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Poutanen M, Hagberg Thulin M, Härkönen P. Targeting sex steroid biosynthesis for breast and prostate cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41568-023-00609-y. [PMID: 37684402 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Poutanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Malin Hagberg Thulin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pirkko Härkönen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Oghazian MB, Shirzad N, Ahadi M, Eivazi Adli S, Mollazadeh S, Radfar M. Aspirin versus placebo on estrogen levels in postmenopausal women: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:31. [PMID: 35581629 PMCID: PMC9116012 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen is involved in the pathogenesis of breast and gynecological cancers. Regular use of aspirin reduces estrogen levels. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of aspirin on estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. Methods This double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group trial was conducted on postmenopausal women referred to an outpatient clinic at a women’s hospital in Tehran. Volunteers were randomly assigned to receive aspirin 100 mg/day or placebo for 6 weeks. Estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and testosterone levels at baseline and at the end of the intervention were measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, independent samples t-test, and Mann–Whitney U test. Results Twenty-seven and 28 participants were finally analyzed in the aspirin and placebo groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups in body mass index (BMI), age, or menopausal years. There was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.002) in the amount of change in estradiol levels of the intervention group (median=− 3.5 pg/ml) compared to the control group (median=1.5 pg/ml). In contrast, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding testosterone and SHBG levels (p = 0.58, p = 0.32). Conclusions Since low doses of aspirin may decrease estradiol levels, it could be considered a promising adjunctive therapeutic candidate in postmenopausal women to decrease BC incidence. However, further studies with larger sample sizes, measurements of estrogen levels and its related compounds in different time points accompanied by long-term follow-ups are needed to better elucidate the potential mechanisms by which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) negatively affect breast cancer. Trial registration IRCT201012195397N1. Date of first registration: 03/01/2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Oghazian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Nooshin Shirzad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahadi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Shalaleh Eivazi Adli
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Tehran Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mollazadeh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mania Radfar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Di Leva G, Cheung DG, Croce CM. miRNA clusters as therapeutic targets for hormone-resistant breast cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:607-617. [PMID: 27721895 PMCID: PMC5053393 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1099430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non coding RNAs that typically inhibit the translation and stability of messenger RNAs, controlling genes involved in cellular processes such as inflammation, cell cycle regulation, stress response, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. Not surprisingly, microRNAs are also aberrantly expressed in cancer and promote tumorigenesis by disrupting these vital cellular functions. In this review, we first broadly summarize the role of microRNAs in breast cancer and Estrogen Receptor alpha signaling. Then we focus on what is currently known about the role of microRNAs in anti-hormonal therapy or resistance to endocrine agents. Specifically, we will discuss key miRNAs involved in tamoxifen (miR-221/222, 181, 101, 519a, 301, 375, 342, 451, and the let-7 family), fulvestrant (miR-221/222, miR-200 family), and aromatase inhibitor (miR-128 and the let-7 family) resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Di Leva
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Douglas G Cheung
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Suba Z. The pitfall of the transient, inconsistent anticancer capacity of antiestrogens and the mechanism of apparent antiestrogen resistance. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4341-53. [PMID: 26273195 PMCID: PMC4532170 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although antiestrogens have been available for breast cancer therapy since the early 1970s, neither their inconsistent anticancer capacity nor the developing antiestrogen resistance of tumors can be fully understood. Although clinical and experimental investigations revealed many tiny details concerning the link between estrogen signaling and tumor development, they yielded fairly controversial findings. Estrogen receptor (ER) overexpression in tumor cells induced by estrogen treatment was erroneously regarded as a promoter of DNA damage, genomic instability, and tumor growth. Similarly, compensatory ER overexpression caused by antiestrogen treatment or estrogen withdrawal was mistakenly evaluated as a key for rapid tumor growth attributed to acquired antiestrogen resistance. Nevertheless, ER upregulation induced by estrogen treatment is a physiologic process even in tumor cells, whereas in the case of antiestrogen administration, it is a contraregulatory action to defend the endangered estrogen signaling. Upregulation of estrogen signaling displays