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Claahsen - van der Grinten HL, Speiser PW, Ahmed SF, Arlt W, Auchus RJ, Falhammar H, Flück CE, Guasti L, Huebner A, Kortmann BBM, Krone N, Merke DP, Miller WL, Nordenström A, Reisch N, Sandberg DE, Stikkelbroeck NMML, Touraine P, Utari A, Wudy SA, White PC. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia-Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:91-159. [PMID: 33961029 PMCID: PMC8755999 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders affecting cortisol biosynthesis. Reduced activity of an enzyme required for cortisol production leads to chronic overstimulation of the adrenal cortex and accumulation of precursors proximal to the blocked enzymatic step. The most common form of CAH is caused by steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency due to mutations in CYP21A2. Since the last publication summarizing CAH in Endocrine Reviews in 2000, there have been numerous new developments. These include more detailed understanding of steroidogenic pathways, refinements in neonatal screening, improved diagnostic measurements utilizing chromatography and mass spectrometry coupled with steroid profiling, and improved genotyping methods. Clinical trials of alternative medications and modes of delivery have been recently completed or are under way. Genetic and cell-based treatments are being explored. A large body of data concerning long-term outcomes in patients affected by CAH, including psychosexual well-being, has been enhanced by the establishment of disease registries. This review provides the reader with current insights in CAH with special attention to these new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phyllis W Speiser
- Cohen Children’s Medical Center of NY, Feinstein Institute, Northwell Health, Zucker School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Intitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Angela Huebner
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara B M Kortmann
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Department of Pediatric Urology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Krone
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Deborah P Merke
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Reproductive Sciences, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Reisch
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - David E Sandberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Philippe Touraine
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Center for Rare Gynecological Diseases, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Agustini Utari
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory of Translational Hormone Analytics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Perrin C White
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390, USA
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A Novel Methodology Using Dexamethasone to Induce Neuronal Differentiation in the CNS-Derived Catecholaminergic CAD Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2337-2353. [PMID: 34059943 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Cath.a-differentiated (CAD) cell line is a central nervous system-derived catecholaminergic cell line originating from tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-producing neurons located around the locus coeruleus area of the mouse brain. CAD cells have been used as an in vitro model for cellular and molecular studies due to their ability to differentiate under serum-free media conditions. However, the lack of serum-derived survival factors, limits the longevity for differentiated CAD cells to be maintained in healthy conditions; thereby, limiting their use in long-term culture studies. Here, we present a novel differentiation method that utilizes dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Specifically, we discovered that the addition of 100 µM of Dex into the 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS)-supplemented media effectively induced neuronal differentiation of CAD cells, as characterized by neurite formation and elongation. Dex-differentiated CAD cells exited the cell cycle, stopped proliferating, extended the neurites, and expressed neuronal markers. These effects were dependent on the glucocorticoid receptors (GR) as they were abolished by GR knockdown. Importantly, Dex-differentiated CAD cells showed longer survival duration than serum-free differentiated CAD cells. In addition, RNA-sequencing and qPCR data demonstrate that several genes involved in proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and survival pathways were differentially expressed in the Dex-differentiated cells. This is the first study to reveal Dex as a novel differentiation methodology used to generate postmitotic neuronal CAD cells, which may be utilized as an in vitro neuronal model for cellular and molecular neurobiology research.
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Petrykey K, Lippé S, Robaey P, Sultan S, Laniel J, Drouin S, Bertout L, Beaulieu P, St-Onge P, Boulet-Craig A, Rezgui A, Yasui Y, Sapkota Y, Krull KR, Hudson MM, Laverdière C, Sinnett D, Krajinovic M. Influence of genetic factors on long-term treatment related neurocognitive complications, and on anxiety and depression in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: The Petale study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217314. [PMID: 31181069 PMCID: PMC6557490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial number of survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia suffer from treatment-related late adverse effects including neurocognitive impairment. While multiple studies have described neurocognitive outcomes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors, relatively few have investigated their association with individual genetic constitution. METHODS To further address this issue, genetic variants located in 99 genes relevant to the effects of anticancer drugs and in 360 genes implicated in nervous system function and predicted to affect protein function, were pooled from whole exome sequencing data of childhood ALL survivors (PETALE cohort) and analyzed for an association with neurocognitive complications, as well as with anxiety and depression. Variants that sustained correction for multiple testing were genotyped in entire cohort (n = 236) and analyzed with same outcomes. RESULTS Common variants in MTR, PPARA, ABCC3, CALML5, CACNB2 and PCDHB10 genes were associated with deficits in neurocognitive tests performance, whereas a variant in SLCO1B1 and EPHA5 genes was associated with anxiety and depression. Majority of associations were modulated by intensity of treatment. Associated variants were further analyzed in an independent SJLIFE cohort of 545 ALL survivors. Two variants, rs1805087 in methionine synthase, MTR and rs58225473 in voltage-dependent calcium channel protein encoding gene, CACNB2 are of particular interest, since associations of borderline significance were found in replication cohort and remain significant in combined discovery and replication groups (OR = 1.5, 95% CI, 1-2.3; p = 0.04 and; OR = 3.7, 95% CI, 1.25-11; p = 0.01, respectively). Variant rs4149056 in SLCO1B1 gene also deserves further attention since previously shown to affect methotrexate clearance and short-term toxicity in ALL patients. CONCLUSIONS Current findings can help understanding of the influence of genetic component on long-term neurocognitive impairment. Further studies are needed to confirm whether identified variants may be useful in identifying survivors at increased risk of these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Petrykey
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah Lippé
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Robaey
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serge Sultan
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Laniel
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Drouin
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurence Bertout
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Beaulieu
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal St-Onge
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aubrée Boulet-Craig
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aziz Rezgui
