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Viegas J. Profile of Wanderley de Souza. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403579121. [PMID: 38621140 PMCID: PMC11046583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403579121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
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2
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Balmer EA, Wirdnam CD, Faso C. A core UPS molecular complement implicates unique endocytic compartments at the parasite-host interface in Giardia lamblia. Virulence 2023; 14:2174288. [PMID: 36730629 PMCID: PMC9928461 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2174288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) plays important roles in cell physiology. In contrast to canonical secretory routes, UPS does not generally require secretory signal sequences and often bypasses secretory compartments such as the ER and the Golgi apparatus. Giardia lamblia is a protist parasite with reduced subcellular complexity which releases several proteins, some of them virulence factors, without canonical secretory signals. This implicates UPS at the parasite-host interface. No dedicated machinery nor mechanism(s) for UPS in Giardia are currently known, although speculations on the involvement of endocytic organelles called PV/PECs, have been put forth. To begin to address the question of whether PV/PECs are implicated in virulence-associated UPS and to define the composition of molecular machinery involved in protein release, we employed affinity purification and mass spectrometry, coupled to microscopy-based subcellular localization and signal correlation quantification to investigate the interactomes of 11 reported unconventionally secreted proteins, all predicted to be cytosolic. A subset of these are associated with PV/PECs. Extended and validated interactomes point to a core PV/PECs-associated UPS machinery, which includes uncharacterized and Giardia-specific coiled-coil proteins and NEK kinases. Finally, a subset of the alpha-giardin protein family was enriched in all PV/PECs-associated protein interactomes, highlighting a previously unappreciated role for these proteins at PV/PECs and in UPS. Taken together, our results provide the first characterization of a virulence-associated UPS protein complex in Giardia lamblia at PV/PECs, suggesting a novel link between these primarily endocytic and feeding organelles and UPS at the parasite-host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina A. Balmer
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Carmen Faso
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,CONTACT Carmen Faso
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3
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Fernandez‐Becerra C, Xander P, Alfandari D, Dong G, Aparici‐Herraiz I, Rosenhek‐Goldian I, Shokouhy M, Gualdron‐Lopez M, Lozano N, Cortes‐Serra N, Karam PA, Meneghetti P, Madeira RP, Porat Z, Soares RP, Costa AO, Rafati S, da Silva A, Santarém N, Fernandez‐Prada C, Ramirez MI, Bernal D, Marcilla A, Pereira‐Chioccola VL, Alves LR, Portillo HD, Regev‐Rudzki N, de Almeida IC, Schenkman S, Olivier M, Torrecilhas AC. Guidelines for the purification and characterization of extracellular vesicles of parasites. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e117. [PMID: 38939734 PMCID: PMC11080789 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Parasites are responsible for the most neglected tropical diseases, affecting over a billion people worldwide (WHO, 2015) and accounting for billions of cases a year and responsible for several millions of deaths. Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has increased in recent years and demonstrated that EVs shed by pathogenic parasites interact with host cells playing an important role in the parasite's survival, such as facilitation of infection, immunomodulation, parasite adaptation to the host environment and the transfer of drug resistance factors. Thus, EVs released by parasites mediate parasite-parasite and parasite-host intercellular communication. In addition, they are being explored as biomarkers of asymptomatic infections and disease prognosis after drug treatment. However, most current protocols used for the isolation, size determination, quantification and characterization of molecular cargo of EVs lack greater rigor, standardization, and adequate quality controls to certify the enrichment or purity of the ensuing bioproducts. We are now initiating major guidelines based on the evolution of collective knowledge in recent years. The main points covered in this position paper are methods for the isolation and molecular characterization of EVs obtained from parasite-infected cell cultures, experimental animals, and patients. The guideline also includes a discussion of suggested protocols and functional assays in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fernandez‐Becerra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- IGTP Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i PujolBadalona (Barcelona)Spain
- CIBERINFECISCIII‐CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Patrícia Xander
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Daniel Alfandari
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - George Dong
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Iris Aparici‐Herraiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Mehrdad Shokouhy
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine ResearchPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Melisa Gualdron‐Lopez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nicholy Lozano