a unique dichotomy, ensuring the survival and safe proliferative activity of healthy cells, while inducing apoptotic death of malignant tumor cells. Analysis of the fairly controversial results justifies that whatever type of available endocrine therapies may be used, including estrogen, antiestrogen treatment, or oophorectomy, an extreme upregulation of ER signaling seems to be the crucial mechanism of successful prevention and treatment for breast cancer. The inconsistent therapeutic effects of antiestrogen administration may be explained by the different genetic capacities of patients for the compensatory upregulation of ER and aromatase enzyme expressions. The weaker the defensive counteraction against the inhibition of estrogen signaling, the poorer is the prognosis of the disease. De novo or acquired antiestrogen resistance of tumors may be associated with the missing capacity of patients for the extreme upregulation of estrogen signaling or with the exhaustion of defensive counteractions in cases that previously showed good reactivity. High-dose estrogen treatment is capable of restoring ER signaling and anticancer capacity even after heavy exposure to antiestrogen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Suba
- National Institute of Oncology, Surgical and Molecular Tumor Pathology Centre, Budapest, Hungary
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Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Rae M, Folkerd EJ, Dowsett M, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ. Reproducibility of estradiol and testosterone levels in postmenopausal women over 5 years: results from the breakthrough generations study. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:1128-33. [PMID: 24685533 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective cohort studies examining sex hormones in relation to cancer risk have generally collected blood samples at 1 time point, with an assumption that hormone levels measured in these samples will be reliable markers of true levels at other times. In postmenopausal women, body fat is a major source of estradiol; therefore, changes in adiposity may affect the correlation of single measurements to more relevant long-term averages. To estimate the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for estradiol and testosterone, we collected repeat blood samples from 119 postmenopausal women (average age = 59.4 (standard deviation, 4.7) years) from the United Kingdom during 2004-2005 and again during 2010-2011. The ICCs (adjusted for assay variation) were 0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.63, 0.82) for total estradiol and 0.59 (95% confidence interval: 0.47, 0.72) for total testosterone. The ICCs were 3%-5% larger after adjustment for change in body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) or leptin, which are 2 markers of change in adiposity. There was no increase in ICCs after adjustment for change in age, alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise, time between waking and blood collection, or season. The results suggest that other factors account for within-woman variation in these sex hormones.
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Schoemaker MJ, Folkerd EJ, Jones ME, Rae M, Allen S, Ashworth A, Dowsett M, Swerdlow AJ. Combined effects of endogenous sex hormone levels and mammographic density on postmenopausal breast cancer risk: results from the Breakthrough Generations Study. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1898-907. [PMID: 24518596 PMCID: PMC3974082 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammographic density and sex hormone levels are strong risk factors for breast cancer, but it is unclear whether they represent the same aetiological entity or are independent risk factors. METHODS Within the Breakthrough Generations Study cohort, we conducted a case-control study of 265 postmenopausal breast cancer cases and 343 controls with prediagnostic mammograms and blood samples. Plasma was assayed for oestradiol, testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations and mammographic density assessed by Cumulus. RESULTS Oestradiol and testosterone were negatively and SHBG positively associated with percentage density and absolute dense area, but after adjusting for body mass index the associations remained significant only for SHBG. Breast cancer risk was independently and significantly positively associated with percentage density (P=0.002), oestradiol (P=0.002) and testosterone (P=0.007) levels. Women in the highest tertile of both density and sex hormone level were at greatest risk, with an odds ratio of 7.81 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.89-21.1) for oestradiol and 4.57 (95% CI: 1.75-11.9) for testosterone and high density compared with those who were in the lowest tertiles. The cumulative risk of breast cancer in the highest oestradiol and density tertiles, representing 8% of controls, was estimated as 12.8% at ages 50-69 years and 19.4% at ages 20-79 years, and in the lowest tertiles was 1.7% and 4.3%, respectively. Associations of breast cancer risk with tertiles of mammographic dense area were less strong than for percentage density. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous sex hormone levels and mammographic density are independent risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer, which in combination can identify women who might benefit from increased frequency of screening and chemoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - E J Folkerd
- 1] Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK [2] Academic Department of Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - M E Jones
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M Rae