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Yadav Sapkota
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Kevin R. Krull
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Hudson
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Oncology Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Caroline Laverdière
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Speiser PW, Arlt W, Auchus RJ, Baskin LS, Conway GS, Merke DP, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Miller WL, Murad MH, Oberfield SE, White PC. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:4043-4088. [PMID: 30272171 PMCID: PMC6456929 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective To update the congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency clinical practice guideline published by the Endocrine Society in 2010. Conclusions The writing committee presents updated best practice guidelines for the clinical management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia based on published evidence and expert opinion with added considerations for patient safety, quality of life, cost, and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis W Speiser
- Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York, New York, New York
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Deborah P Merke
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Heino F L Meyer-Bahlburg
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Walter L Miller
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - M Hassan Murad
- Mayo Clinic’s Evidence-Based Practice Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sharon E Oberfield
- NewYork–Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Perrin C White
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Al-Mayyahi RS, Sterio LD, Connolly JB, Adams CF, Al-Tumah WA, Sen J, Emes RD, Hart SR, Chari DM. A proteomic investigation into mechanisms underpinning corticosteroid effects on neural stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 86:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Chronic glucocorticoid exposure suppressed the differentiation and survival of embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells: Possible involvement of ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling in the neuronal differentiation. Neurosci Res 2016; 113:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia by administering dexamethasone to a woman presumed to be carrying an at-risk fetus remains a controversial experimental treatment. Review of data from animal experimentation and human trials indicates that dexamethasone cannot be considered safe for the fetus. In animals, prenatal dexamethasone decreases birth weight, affects renal, pancreatic beta cell and brain development, increases anxiety and predisposes to adult hypertension and hyperglycemia. In human studies, prenatal dexamethasone is associated with orofacial clefts, decreased birth weight, poorer verbal working memory, and poorer self-perception of scholastic and social competence. Numerous medical societies have cautioned that prenatal treatment of adrenal hyperplasia with dexamethasone is not appropriate for routine clinical practice and should only be done in Institutional Review Board approved, prospective clinical research settings with written informed consent. The data indicate that this treatment is inconsistent with the classic medical ethical maxim to 'first do no harm'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143-0556, USA.
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Koutmani Y, Karalis KP. Neural stem cells respond to stress hormones: distinguishing beneficial from detrimental stress. Front Physiol 2015; 6:77. [PMID: 25814957 PMCID: PMC4356227 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs), the progenitors of the nervous system, control distinct, position-specific functions and are critically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis in the brain. The responses of these cells to various stressful stimuli are shaped by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors via mechanisms that are age and developmental stage-dependent and still remain, to a great extent, elusive. Increasing evidence advocates for the beneficial impact of the stress response in various settings, complementing the extensive number of studies on the detrimental effects of stress, particularly in the developing brain. In this review, we discuss suggested mechanisms mediating both the beneficial and detrimental effects of stressors on NSC activity across the lifespan. We focus on the specific effects of secreted factors and we propose NSCs as a “sensor,” capable of distinguishing among the different stressors and adapting its functions accordingly. All the above suggest the intriguing hypothesis that NSCs are an important part of the adaptive response to stressors via direct and indirect, specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassemi Koutmani
- Center for Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Katia P Karalis
- Center for Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece ; Endocrine Division, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Kümpfel T, Schwan M, Weber F, Holsboer F, Trenkwalder C, Then Bergh F. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity evolves differentially in untreated versus treated multiple sclerosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 45:87-95. [PMID: 24845180 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterogeneous hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system dysregulation has been shown in multiple sclerosis (MS), and cross-sectional studies suggested increasing hyperactivity with longer, progressing disease. Longitudinal studies to confirm this hypothesis and to study the impact of disease modifying treatment (DMT) have not been performed. OBJECTIVE/METHOD In order to determine the longitudinal evolution of HPA system activity in patients with MS, we performed an open follow-up evaluation of sixty patients with definite MS. Patients were untreated at baseline; at follow-up, 40 received DMT. From the combined dexamethasone/CRH test, performed at baseline and follow-up, we derived neuroendocrine indicators (maximum, maximum rise, mean location and area under the curve) for cortisol, ACTH and ACTH/cortisol ratio. RESULTS In 20 patients who remained untreated (test-retest interval 28.8 ± 5.4 months), ACTH/cortisol ratios decreased significantly, driven by both mild increase in cortisol and reduction of ACTH secretion. In 40 patients with DMT (test-retest interval 15.5 ± 2.5 months), secretion of cortisol, ACTH and ACTH/cortisol ratios did not change significantly. There was significant, moderate correlation between baseline and follow-up tests for cortisol, but not for ACTH indicators. In untreated, but not in treated patients, change in ACTH/cortisol ratios showed moderate inverse correlation to the time interval between tests (Pearson: beta -0.52 to -0.56, p<0.05); the relation to progression of neurological disability was not significant. CONCLUSIONS HPA axis activation in untreated MS drifts from hypothalamo-pituitary to more adrenal activation, consistent with adrenal sensitization or hypertrophy due to chronic HPA axis activation. HPA system regulation remains more stable in MS patients on DMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Kümpfel
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Section of Neurology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 München, Germany
| | - Michaela Schwan
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Section of Neurology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 München, Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Section of Neurology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 München, Germany
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Section of Neurology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 München, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Section of Neurology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 München, Germany
| | - Florian Then Bergh
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Section of Neurology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 München, Germany.
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