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Rafiei H, Yeung M, Kowalski S, Li MY, Harris D, Chang J, Nguyen N, Yorke E, Sampath S, Hollman S, Duns G, O'Brien L, Steidl C, Krystal G, Elisia I. Butyrate and tributyrin reduce LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production from human visceral fat. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01581-9. [PMID: 38987636 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current obesity crisis has resulted in many people with excess adipose tissue suffering from chronic inflammation. This inflammation is largely due to the release of cytokines and chemokines from visceral fat. The aim of this study was to identify potential anti-inflammatory agents that might alleviate obesity-induced chronic inflammation. METHODS To identify agents that might alleviate this obesity-induced chronic inflammation we have developed a simple protocol for incubating intact pieces of human visceral adipose tissue in 35 mm tissue culture plates, in the presence of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and co-incubating these samples with potential anti-inflammatory agents. RNA-Seq analysis was performed to identify enriched gene expression signatures among the most significantly differentially expressed genes. RESULTS From this screen, we have identified the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) sodium butyrate and its triacylglyceride form, tributyrin, as effective agents, significantly reducing the production of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from all adipose tissue samples tested. As well, these agents appear to be non-toxic at the concentrations tested. RNA-Seq analysis has revealed that IL36γ is one of the most upregulated genes in response to LPS and one of the most downregulated when sodium butyrate is added to human fat samples stimulated with LPS. IL-36γ ELISAs confirmed this holds true at the protein level as well. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that the short-chain fatty acid, sodium butyrate, and its triacylglyceride form, tributyrin, might alleviate the chronic inflammation that is associated with many individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rafiei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Michelle Yeung
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Sara Kowalski
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Michael Yu Li
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - David Harris
- Richmond Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Program, Richmond Hospital, Vancouver Coastal Health, Richmond, BC, V7C 5L9, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Chang
- Richmond Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Program, Richmond Hospital, Vancouver Coastal Health, Richmond, BC, V7C 5L9, Canada
| | - Nam Nguyen
- Richmond Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Program, Richmond Hospital, Vancouver Coastal Health, Richmond, BC, V7C 5L9, Canada
| | - Ekua Yorke
- Richmond Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Program, Richmond Hospital, Vancouver Coastal Health, Richmond, BC, V7C 5L9, Canada
| | - Sharadh Sampath
- Richmond Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Program, Richmond Hospital, Vancouver Coastal Health, Richmond, BC, V7C 5L9, Canada
| | - Serena Hollman
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Gerben Duns
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Luke O'Brien
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Christian Steidl
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Gerald Krystal
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Ingrid Elisia
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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Norlin M, Wikvall K. Enzymatic activation in vitamin D signaling - Past, present and future. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 742:109639. [PMID: 37196753 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D signaling is important in regulating calcium homeostasis essential for bone health but also displays other functions in cells of several tissues. Disturbed vitamin D signaling is linked to a large number of diseases. The multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyzing the different hydroxylations in bioactivation of vitamin D3 are crucial for vitamin D signaling and function. This review is focused on the progress achieved in identification of the bioactivating enzymes and their genes in production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other active metabolites. Results obtained on species- and tissue-specific expression, catalytic reactions, substrate specificity, enzyme kinetics, and consequences of gene mutations are evaluated. Matters of incomplete understanding regarding the physiological roles of some vitamin D hydroxylases are critically discussed and the authors will give their view of the importance of each enzyme for vitamin D signaling. Roles of different vitamin D receptors and an alternative bioactivation pathway, leading to 20-hydroxylated vitamin D3 metabolites, are also discussed. Considerable progress has been achieved in knowledge of the vitamin D3 bioactivating enzymes. Nevertheless, several intriguing areas deserve further attention to understand the pleiotropic and diverse activities elicited by vitamin D signaling and the mechanisms of enzymatic activation necessary for vitamin D-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Norlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kjell Wikvall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cui D, Luo Z, Liu X, Chen X, Zhang Q, Yang X, Lu Q, Su Z, Guo H. Combination of metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis to decipher the mechanisms of total flavonoids of Litchi seed against prostate cancer. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:7160314. [PMID: 37167442 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the underlying mechanism of total flavonoids of Litchi seed (TFLS) in treating prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), EdU incorporation assay, trypan blue dye assay and colony formation assay were employed to evaluate the effect of TFLS on PCa in vitro. The xenograft mouse model was established to explore the anti-tumour effect of TFLS in vivo. Alterations in the metabolic profiles of the PC3 cells and mouse serum were obtained by untargeted metabolomics. Combination with metabolomics analysis and network pharmacology strategies, the potential targets were predicted and further validated by RT-qPCR. KEY FINDINGS TFLS attenuated PCa progression both in vitro and in vivo. Metabolomics results yielded from cells and serum indicated that the anti-cancer effect of TFLS was correlated with synergistic modulation of five common metabolic pathways including glycerophospholipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and steroid biosynthesis. Using in silico prediction and RT-qPCR analysis, we further revealed that TFLS exerted anti-PCa activities via regulating the expressions of nine genes, including MAOA, ACHE, ALDH2, AMD1, ARG1, PLA2G10, PLA2G1B, FDFT1 and SQLE. CONCLUSIONS TFLS suppressed tumour proliferation in PCa, which may be associated with regulating lipid and amino acid metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianxin Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Anti-geriatric Drugs, Pharmaceutical college, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhuo Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Anti-geriatric Drugs, Pharmaceutical college, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Anti-geriatric Drugs, Pharmaceutical college, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qinpei Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Anti-geriatric Drugs, Pharmaceutical college, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhiheng Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Anti-geriatric Drugs, Pharmaceutical college, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Anti-geriatric Drugs, Pharmaceutical college, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
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4
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Munetsuna E, Kittaka A, Chen TC, Sakaki T. Metabolism and Action of 25-Hydroxy-19-nor-Vitamin D3 in Human Prostate Cells. VITAMIN D HORMONE 2016; 100:357-77. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gilbert R, Bonilla C, Metcalfe C, Lewis S, Evans DM, Fraser WD, Kemp JP, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Neal DE, Lane JA, Smith GD, Lathrop M, Martin RM. Associations of vitamin D pathway genes with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D, and prostate cancer: a nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:205-218. [PMID: 25488826 PMCID: PMC4298668 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D pathway single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are potentially useful proxies for investigating whether circulating vitamin D metabolites [total 25-hydroxyvitamin-D, 25(OH)D; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin, 1,25(OH)2D] are causally related to prostate cancer. We investigated associations of sixteen SNPs across seven genes with prostate-specific antigen-detected prostate cancer. METHODS In a nested case-control study (within the ProtecT trial), we estimated odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) quantifying associations between SNPs and prostate cancer. Subgroup analyses investigated whether associations were stronger in men who had high/low sun exposure [a proxy for 25(OH)D]. We quantified associations of SNPs with stage (T1-T2/T3-T4) and grade (<7/≥7). Multiple variant scores included SNPs encoding proteins involved in 25(OH)D synthesis and metabolism. RESULTS We included 1,275 prostate cancer cases (141 locally advanced, 385 high grades) and 2,062 healthy controls. Vitamin D-binding protein SNPs were associated with prostate cancer (rs4588-A: OR 1.20, CI 1.01, 1.41, p = 0.04; rs7041-T: OR 1.19, CI 1.02, 1.38, p = 0.03). Low 25(OH)D metabolism score was associated with high (vs low) grade (OR 0.76, CI 0.63, 0.93, p = 0.01); there was a similar association of its component variants: rs6013897-A in CYP24A1 (OR 0.78, CI 0.60, 1.01, p = 0.06) and rs10877012-T in CYP27B1 (OR 0.80, CI 0.63, 1.02, p = 0.07). There was no evidence that associations differed by level of sun exposure. CONCLUSION We found some evidence that vitamin D pathway SNPs were associated with prostate cancer risk and grade, but not stage. There was no evidence of an association in men with deficient vitamin D (measured by having low sun exposure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gilbert
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
| | - Carolina Bonilla
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris Metcalfe
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Sarah Lewis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - John P Kemp
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David E Neal
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Athene Lane