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Nuria Cortes‐Serra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - Paula Meneghetti
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Rafael Pedro Madeira
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry UnitLife Sciences Core Facilities, WISRehovotIsrael
| | | | - Adriana Oliveira Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e ToxicológicasFaculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)Belo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrasil
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine ResearchPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Anabela‐Cordeiro da Silva
- Host‐Parasite Interactions GroupInstitute of Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Host‐Parasite Interactions GroupInstitute of Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | | | - Marcel I. Ramirez
- EVAHPI ‐ Extracellular Vesicles and Host‐Parasite Interactions Research Group Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistemática de TripanossomatideosInstituto Carlos Chagas‐FiocruzCuritibaParanáBrasil
| | - Dolores Bernal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciències BiològiquesUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValenciaSpain
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- Àrea de Parasitologia, Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i ParasitologiaUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValenciaSpain
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira‐Chioccola
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Fungos, Centro de Parasitologia e MicologiaInstituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL)São PauloBrasil
| | - Lysangela Ronalte Alves
- Laboratório de Regulação da Expressão GênicaInstituto Carlos ChagasFiocruz ParanáCuritibaBrazil
- Research Center in Infectious DiseasesDivision of Infectious Disease and Immunity CHU de Quebec Research CenterDepartment of MicrobiologyInfectious Disease and ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Hernando Del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- IGTP Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i PujolBadalona (Barcelona)Spain
- ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Neta Regev‐Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - Igor Correia de Almeida
- Department of Biological SciencesBorder Biomedical Research CenterThe University of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de MicrobiologiaImunologia e Parasitologia, UNIFESPSão PauloBrazil
| | - Martin Olivier
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
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Faria CP, Ferreira B, Lourenço Á, Guerra I, Melo T, Domingues P, Domingues MDRM, Cruz MT, Sousa MDC. Lipidome of extracellular vesicles from Giardia lamblia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291292. [PMID: 37683041 PMCID: PMC10490865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) (exossomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies) have been well acknowledged as mediators of intercellular communications in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Lipids are essential molecular components of EVs but at the moment the knowledge about the lipid composition and the function of lipids in EVs is limited and as for now none lipidomic studies in Giardia EVs was described. Therefore, the focus of the current study was to conduct, for the first time, the characterization of the polar lipidome, namely phospholipid and sphingolipid profiles of G. lamblia trophozoites, microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes, using C18-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (C18-LC-MS) and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS). A total of 162 lipid species were identified and semi-quantified, in the trophozoites, or in the MVs and exosomes belonging to 8 lipid classes, including the phospholipid classes phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), cardiolipins (CL), the sphingolipid classes sphingomyelin (SM) and ceramides (Cer), and cholesterol (ST), and 3 lipid subclasses that include lyso PC (LPC), lyso PE (LPE) and lyso PG (LPG), but showing different abundances. This work also identified, for the first time, in G. lamblia trophozoites, the lipid classes CL, Cer and ST and subclasses of LPC, LPE and LPG. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed clear discrimination of lipid profiles between trophozoite, exosomes and MVs. The principal component analysis (PCA) plot of the lipidomics dataset showed clear discrimination between the three groups. Future studies focused on the composition and functional properties of Giardia EVs may prove crucial to understand the role of lipids in host-parasite communication, and to identify new targets that could be exploited to develop novel classes of drugs to treat giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Perez Faria
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Ágata Lourenço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Guerra