- 1] Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK [2] Academic Department of Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - S Allen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - A Ashworth
- 1] Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK [2] Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK [3] Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - M Dowsett
- 1] Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK [2] Academic Department of Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK [3] Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK [4] Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - A J Swerdlow
- 1] Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, UK [2] Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Jones ME, Schoemaker M, Rae M, Folkerd EJ, Dowsett M, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ. Changes in estradiol and testosterone levels in postmenopausal women after changes in body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2967-74. [PMID: 23666973 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Endogenous sex hormones are risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer. A potential route for favorable hormonal modification is weight loss. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to measure change in plasma estradiol and testosterone levels in postmenopausal women in relation to change in body mass index (BMI) and plasma leptin. SETTING The setting was a cohort study of over 100,000 female volunteers from the general population, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS The participants were a sample of 177 postmenopausal women aged over 45 years who provided blood samples during 2004-2005 and again during 2010-2011. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Outcomes were percentage change in plasma estradiol and testosterone levels per 1 kg/m² change in BMI and per 1 ng/mL change in plasma leptin. RESULTS Among women with reduction in BMI, estradiol decreased 12.7% (95% confidence interval: [6.4%, 19.5%]; P < .0001) per kg/m² and among women with increased BMI estradiol increased 6.4% [0.2%, 12.9%] (P = .042). The corresponding figures for testosterone were 10.7% [3.0%, 19.0%] (P = .006) and 1.9% [-5.4%, 9.7%] (P = .61) per kg/m². For women with decreases and increases in leptin, estradiol decreased by 3.6% [1.3%, 6.0%] (P = .003) per ng/mL and increased by 1.7% [-0.3%, 3.6%] (P = .094), respectively. The corresponding figures for testosterone were 4.8% [2.0%, 7.8%] (P = .009) and 0.3% [-2.0%, 2.6%] (P = .82) per ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS In postmenopausal women, changes in BMI and plasma leptin occurring over several years are associated with changes in estradiol and testosterone levels. The results suggest that fat loss by an individual can result in substantial decreases in postmenopausal estradiol and testosterone levels and provides support for weight management to lessen breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Jones
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, University of London, Sutton SM2 5NG and London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom.
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Falk RT, Brinton LA, Dorgan JF, Fuhrman BJ, Veenstra TD, Xu X, Gierach GL. Relationship of serum estrogens and estrogen metabolites to postmenopausal breast cancer risk: a nested case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R34. [PMID: 23607871 PMCID: PMC4053199 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elevated levels of circulating estrogens are linked to breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women but little is known about the importance of estrogen metabolism. A recently developed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based method (LC-MS/MS) measuring a panel of 15 estrogen metabolites (EM) has been evaluated in one study, linking high levels of 2-pathway metabolites relative to the parent estrogens to reduced breast cancer risk. We analyzed this panel of EM in a nested case-control study of postmenopausal breast cancer. Methods Between 1977 and 1987, 6,915 women provided blood samples to the Columbia Missouri Serum Bank and were followed for incident breast cancer through December 2002. We studied 215 postmenopausal breast cancer cases and 215 matched controls who were postmenopausal and not using exogenous hormones at the time of blood draw. EM were examined individually, grouped by pathway (hydroxylation at the C-2, C-4 or C-16 positions of the steroid ring) and by ratios of the groupings. Logistic regression models controlling for matching and breast cancer risk factors were used to calculate quartile-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. Results Significant elevated risks were not observed for individual EM, except for quartiles of 16-epiestriol (P trend = 0.07). The OR for total EM, the parent estrogens estrone and estradiol, and 2-pathway catechol EM (2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol) were elevated but the trends were not statistically significant. Among 2-pathway metabolites, risks for the highest levels of 2-hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether and 2-methoxyestradiol were reduced; ORs for women in the highest versus lowest quartiles were 0.57 (95% CI = 0.33 to 0.99) and 0.53 (95% CI = 0.30 to 0.96), respectively. Overall, women with higher levels of 2-pathway EM had a reduced risk of breast cancer, which remained after accounting for levels of parent EM, 4-pathway EM and 16-pathway EM (all trends, P <0.11). Conclusions Women with more extensive hydroxylation along the 2-pathway may have a reduced risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Further studies are needed to clarify the risks for specific EM and complex patterns of estrogen metabolism. This will require aggregation of EM results from several studies.