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Center National de Génotypage, Evry, France
- Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, National Institute for Health Research, Bristol, UK
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Sonne C, Kirkegaard M, Jakobsen J, Jenssen BM, Letcher RJ, Dietz R. Altered vitamin D status in liver tissue and blood plasma from Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris) dietary exposed to organohalogen contaminated minke whale (Balaenoptera acuterostrata) blubber. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 104:403-408. [PMID: 24725758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study compared vitamin D3 (vitD3) and 25-OH vitamin D3 (25OHD3) status in Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris) given either minke whale (Balaenoptera acuterostrata) blubber high in organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) or clean porcine (Suis scrofa) fat for up to 636 days. A group of six exposed and six control sister bitches (maternal generation) and their three exposed and four control pups, respectively, were daily fed 112g whale blubber (193µg ∑PCB/day) or porcine fat (0.17µg ∑PCB/day). Mean level of ∑PCB in adipose tissue of exposed bitches and their pups was 3106 and 2670ng/g lw, respectively, which was significantly higher than the mean concentration of 53ng/g lw for all controls (p<0.001). The vitamin analyses showed that 25OHD3 in liver of maternal exposed bitches were significantly lower than in controls (p=0.004) while vitD3 was significantly highest in liver of exposed pups (p<0.003). Regarding blood plasma concentrations, exposed F generation pups had significantly higher concentrations of 25OHD3 than controls (p=0.009). Correlation analyses showed that blood 25OHD3 decreased significantly with increased adipose tissue concentrations of ∑PCB in exposed dogs (R(2)=0.64, p=0.005) and a similar trend was found for liver 25OHD3 (R(2)=0.32, p=0.08). The results indicate that the homeostasis and metabolism of vitamin D compounds may respond differently to the dietary composition of fatty acids and OHC exposure. It is unknown if the lower level of 25OHD3 in the liver of exposed dogs would have any negative effects on immunity and reproduction and more focus should be conducted on this compound in Arctic wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Maja Kirkegaard
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jette Jakobsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Munro Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Roskilde, Denmark
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Wagner D, Trudel D, Van der Kwast T, Nonn L, Giangreco AA, Li D, Dias A, Cardoza M, Laszlo S, Hersey K, Klotz L, Finelli A, Fleshner N, Vieth R. Randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 doses on prostatic vitamin D metabolite levels and ki67 labeling in prostate cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:1498-507. [PMID: 23463655 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vitamin D3 might benefit prostate cancer (PCa) patients because prostate cells can locally synthesize the active hormone calcitriol. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the effects of oral vitamin D3 on vitamin D metabolites and PCa proliferative activity in prostate tissue. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a double-blind randomized clinical trial at surgical oncology clinics in Toronto, Canada. PATIENTS PCa patients (Gleason 6 or 7) participated in the study. Of 66 subjects who were enrolled, 63 completed the dosing protocol. INTERVENTION Vitamin D3 (400, 10 000, or 40 000 IU/d) was orally administered before radical prostatectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We evaluated vitamin D metabolite levels and Ki67 labeling in surgical prostate tissue. Safety measures, PTH, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were also assessed. RESULTS Prostate tissue and serum levels of vitamin D metabolites, including calcitriol, increased dose dependently (P < .03) and were significantly higher in the 40 000-IU/d group than in every other dose group (P < .03). Prostate vitamin D metabolites correlated positively with serum levels (P < .0001). Ki67 measures did not differ significantly among vitamin D dose groups. However, cross-sectional analysis indicated that the calcitriol level attained in prostate was inversely associated with Ki67 intensity and Ki67 (3+) percent positive nuclei in PCa and benign tissue (P < .05). Safety measures did not change adversely with dosing. Compared with the 400-IU/d group, serum PTH and PSA were lower in the combined higher-dose groups at the end of the study (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS Oral vitamin D3 raised prostate calcitriol levels (level 1 evidence) and modestly lowered both PSA and PTH. Although Ki67 expression did not differ among dose groups, its levels correlated inversely with prostate calcitriol. These suggestions of clinical benefit justify continued clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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SAKUMA S, FUJISAWA J, SUMIDA M, TANIGAWA M, INODA R, SUJIHERA T, KOHDA T, FUJIMOTO Y. The Involvement of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in the 1^|^alpha;,25-Dihydroxy-Cholecalciferol-Induced Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation In Vitro. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2012. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.58.