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria do Rosário Marques Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Benchimol M, Gadelha AP, de Souza W. Ultrastructural Alterations of the Human Pathogen Giardia intestinalis after Drug Treatment. Pathogens 2023; 12:810. [PMID: 37375500 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the main cell characteristics altered after in vitro incubation of the parasite with commercial drugs used to treat the disease caused by Giardia intestinalis. This important intestinal parasite primarily causes diarrhea in children. Metronidazole and albendazole are the primary compounds used in therapy against Giardia intestinalis. However, they provoke significant side effects, and some strains have developed resistance to metronidazole. Benzimidazole carbamates, such as albendazole and mebendazole, have shown the best activity against Giardia. Despite their in vitro efficacy, clinical treatment with benzimidazoles has yielded conflicting results, demonstrating lower cure rates. Recently, nitazoxanide has been suggested as an alternative to these drugs. Therefore, to enhance the quality of chemotherapy against this parasite, it is important to invest in developing other compounds that can interfere with key steps of metabolic pathways or cell structures and organelles. For example, Giardia exhibits a unique cell structure called the ventral disc, which is crucial for host adhesion and pathogenicity. Thus, drugs that can disrupt the adhesion process hold promise for future therapy against Giardia. Additionally, this review discusses new drugs and strategies that can be employed, as well as suggestions for developing novel drugs to control the infection caused by this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Benchimol
- BIOTRANS-CAXIAS, Universidade do Grande Rio. UNIGRANRIO, Rio de Janeiro 96200-000, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens e Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gadelha
- Diretoria de Metrologia Científica, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Rio de Janeiro 25259-020, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens e Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
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Cruz Camacho A, Alfandari D, Kozela E, Regev-Rudzki N. Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles in protozoan parasites: The ESCRT complex in the trafficking fast lane? PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011140. [PMID: 36821560 PMCID: PMC9949670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a central mechanism of cell-cell communication. While EVs are found in most organisms, their pathogenesis-promoting roles in parasites are of particular interest given the potential for medical insight and consequential therapeutic intervention. Yet, a key feature of EVs in human parasitic protozoa remains elusive: their mechanisms of biogenesis. Here, we survey the current knowledge on the biogenesis pathways of EVs secreted by the four main clades of human parasitic protozoa: apicomplexans, trypanosomatids, flagellates, and amoebae. In particular, we shine a light on findings pertaining to the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery, as in mammals it plays important roles in EV biogenesis. This review highlights the diversity in EV biogenesis in protozoa, as well as the related involvement of the ESCRT system in these unique organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Cruz Camacho
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniel Alfandari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ewa Kozela
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Benchimol M, Gadelha AP, de Souza W. Unusual Cell Structures and Organelles in Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis Are Potential Drug Targets. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2176. [PMID: 36363768 PMCID: PMC9698047 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the main cell organelles and structures of two important protist parasites, Giardia intestinalis, and Trichomonas vaginalis; many are unusual and are not found in other eukaryotic cells, thus could be good candidates for new drug targets aimed at improvement of the chemotherapy of diseases caused by these eukaryotic protists. For example, in Giardia, the ventral disc is a specific structure to this parasite and is fundamental for the adhesion and pathogenicity to the host. In Trichomonas, the hydrogenosome, a double membrane-bounded organelle that produces ATP, also can be a good target. Other structures include mitosomes, ribosomes, and proteasomes. Metronidazole is the most frequent compound used to kill many anaerobic organisms, including Giardia and Trichomonas. It enters the cell by passive diffusion and needs to find a highly reductive environment to be reduced to the nitro radicals to be active. However, it provokes several side effects, and some strains present metronidazole resistance. Therefore, to improve the quality of the chemotherapy against parasitic protozoa is important to invest in the development of highly specific compounds that interfere with key steps of essential metabolic pathways or in the functional macromolecular complexes which are most often associated with cell structures and organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Benchimol
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Centro de Ciêcias da Saúde, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro 96200-000, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens e Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gadelha
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada as Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Rio de Janeiro 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens e Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- CMABio, Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas-UEA, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil