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Sun M, Yang X, Ye C, Xu W, Yao G, Chen J, Li M. Risk-association of CYP11A1 polymorphisms and breast cancer among Han Chinese women in Southern China. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4896-4905. [PMID: 22606018 PMCID: PMC3344254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to endogenous sex hormones has been reported as a risk factor for breast cancer. The CYP11A1 gene encodes the key enzyme that catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in steroid hormone synthesis. In this study, the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP11A1 and breast cancer susceptibility were examined. Six SNPs in CYP11A1 were genotyped using the MassARRAY IPLEX platform in 530 breast cancer patients and 546 healthy controls. Association analyses based on a χ2 test and binary logistic regression were performed to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for each SNP. Two loci (rs2959008 and rs2279357) showed evidence of associations with breast cancer risk. The variant genotype C/T-C/C of rs2959008 was significantly associated with a decreased risk (age-adjusted OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58–0.96; P = 0.023) compared with the wild-type TT. However, the homozygous TT variant of rs2279357 exhibited increased susceptibility to breast cancer (age-adjusted OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.05–1.98; P = 0.022). The locus rs2959003 also showed an appreciable effect, but no associations were observed for three other SNPs. Our results suggest that polymorphisms of CYP11A1 are related to breast cancer susceptibility in Han Chinese women of South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minying Sun
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (M.S.); (X.Y.); (W.X.)
| | - Xuexi Yang
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (M.S.); (X.Y.); (W.X.)
| | - Changsheng Ye
- Breast Center, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (C.Y.); (G.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Weiwen Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (M.S.); (X.Y.); (W.X.)
| | - Guangyu Yao
- Breast Center, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (C.Y.); (G.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Jun Chen
- Breast Center, Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (C.Y.); (G.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Ming Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; E-Mails: (M.S.); (X.Y.); (W.X.)
- Da An Gene Co., Ltd. of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510665, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-20-61648550; Fax: +86-20-61648554
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Lee H, Wang Q, Yang F, Tao P, Li H, Huang Y, Li JY. SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism, smoked meat, and breast cancer risk: a case-control study and meta-analysis. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 31:688-99. [PMID: 22011087 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SULT1A1 is involved in both detoxification of estrogens and bioactivation of carcinogens in smoked meat. SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism's effect on breast cancer risk is still unclear. We recruited 400 case-control pairs to investigate the association between SULT1A1 genotypes and breast cancer risk, and the combined effect of SULT1A1 polymorphism and daily intake of smoked meat. Participants were questioned about their dietary habits and other risk factors, and their SULT1A1 genotypes were determined. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by multivariable unconditional logistic regression. We also performed a meta-analysis of relevant published studies to test these associations. In the case-control study, no significant associations were observed between SULT1A1 polymorphism and breast cancer risk. In the meta-analysis, SULT1A1 His/His genotype slightly increased risk among both overall and postmenopausal women (OR(pooled-overall)=1.12, 95% CI: 1.02-1.24; OR(pooled-post)=1.17, 95% CI: 1.03-1.32). A larger positive association was observed in Asian populations (OR(pooled-Asian)=2.01, 95% CI: 1.24-3.26). In our case-control study, high energy-adjusted daily intake of smoked meat was significantly associated with breast cancer risk in overall, pre- and postmenopausal women (aORs: 2.31-3.13, OR 95% CIs exclude 1). High smoked meat intake interacted positively with the His variant allele (all γ>1). These results correlated with those of the meta-analysis (γ(pooled-overall)=1.27). The SULT1A1 His/His genotype may increase the risk of breast cancer among