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Vieth R. Why the minimum desirable serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level should be 75 nmol/L (30 ng/ml). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25:681-91. [PMID: 21872808 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Institutes of Medicine (IOM) recently revised the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for vitamin D, to maintain serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) at or above 50 nmol/L, to sustain bone density, calcium absorption, and to minimize risk of osteomalacia and rickets. However there are compelling reasons why 25(OH)D should preferably exceed 75 nmol/L: (A) Scrutiny of actual data specified by the IOM relating 25(OH)D to bone density and osteomalacia shows the desirable minimum 25(OH)D to be 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL). (B) Humans are primates, optimized through evolution to inhabit tropical latitudes, with serum 25(OH)D over 100 nmol/L. (C) Epidemiologic relationships show health benefits if 25(OH)D levels exceed 70 nmol/L; these include fewer falls, better tooth attachment, less colorectal cancer, improved depression and wellbeing. Some studies of populations at high-latitude relate higher 25(OH)D to risk of prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer or mortality. Those relationships are attributable to the dynamic fluctuations in 25(OH)D specific to high latitudes, and which can be corrected by maintaining 25(OH)D at steady, high levels throughout the year, the way they are in the tropics. (D) There are now many clinical trials that show benefits and/or no adversity with doses of vitamin D that raise serum 25(OH)D to levels beyond 75 nmol/L. Together, the evidence makes it very unlikely that further research will change the conclusion that risk of disease with serum 25(OH)D higher than 75 nmol/L is lower than the risk of disease if the serum 25(OH)D is approximately 53 nmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Vieth
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Pentti Tuohimaa
- The Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere and Department of Medical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Wigle DT, Turner MC, Gomes J, Parent ME. Role of hormonal and other factors in human prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:242-259. [PMID: 18368555 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701873548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
American men have a lifetime risk of about 18% for prostate cancer diagnosis. Large international variations in prostate cancer risks and increased risks among migrants from low- to high-risk countries indicate important roles for environmental factors. Major known risk factors include age, family history, and country/ethnicity. Type 2 diabetes appears to reduce risk, while high birth weight and adult height are linked to increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Limited evidence supports an association with a history of sexually transmitted infections. A previous meta-analysis of eight cohort studies indicated no associations with plasma androgen, estrogen, or sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels. However, there were dose-response relationships with baseline plasma testosterone levels in two studies that adjusted for other serum hormones and obesity. Finasteride (a drug that blocks testosterone activation) reduced prostate cancer risk by 25%. Low-frequency genes linked to familial prostate cancer only explain a small fraction of all cases. Sporadic cases were linked to relatively common polymorphisms of genes involved in (1) androgen synthesis, activation, inactivation and excretion, (2) hormone and vitamin D receptors, (3) carcinogen metabolism, and (4) DNA repair. Epidemiologic evidence supports protective roles for dietary selenium, vitamin E, pulses, tomatoes/lycopene, and soy foods, and high plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. There is inadequate evidence that vegetables, fruit, carotenoids, and vitamins A and C reduce risk and that animal fat, alpha-linoleic acid, meat, coffee, and tea increase risk. Two major cohort studies found dose-response relationships with dietary calcium intake. Total dietary energy intake may enhance risk. Limited evidence supports a protective role for physical activity and elevated risk for farmers and other men with occupational pesticide exposure, particularly to organochlorine compounds and phenoxy herbicides. There is inadequate evidence for a relationship with alcohol or smoking. Most known or suspected external risk factors may act through hormonal mechanisms, but our review found little supporting evidence, and substantial further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Wigle