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Grajeda BI, De Chatterjee A, Villalobos CM, Pence BC, Ellis CC, Enriquez V, Roy S, Roychowdhury S, Neumann AK, Almeida IC, Patterson SE, Das S. Giardial lipid rafts share virulence factors with secreted vesicles and participate in parasitic infection in mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:974200. [PMID: 36081774 PMCID: PMC9445159 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.974200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia, a protozoan parasite, is a major cause of waterborne infection, worldwide. While the trophozoite form of this parasite induces pathological symptoms in the gut, the cyst form transmits the infection. Since Giardia is a noninvasive parasite, the actual mechanism by which it causes disease remains elusive. We have previously reported that Giardia assembles cholesterol and GM1 glycosphingolipid-enriched lipid rafts (LRs) that participate in encystation and cyst production. To further delineate the role of LRs in pathogenesis, we isolated LRs from Giardia and subjected them to proteomic analysis. Various cellular proteins including potential virulence factors—e.g., giardins, variant surface proteins, arginine deaminases, elongation factors, ornithine carbomyltransferases, and high cysteine-rich membrane proteins—were found to be present in LRs. Since Giardia secretes virulence factors encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) that induce proinflammatory responses in hosts, EVs released by the parasite were isolated and subjected to nanoparticle tracking and proteomic analysis. Two types of EV—i.e., small vesicles (SVs; <100 nm, exosome-like particles) and large vesicles (LVs; 100–400 nm, microvesicle-like particles)—were identified and found to contain a diverse group of proteins including above potential virulence factors. Although pretreatment of the parasite with two giardial lipid raft (gLR) disruptors, nystatin (27 μM) and oseltamivir (20 μM), altered the expression profiles of virulence factors in LVs and SVs, the effects were more robust in the case of SVs. To examine the potential role of rafts and vesicles in pathogenicity, Giardia-infected mice were treated with oseltamivir (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg), and the shedding of cysts were monitored. We observed that this drug significantly reduced the parasite load in mice. Taken together, our results suggest that virulence factors partitioning in gLRs, released into the extracellular milieu via SVs and LVs, participate in spread of giardiasis and could be targeted for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian I. Grajeda
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Atasi De Chatterjee
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Carmen M. Villalobos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Breanna C. Pence
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Cameron C. Ellis
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Vanessa Enriquez
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sourav Roy
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sukla Roychowdhury
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Aaron K. Neumann
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Steven E. Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, Border Biomedical Research Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Siddhartha Das,
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Benchimol M, de Souza W. Giardia intestinalis and its Endomembrane System. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12893. [PMID: 35148450 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis has unique characteristics, even in the absence of certain organelles. For instance, Golgi and mitochondria are not found. On the other hand, there is a network of peripheral vacuoles (PVs) and mitosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nuclear membrane, peroxisomes, and lipid bodies are present. The peripheral vacuole system seems to play several simultaneous roles. It is involved in the endocytic activity of the trophozoite but also has characteristics of early and late endosomes and even lysosomes, establishing a connection with the ER. Some of the PVs contain small vesicles, acting as multivesicular bodies, including the release of exosomes. The mitosomes are surrounded by two membranes, divide during mitosis, and are distributed throughout the cell. They do not contain DNA, enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, respiratory chain, or ATP synthesis. However, they contain the iron-sulfur complex and transporters as TOM and TIM. Some mitosomes are linked to flagellar axonemes through a fibrillar connection. During encystation, two types of larger cytoplasmic vesicles appear. One originating from the ER contains the cyst wall proteins. Another contains carbohydrates. Both migrate to the cell periphery and fuse with plasma membrane secreting their contents to give rise to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Benchimol
- Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Pipaliya SV, Santos R, Salas-Leiva D, Balmer EA, Wirdnam CD, Roger AJ, Hehl AB, Faso C, Dacks JB. Unexpected organellar locations of ESCRT machinery in Giardia intestinalis and complex evolutionary dynamics spanning the transition to parasitism in the lineage Fornicata. BMC Biol 2021; 19:167. [PMID: 34446013 PMCID: PMC8394649 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparing a parasitic lineage to its free-living relatives is a powerful way to understand how that evolutionary transition to parasitism occurred. Giardia intestinalis (Fornicata) is a leading cause of gastrointestinal disease world-wide and is famous for its unusual complement of cellular compartments, such as having peripheral vacuoles instead of typical endosomal compartments. Endocytosis plays an important role in Giardia's pathogenesis. Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) are membrane-deforming proteins associated with the late endosome/multivesicular body (MVB). MVBs are ill-defined in G. intestinalis, and roles for identified ESCRT-related proteins are not fully understood in the context of its unique endocytic system. Furthermore, components thought to be required for full ESCRT functionality have not yet been documented in this species. RESULTS We used genomic and transcriptomic data from several Fornicata species to clarify the evolutionary genome streamlining observed in Giardia, as well as to detect any divergent orthologs of the Fornicata ESCRT subunits. We observed differences in the ESCRT machinery complement between Giardia strains. Microscopy-based investigations of key components of ESCRT machinery such as GiVPS36 and GiVPS25 link them to peripheral vacuoles, highlighting these organelles as simplified MVB equivalents. Unexpectedly, we show ESCRT components associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and, for the first time, mitosomes. Finally, we identified the rare ESCRT component CHMP7 in several fornicate representatives, including Giardia and show that contrary to current understanding, CHMP7 evolved from a gene fusion of VPS25 and SNF7 domains, prior to the last eukaryotic common ancestor, over 1.5 billion years ago. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that ESCRT machinery in G. intestinalis is far more varied and complete than previously thought, associates to multiple cellular locations, and presents changes in ESCRT complement which pre-date adoption of a parasitic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta V Pipaliya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rui Santos
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dayana Salas-Leiva
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Erina A Balmer
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Corina D Wirdnam
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Roger
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Adrian B Hehl
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Faso
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, CAS, v.v.i. Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
- Centre for Life's Origin and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College of London, London, UK.
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11
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Carrera-Bravo C, Koh EY, Tan KSW. The roles of parasite-derived extracellular vesicles in disease and host-parasite communication. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102373. [PMID: 33933651 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several parasites have been shown to interact with their hosts through intra- and inter-community communication mechanisms, which were identified to be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) through various uptake mechanisms. EVs are a heterogenous group of nanoparticles (~30-5000 nm) classified into three main types according to their size and biogenesis. EVs contain proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and metabolites from the cell of origin which are essential for genetic exchange, biomarker identification and diagnosis of pathological diseases. As important "forward lines of parasite infectivity", the parasite-secreted EVs function as information transmitters in the early-stage of host-parasite interaction and subsequent host-cell colonization. For this review, we summarize from the literature the relevance of EVs to the pathogenesis and development of human parasitic protistan diseases such as giardiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, malaria and Blastocystis-mediated gut pathology. Specific in vitro and in vivo interactions of the parasite-EVs and the host, with the reported cellular and immunological outcomes are discussed in this review. EVs have great potential to be further developed as diagnostic, immunomodulation and therapeutic alternatives to fill the knowledge gaps in the current parasitic diseases discussed in this review. Nanomedicine and vaccine development could be explored, with the utilization and/or modification of the parasitic EVs as novel treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carrera-Bravo
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Eileen Y Koh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Kevin S W Tan
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
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12
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Unveiling the role of EVs in anaerobic parasitic protozoa. Mol Immunol 2021; 133:34-43. [PMID: 33621941 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The anaerobic or microaerophilic protozoan parasites such as the enteric human pathogens Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Blastocystis hominis and urogenital tract parasites Trichomonas vaginalis are able to survival in an environment with oxygen deprivation. Despite living in hostile environments these pathogens adopted different strategies to survive within the hosts. Among them, the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has become an active endeavor in the study of pathogenesis for these parasites. EVs are heterogenous, membrane-limited structures that have played important roles in cellular communication, transferring information through cargo and modulating the immune system of the host. In this review, we described several aspects of the recently characterized EVs of the anaerobic protozoa, including their role in adhesion, modulation of the immune response and omics analysis to understand the potential of these EVs in the pathogenesis of these diseases caused by anaerobic parasites.