Asian women, and dietary exposure to heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, along with the SULT1A1 His/His variant genotype, may synergistically increase the risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Li HJ, Wang LY, Qu HN, Yu LH, Burnstock G, Ni X, Xu M, Ma B. P2Y2 receptor-mediated modulation of estrogen-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 338:28-37. [PMID: 21356271 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is known that estrogen promotes the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Agonists to P2Y(2) receptors promote or suppress proliferation in different cancers. In the present study, the methods of methylthiazoltetrazolium (MTT) assay, real-time RT-PCR, Western blot and fluorescent calcium imaging analysis were used to investigate whether P2Y(2) receptors play a role in the effects of estrogen on the breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. We found that P2Y(2) receptors were expressed in both the estrogen receptor alpha (ER(α))-positive breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and the ER(α)-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. 17β-Estradiol (17β-E(2)) (1 pM to 1000 nM) promoted proliferation of MCF-7 cells, which was blocked by the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 (1 μM) and the ER(α) antagonist methyl-piperidino-pyrazole (MPP, 50 μM), but not by the ER(β) antagonist 4-[2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]phenol (PHTPP, 50 μM) or ER(β) small interfering RNA. The P2Y(2) and P2Y(4) receptor agonist UTP (10-100 μM) suppressed the viability of breast cancer cells in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The effect was blocked by suramin (10-100 μM), known to be an effective antagonist against P2Y(2), but not P2Y(4), receptor-mediated responses. 17β-E(2) played a more positive role in promoting proliferation in MCF-7 cells when suramin blocked the functional P2Y(2) receptors. 17β-E(2) (0.1-1000 nM) downregulated the expression of P2Y(2) receptors in terms of both mRNA and protein levels in MCF-7 cells. The effect was blocked by ICI 182,780 and MPP, but not PHTPP or ER(β) small interfering RNA. 17β-E(2) did not affect the expression of P2Y(2) receptors in MDA-MB-231. UTP (10-100 μM) led to a sharp increase in intracellular Ca(2+) in MCF-7 cells. Pre-incubation with 17β-E(2) (0.1 μM) attenuated UTP-induced [Ca(2+)](i), which was blocked by ICI182,780 and MPP, but not PHTPP. It is suggested that estrogen, via ER(α) receptors, promotes proliferation of breast cancer cells by down-regulating P2Y(2) receptor expression and attenuating P2Y(2)-induced increase of [Ca(2+)](i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-jun Li
- Department of Physiology and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Pinheiro RL, Sarian LO, Pinto-Neto AM, Morais S, Costa-Paiva L. Waist circumference and waist to hip ratio do not contribute additional information on hormone receptor status of breast tumors in obese women. Breast J 2010; 16:323-4. [PMID: 20408825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2010.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Treeck O, Elemenler E, Kriener C, Horn F, Springwald A, Hartmann A, Ortmann O. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of ESR2 gene and breast cancer susceptibility. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 114:207-11. [PMID: 19429453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variations like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in estrogen biosynthesis, metabolism and signal transduction have been suggested to affect breast cancer susceptibility. In this study we tested the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the promoter of ESR2 gene may be associated with increased risk for breast cancer. We analyzed three SNPs in the promoter region of human ESR2 gene by means of allele-specific tetra-primer PCR. A total of 318 sporadic breast cancer cases and 318 age-matched controls were included in the study. With regard to homozygous genotypes, women with sporadic breast cancer more frequently carried the CC genotype of ESR2 promoter SNP rs2987983 (OR 1.99, p=0.005). Calculation of allele positivity demonstrated that presence of T allele of this SNP was more frequent in healthy women. Our data suggest that a SNP in the promoter region of ESR2 gene might be able to affect breast cancer risk. These results further support the emerging hypothesis that ERbeta is an important factor in breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Treeck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Regensburg, Landshuter Strasse 65, Regensburg, Germany.