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Tang W, Norlin M, Wikvall K. Regulation of human CYP27A1 by estrogens and androgens in HepG2 and prostate cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 462:13-20. [PMID: 17482558 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of the human CYP27A1 gene by estrogens and androgens was studied in human liver-derived HepG2 and prostate cells. Our results show that the promoter activity, enzymatic activity and mRNA levels of CYP27A1 in HepG2 cells are downregulated by estrogen in presence of ERalpha or ERbeta. Similar effects by estrogen were found in RWPE-1 prostate cells. In contrast, estrogen markedly upregulated the transcriptional activity of CYP27A1 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. 5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone and androgen receptor upregulated the transcriptional activity of CYP27A1 in HepG2 cells. Progressive deletion experiments indicate that the ERbeta-mediated effects in HepG2 and LNCaP cells are conferred to the same region (-451/+42) whereas ERalpha-mediated effects on this promoter are more complex. The results indicate that the stimulating effect of androgen in HepG2 cells is conferred to a region upstream from -792 in the CYP27A1 promoter. In summary, we have identified the human CYP27A1 gene as a target for estrogens and androgens. The results imply that expression of CYP27A1 may be affected by endogenous sex hormones and pharmacological compounds with estrogenic or androgenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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Fraser DR. Exploration of possible mechanisms linking vitamin D status and dietary calcium to prostate cancer. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:596-7. [PMID: 17349069 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507685377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David R Fraser
- Faculty of Vetrinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Porojnicu AC, Lagunova Z, Robsahm TE, Berg JP, Dahlback A, Moan J. Changes in risk of death from breast cancer with season and latitude. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 102:323-8. [PMID: 17028983 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Norwegian counties can conveniently be divided in three groups with different annual UV exposures and different incidence rates of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. In view of the hypothesis that latitude and season of diagnosis may play a role for breast cancer progression, the prognosis of breast cancer as determined for summer and winter diagnosis, were evaluated in the three residential regions. Two age groups were analysed separately (stratification at 50 years). For all regions, and for all ages, the prognosis was best for women diagnosed in the summer season (Relative risk (RR) of death was 15-25% lower for summer diagnosis versus winter diagnosis). There was no significant seasonal variation of the number of new cases. For women diagnosed before the age of 50, a geographical gradient in cancer prognosis was also found (RR of death 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5-0.7 for cases diagnosed in southeast Norway and RR of death 0.8, 95% CI: 0.6-1.1 for diagnosis in the north of Norway). This is in agreement with a 1.5 times larger annual UV exposures and 3-4 times larger incidence rates of SCC in the southeast region when compared with the north region. For women diagnosed after the age of 50, no significant difference was found between the three regions. Despite a 17% higher vitamin D intake from food in north of Norway no difference in cancer survival was found for diagnosis during winter (when no significant differences in the levels of UV exposure can be detected between regions). The overall data support our earlier hypothesis that season of diagnosis and therapy start improves the survival for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Carmen Porojnicu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Grant WB. Epidemiology of disease risks in relation to vitamin D insufficiency. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 92:65-79. [PMID: 16546242 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D from ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance, food, and supplements is receiving increased attention lately for its role in maintaining optimal health. Although the calcemic effects of vitamin D have been known for about a century, the non-calcemic effects have been studied intently only during the past two-three decades. The strongest links to the beneficial roles of UVB and vitamin D to date are for bone and muscle conditions and diseases. There is also a preponderance of evidence from a variety of studies that vitamin D reduces the risk of colon cancer, with 1000 IU/day of vitamin D or serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels >33 ng/mL (82 nmol/L) associated with a 50% lower incidence of colorectal cancer. There is also reasonable evidence that vitamin D reduces the risk of breast, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. There is weaker, primarily ecologic, evidence for the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of an additional dozen types of cancer. There is reasonably strong ecologic and case-control evidence that vitamin D reduces the risk of autoimmune diseases including such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus, and weaker evidence for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and stroke. It is noted that mechanisms whereby vitamin D exerts its effect are generally well understood for the various conditions and diseases discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center (SUNARC), 2107 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 403B, San Francisco, CA 94109-2529, USA.
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16
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Abstract
This article reviews the progress in the chemistry of the steroids that was published between January and December 2005. The reactions and partial synthesis of estrogens, androgens, pregnanes, bile acid derivatives, cholestanes and vitamin D analogues are covered. There are 139 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
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