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13
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Wu JH, Tung SY, Ho CC, Su LH, Gan SW, Liao JY, Cho CC, Lin BC, Chiu PW, Pan YJ, Kao YY, Liu YC, Sun CH. A myeloid leukemia factor homolog involved in encystation-induced protein metabolism in Giardia lamblia. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129859. [PMID: 33581251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia lamblia differentiates into resistant cysts as an established model for dormancy. Myeloid leukemia factor (MLF) proteins are important regulators of cell differentiation. Giardia possesses a MLF homolog which was up-regulated during encystation and localized to unknown cytosolic vesicles named MLF vesicles (MLFVs). METHODS We used double staining for visualization of potential factors with role in protein metabolism pathway and a strategy that employed a deletion mutant, CDK2m3, to test the protein degradation pathway. We also explored whether autophagy or proteasomal degradation are regulators of Giardia encystation by treatment with MG132, rapamycin, or chloroquine. RESULTS Double staining of MLF and ISCU or CWP1 revealed no overlap between their vesicles. The aberrant CDK2m3 colocalized with MLFVs and formed complexes with MLF. MG132 increased the number of CDK2m3-localized vesicles and its protein level. We further found that MLF colocalized and interacted with a FYVE protein and an ATG8-like (ATG8L) protein, which were up-regulated during encystation and their expression induced Giardia encystation. The addition of MG132, rapamycin, or chloroquine, increased their levels and the number of their vesicles, and inhibited the cyst formation. MLF and FYVE were detected in exosomes released from culture. CONCLUSIONS The MLFVs are not mitosomes or encystation-specific vesicles, but are related with degradative pathway for CDK2m3. MLF, FYVE, and ATG8L play a positive role in encystation and function in protein clearance pathway, which is important for encystation and coordinated with Exosomes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MLF, FYVE, and ATG8L may be involved an encystation-induced protein metabolism during Giardia differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Szu-Yu Tung
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Che Ho
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Hsin Su
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Soo-Wah Gan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jo-Yu Liao
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Cheng Cho
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bo-Chi Lin
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Wei Chiu
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jiao Pan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Yun Kao
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chen Liu
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Hung Sun
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC.
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14
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Gavinho B, Sabatke B, Feijoli V, Rossi IV, da Silva JM, Evans-Osses I, Palmisano G, Lange S, Ramirez MI. Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibition Abolishes the Production of Large Extracellular Vesicles From Giardia intestinalis, Affecting Host-Pathogen Interactions by Hindering Adhesion to Host Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:417. [PMID: 33072615 PMCID: PMC7539837 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a microaerophilic protozoan that is an important etiologic agent of diarrhea worldwide. There is evidence that under diverse conditions, the parasite is capable of shedding extracellular vesicles (EVs) which modulate the physiopathology of giardiasis. Here we describe new features of G. intestinalis EV production, revealing its capacity to shed two different enriched EV populations: large (LEV) and small extracellular vesicles (SEV) and identified relevant adhesion functions associated with the larger population. Proteomic analysis revealed differences in proteins relevant for virulence and host-pathogen interactions between the two EV subsets, such as cytoskeletal and anti-oxidative stress response proteins in LEVS. We assessed the effect of two recently identified inhibitors of EV release in mammalian cells, namely peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor and cannabidiol (CBD), on EV release from Giardia. The compounds were both able to effectively reduce EV shedding, the PAD-inhibitor specifically affecting the release of LEVs and reducing parasite attachment to host cells in vitro. Our results suggest that LEVs and SEVs have a different role in host-pathogen interaction, and that treatment with EV-inhibitors may be a novel treatment strategy for recurrent giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gavinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bruna Sabatke
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Veronica Feijoli
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Izadora Volpato Rossi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Janaina Macedo da Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Evans-Osses
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Centro Universitario Santa Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Nievas YR, Lizarraga A, Salas N, Cóceres VM, Miguel N. Extracellular vesicles released by anaerobic protozoan parasites: Current situation. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13257. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yesica Romina Nievas
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET‐UNSAM Chascomús Argentina
| | - Ayelen Lizarraga
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET‐UNSAM Chascomús Argentina
| | - Nehuen Salas