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14
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Gorski JJ, Kennedy RD, Hosey AM, Harkin DP. The complex relationship between BRCA1 and ERalpha in hereditary breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1514-8. [PMID: 19223511 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) was initially identified as one of the genes conferring genetic predisposition to both breast and ovarian cancer. One of the interesting aspects of BRCA1-linked cancers is the observed specificity for estrogen-responsive tissues such as breast and ovary. Recent advances in our understanding of BRCA1-linked breast cancers have revealed a complex relationship between BRCA1 and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) signaling. Estrogen stimulation increases expression of BRCA1 at the mRNA and protein level and conversely BRCA1 functions to both induce ERalpha mRNA expression and act as a negative regulator of ERalpha signaling. Here, we review the relationship between BRCA1 and ERalpha and discuss the use of antiestrogen therapies such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of BRCA1 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Gorski
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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15
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Pinheiro RL, Sarian LO, Pinto-Neto AM, Morais S, Costa-Paiva L. Relationship between body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio and the steroid hormone receptor status in breast carcinoma of pre- and postmenopausal women. Breast 2008; 18:8-12. [PMID: 19041243 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist to hip ratio (WRH) are associated to the steroid receptor status in breast carcinomas. METHODS Four hundred and seventy three women with breast malignancies stage I-III were included. Weight, height, the waist and hip circumferences (WC), body mass index (BMI), and the waist to hip ratio (WHR) were determined. The expression of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors was determined with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Most women had central obesity (WC>or=88 and WHR>or=0.85 in 64.3 and 73.4%, respectively). The majority (78.1%) of the women had tumors that expressed at least one of the HR. BMI, WC and WHP were not related to the HR status in neither the pre- or postmenopausal women. Multivariate analysis confirmed these findings. CONCLUSIONS BMI, WC or WHR may not be good predictors of HR status in breast malignancies in either pre- or postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosilene Lima Pinheiro
- Section of Nutrition and Dietetics, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Geisler J, Helle H, Ekse D, Duong NK, Evans DB, Nordbø Y, Aas T, Lønning PE. Letrozole is Superior to Anastrozole in Suppressing Breast Cancer Tissue and Plasma Estrogen Levels. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6330-5. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-5221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Justenhoven C, Hamann U, Pierl CB, Baisch C, Harth V, Rabstein S, Spickenheuer A, Pesch B, Brüning T, Winter S, Ko YD, Brauch H. CYP2C19*17 is associated with decreased breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 115:391-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Mah V, Seligson DB, Li A, Márquez DC, Wistuba II, Elshimali Y, Fishbein MC, Chia D, Pietras RJ, Goodglick L. Aromatase expression predicts survival in women with early-stage non small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10484-90. [PMID: 17974992 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen signaling is critical in the progression of tumors that bear estrogen receptors. In most patients with breast cancer, inhibitors that block interactions of estrogen with its receptors or suppress the production of endogenous estrogens are important interventions in the clinic. Recent evidence now suggests that estrogen also contributes to the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We used a human lung cancer xenograph model system to analyze the effect of aromatase or estradiol on tumor growth. We further examined the level of protein expression of aromatase in 422 patients with NSCLC using a high-density tissue microarray. Results were confirmed and validated on an independent patient cohort (n = 337). Lower levels of aromatase predicted a greater chance of survival in women 65 years and older. Within this population, the prognostic value of aromatase was greatest in earlier stage lung cancer (stage I/II). In addition, for women with no history of smoking, lower aromatase levels were a strong predictor of survival. Our findings implicate aromatase as an early-stage predictor of survival in some women with NSCLC. We predict that women whose lung cancers have higher levels of aromatase might be good candidates for targeted treatment with aromatase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vei Mah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1747, USA
