes, enabling colocalization between the identified objects, in this case cholesterol crystals, and the cellular environment. The samples were studied under ambient and cryogenic conditions without dehydration or heavy metal staining. The early events of cholesterol crystal development were investigated in relation to atherosclerosis, using as model macrophage cell cultures enriched with LDL particles. Atherosclerotic plaques build up in arteries in a slow process involving cholesterol crystal accumulation. Cholesterol crystal deposition is a crucial stage in the pathological cascade. Our results show that cholesterol crystals can be identified and imaged at a very early stage on the cell plasma membrane and in intracellular locations. This technique can in principle be applied to other biological samples where specific molecular identification is required in conjunction with high resolution 3D-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey Kapishnikov
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Pereiro
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, 08290 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xueting Jin
- Experimental Atherosclerosis Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1422, United States
| | - Howard S Kruth
- Experimental Atherosclerosis Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1422, United States
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31
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Calcium transport into the cells of the sea urchin larva in relation to spicule formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12637-12642. [PMID: 27791140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612017113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the manner in which the sea urchin larva takes up calcium from its body cavity into the primary mesenchymal cells (PMCs) that are responsible for spicule formation. We used the membrane-impermeable fluorescent dye calcein and alexa-dextran, with or without a calcium channel inhibitor, and imaged the larvae in vivo with selective-plane illumination microscopy. Both fluorescent molecules are taken up from the body cavity into the PMCs and ectoderm cells, where the two labels are predominantly colocalized in particles, whereas the calcium-binding calcein label is mainly excluded from the endoderm and is concentrated in the spicules. The presence of vesicles and vacuoles inside the PMCs that have openings through the plasma membrane directly to the body cavity was documented using high-resolution cryo-focused ion beam-SEM serial imaging. Some of the vesicles and vacuoles are interconnected to form large networks. We suggest that these vacuolar networks are involved in direct sea water uptake. We conclude that the calcium pathway from the body cavity into cells involves nonspecific endocytosis of sea water with its calcium.
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32
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Vidavsky N, Akiva A, Kaplan-Ashiri I, Rechav K, Addadi L, Weiner S, Schertel A. Cryo-FIB-SEM serial milling and block face imaging: Large volume structural analysis of biological tissues preserved close to their native state. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:487-495. [PMID: 27693309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many important biological questions can be addressed by studying in 3D large volumes of intact, cryo fixed hydrated tissues (⩾10,000μm3) at high resolution (5-20nm). This can be achieved using serial FIB milling and block face surface imaging under cryo conditions. Here we demonstrate the unique potential of the cryo-FIB-SEM approach using two extensively studied model systems; sea urchin embryos and the tail fin of zebrafish larvae. We focus in particular on the environment of mineral deposition sites. The cellular organelles, including mitochondria, Golgi, ER, nuclei and nuclear pores are made visible by the image contrast created by differences in surface potential of different biochemical components. Auto segmentation and/or volume rendering of the image stacks and 3D reconstruction of the skeleton and the cellular environment, provides a detailed view of the relative distribution in space of the tissue/cellular components, and thus of their interactions. Simultaneous acquisition of secondary and back-scattered electron images adds additional information. For example, a serial view of the zebrafish tail reveals the presence of electron dense mineral particles inside mitochondrial networks extending more than 20μm in depth in the block. Large volume imaging using cryo FIB SEM, as demonstrated here, can contribute significantly to the understanding of the structures and functions of diverse biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Vidavsky
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ifat Kaplan-Ashiri
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Katya Rechav
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andreas Schertel
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Global Applications Support, Oberkochen, Germany
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