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET‐UNSAM Chascomús Argentina
| | - Verónica Mabel Cóceres
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET‐UNSAM Chascomús Argentina
| | - Natalia Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET‐UNSAM Chascomús Argentina
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16
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de Souza W, Barrias ES. Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles secreted by parasitic protozoa: cellular structures involved in the communication between cells. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2005-2023. [PMID: 32394001 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this review is a group of structures/organelles collectively known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted by most, if not all, cells, varying from mammalian cells to protozoa and even bacteria. They vary in size: some are small (100-200 nm) and others are larger (> 200 nm). In protozoa, however, most of them are small or medium in size (200-400 nm). These include vesicles from different origins. We briefly review the biogenesis of this distinct group that includes (a) exosome, which originates from the multivesicular bodies, an important component of the endocytic pathway; (b) ectosome, formed from a budding process that takes place in the plasma membrane of the cells; (c) vesicles released from the cell surface following a process of patching and capping of ligand/receptor complexes; (d) other processes where tubules secreted by the parasite subsequently originate exosome-like structures. Here, special emphasis is given to EVs secreted by parasitic protozoa such as Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Trichomonas, and Giardia. Most of them have been characterized as exosomes that were isolated using several approaches and characterized by electron microscopy, proteomic analysis, and RNA sequencing. The results obtained show clearly that they present several proteins and different types of RNAs. From the functional point of view, it is now clear that the secreted exosomes can be incorporated by the parasite itself as well as by mammalian cells with which they interact. As a consequence, there is interference both with the parasite (induction of differentiation, changes in infectivity, etc.) and with the host cell. Therefore, the EVs constitute a new system of transference of signals among cells. On the other hand, there are suggestions that exosomes may constitute potential biotechnology tools and are important players of what has been designated as nanobiotechnology. They may constitute an important delivery system for gene therapy and molecular-displaying cell regulation capabilities when incorporated into other cells and even by interfering with the exosomal membrane during its biogenesis, targeting the vesicles via specific ligands to different cell types. These vesicles may reach the bloodstream, overflow through intercellular junctions, and even pass through the central nervous system blood barrier. There is evidence that it is possible to interfere with the composition of the exosomes by interfering with multivesicular body biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-900, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia and Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Emile S Barrias
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia and Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratorio de Metrologia Aplicada à Ciências da Vida, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada à Ciências da Vida - Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Exosome Biogenesis in the Protozoa Parasite Giardia lamblia: A Model of Reduced Interorganellar Crosstalk. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121600. [PMID: 31835439 PMCID: PMC6953089 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) facilitate intercellular communication and are considered a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of infectious diseases. These vesicles involve microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes and selectively transfer proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs from one cell to another. While MVs are formed by extrusion of the plasma membrane, exosomes are a population of vesicles of endosomal origin that are stored inside the multivesicular bodies (MVBs) as intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) and are released when the MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane. Biogenesis of exosomes may be driven by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery or may be ESCRT independent, and it is still debated whether these are entirely separate pathways. In this manuscript, we report that the protozoan parasite, Giardia lamblia, although lacking a classical endo-lysosomal pathway, is able to produce and release exosome-like vesicles (ElV). By using a combination of biochemical and cell biology analyses, we found that the ElVs have the same size, shape, and protein and lipid composition as exosomes described for other eukaryotic cells. Moreover, we established that some endosome/lysosome peripheral vacuoles (PVs) contain ILV during the stationary phase. Our results indicate that ILV formation and ElV release depend on the ESCRT-associated AAA+-ATPase Vps4a, Rab11, and ceramide in this parasite. Interestingly, EIV biogenesis and release seems to occur in Giardia despite the fact that this parasite has lost most of the ESCRT machinery components during evolution and is unable to produce ceramide de novo. The differences in protozoa parasite EV composition, origin, and release may reveal functional and structural properties of EVs and, thus, may provide information on cell-to-cell communication and on survival mechanisms.
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