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19
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Yaspan BL, Breyer JP, Cai Q, Dai Q, Elmore JB, Amundson I, Bradley KM, Shu XO, Gao YT, Dupont WD, Zheng W, Smith JR. Haplotype analysis of CYP11A1 identifies promoter variants associated with breast cancer risk. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5673-82. [PMID: 17575134 PMCID: PMC2805128 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CYP11A1 gene encodes the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme that catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step of steroidogenesis. A large number of epidemiologic studies have implicated the duration and degree of endogenous estrogen exposure in the development of breast cancer in women. Here, we conduct a systematic investigation of the role of genetic variation of the CYP11A1 gene in breast cancer risk in a study of 1193 breast cancer cases and 1310 matched controls from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. We characterize the genetic architecture of the CYP11A1 gene in a Chinese study population. We then genotype tagging polymorphisms to capture common variation at the locus for tests of association. Variants designating a haplotype encompassing the gene promoter are significantly associated with both increased expression (P = 1.6e-6) and increased breast cancer risk: heterozygote age-adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.51 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.19-1.91]; homozygote age-adjusted OR, 2.94 (95% CI, 1.22-7.12), test for trend, P = 5.0e-5. Among genes controlling endogenous estrogen metabolism, CYP11A1 harbors common variants that may influence expression to significantly modify risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Yaspan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joan P. Breyer
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J. Bradford Elmore
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Isaac Amundson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin M. Bradley
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - William D. Dupont
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey R. Smith
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 529 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
- Medical Research Service, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
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20
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Justenhoven C, Hamann U, Schubert F, Zapatka M, Pierl CB, Rabstein S, Selinski S, Mueller T, Ickstadt K, Gilbert M, Ko YD, Baisch C, Pesch B, Harth V, Bolt HM, Vollmert C, Illig T, Eils R, Dippon J, Brauch H. Breast cancer: a candidate gene approach across the estrogen metabolic pathway. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 108:137-49. [PMID: 17588204 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms within the estrogen metabolic pathway are prime candidates for a possible association with breast cancer risk. We investigated 11 genes encoding key proteins of this pathway for their potential contribution to breast cancer risk. Of these CYP17A1, CYP19A1, EPHX1, HSD17B1, SRD5A2, and PPARG2 participate in biosynthesis, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, COMT, GSTP1, and SOD2 in catabolism and detoxification. We performed a population-based case-control study with 688 incident breast cancer cases and 724 controls from Germany and genotyped 18 polymorphisms by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), PCR based RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), and TaqMan allelic discrimination. Genotype frequencies were compared between cases and controls and odds ratios were calculated by conditional logistic regression. Further statistical analyses were based on cluster analysis, multifactor dimensionality reduction, logic regression, and global testing. Single factor analyses pointed to CYP1B1_1294_GG as a possible breast cancer risk modulator (OR = 2.57; 95% CI: 1.34-4.93) and two way stratification suggested associations between BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2) and COMT_472_GG (P = 0.0076 and P = 0.0026), BMI < 20 kg/m(2) and HSD17B1_937_GG (P = 0.0082) as well as CYP17A1_-34_CC and HRT use > or =10 years (P = 0.0063). Following correction for multiple testing none of these associations remained significant. No significant association between breast cancer risk and genetic polymorphisms was observed in multifactor analyses. The tested polymorphisms of the estrogen metabolic pathway may not play a direct role in breast cancer risk. Therefore, future association studies should be extended to other polymorphisms and other regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Justenhoven
- Molecular Mechanisms of Origin and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstrasse 112, Stuttgart, Germany
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