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Tuckey RC, Tang EKY, Chen YA, Slominski AT. Selective ability of rat 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) to act on some 7-Dehydrocholesterol metabolites but not on lumisterol metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105929. [PMID: 34098080 PMCID: PMC8403650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) catalyses the final step of cholesterol biosynthesis in the Kandutsch-Russel pathway, the reduction of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) to cholesterol. 7DHC can be acted on by a range of other enzymes including CYP27A1 and CYP11A1, as well as by UVB radiation, producing a number of derivatives including hydroxy-metabolites, some of which retain the C7-C8 double bond and are biologically active. These metabolites include lumisterol (L3) which is a stereoisomer of 7DHC produced in the skin by UVB radiation of 7DHC, as well as vitamin D3. The aim of this study was to test whether these metabolites could act as substrates or inhibitors of DHCR7 in rat liver microsomes. To initially screen the ability of these metabolites to interact with the active site of DHCR7, their ability to inhibit the conversion of ergosterol to brassicasterol was measured. Sterols that significantly inhibited this reaction included 7DHC (as expected), 20S(OH)7DHC, 27(OH)DHC, 8DHC, 20S(OH)L3 and 22(OH)L3 but not 7-dehydropregnenolone (7DHP), 25(OH)7DHC, L3 or vitamin D3 and its hydroxyderivatives. Sterols that inhibited ergosterol reduction were directly tested as substrates for DHCR7. 20S(OH)7DHC, 27(OH)DHC and 7-dehydrodesmosterol were confirmed to be substrates, giving the expected product with the C7-C8 double bond removed. No products were observed from 8DHC or 20S(OH)L3 indicating that these sterols are inhibitors and not substrates of DHCR7. The resistance of lumisterol and 7DHP to reduction by DHCR7 in cells will permit other enzymes to metabolise these sterols to their active forms retaining the C7-C8 double bond, conferring specificity to their biological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Edith K Y Tang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Yunzhi A Chen
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
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Tuckey RC, Tang EKY, Maresse SR, Delaney DS. Catalytic properties of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-epimerase in rat and human liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 666:16-21. [PMID: 30926433 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 3-epimerase catalyzes the 3β → 3α epimerization of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) producing 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3-epi-25(OH)D3). 3-Epi-25(OH)D3 is one of the most abundant forms of vitamin D present in the serum. It can be converted to 3-epi-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by CYP27B1 which generally displays lower biological activity than 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). The 25(OH)D3 3-epimerase has been poorly characterized to date and the gene encoding it has not been identified. The 3-epimerase has been reported to be present in the microsomal fraction of cells, including liver cells, and to use NADPH as cofactor. It can also act on 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 forming the 3α-epimers. In this study we have characterized the activity of the 25(OH)D3 3-epimerase in rat and human liver microsomes, using 25(OH)D3 as substrate and HPLC to analyze product formation. For both rat and human liver microsomes the preferred cofactor was NADH, with the rat enzyme displaying a 6-fold greater catalytic efficiency (Vmax/Km) for NADH over that for NADPH. No activity was observed with oxidized cofactor, either NAD+ or NADP+. This was unexpected since the initial step in the epimerization, predicted to be the oxidation of the 3β-OH to a ketone, would require oxidized cofactor. The rat 3-epimerase in microsomes gave a Km for 25(OH)D3 of 14 μM. The reverse reaction, conversion of 3-epi-25(OH)D3 to 25(OH)D3, was catalyzed by both rat and human liver microsomes but at lower rates than the forward reaction. In conclusion, both rat and human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-epimerase catalyze the reversible interconversion of 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3, and use NADH as the preferred cofactor. The lack of requirement for exogenous NAD+ suggests that the enzyme has a tightly bound NAD+ in its active site that is released only upon its reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Edith K Y Tang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Maresse
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Derek S Delaney
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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3
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Podgorska E, Sniegocka M, Mycinska M, Trybus W, Trybus E, Kopacz-Bednarska A, Wiechec O, Krzykawska-Serda M, Elas M, Krol T, Urbanska K, Slominski A. Acute hepatologic and nephrologic effects of calcitriol in Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Acta Biochim Pol 2018; 65:351-358. [PMID: 30148509 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2018_2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although vitamin D is included in the group of fat-soluble vitamins, it must be considered as a prohormone. Its active forms, including calcitriol, have pleiotropic effects and play an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, as well as in hormone secretion, and they demonstrate anti-cancer properties. Since calcitriol delivery can be beneficial for the organism, and Syrian golden hamsters represent a unique experimental model, we decided to investigate its toxicity in this species. In this study, we injected calcitriol intraperitoneally at doses 0 (control), 0.180±0.009 µg/kg and 0.717±0.032 µg/kg. Animal behavior was observed for 72 hrs after injection, and afterwards blood, liver and kidneys were collected for post-mortem examination, electron microscopy, and hematology analyses. The highest dose of calcitriol induced a change in animal behavior from calm to aggressive, and the liver surface showed morphological signs of damage. Following injection of calcitriol, ultrastructural changes were also observed in the liver and kidneys, e.g. vacuolization and increased number of mitochondria. There was also a trend for increased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), but not of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or GGTP (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase). There was no change in Ca, Mg and P levels, as well as in blood morphology between experimental and control groups. These results indicate that calcitriol at 0.717, but not at 0.180 µg/kg, may induce acute damage to the liver and kidneys, without inducing calcemia. We propose that the hepatotoxic effect of calcitriol in hamster constitutes the primary cause of behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Podgorska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Martyna Sniegocka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marianna Mycinska
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Wojciech Trybus
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Ewa Trybus
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Kopacz-Bednarska
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Olga Wiechec
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Martyna Krzykawska-Serda
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Martyna Elas
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Teodora Krol
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Krystyna Urbanska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Tuckey RC, Li W, Ma D, Cheng CYS, Wang KM, Kim TK, Jeayeng S, Slominski AT. CYP27A1 acts on the pre-vitamin D3 photoproduct, lumisterol, producing biologically active hydroxy-metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 181:1-10. [PMID: 29452159 PMCID: PMC5992068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure of the skin to UV radiation causes previtamin D3, the initial photoproduct formed by opening of the B ring of 7-dehydrocholesterol, to undergo a second photochemical reaction where the B-ring is reformed giving lumisterol3 (L3), a stereoisomer of 7-dehydrocholesterol. L3 was believed to be an inactive photoproduct of excessive UV radiation whose formation prevents excessive vitamin D production. Recently, we reported that L3 is present in serum and that CYP11A1 can act on L3 producing monohydroxy- and dihydroxy-metabolites which inhibit skin cell proliferation similarly to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In this study we tested the ability of human CYP27A1 to hydroxylate L3. L3 was metabolized by purified CYP27A1 to 3 major products identified as 25-hydroxyL3, (25R)-27-hydroxyL3 and (25S)-27-hydroxyL3, by NMR. These three products were also seen when mouse liver mitochondria containing CYP27A1 were incubated with L3. The requirement for CYP27A1 for their formation by mitochondria was confirmed by the inhibition of their synthesis by 5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α-triol, an intermediate in bile acid synthesis which serves as an efficient competitive substrate for CYP27A1. CYP27A1 displayed a high kcat for the metabolism of L3 (76 mol product/min/mol CYP27A1) and a catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) that was 260-fold higher than that for vitamin D3. The CYP27A1-derived hydroxy-derivatives inhibited the proliferation of cultured human melanoma cells and colony formation with IC50 values in the nM range. Thus, L3 is metabolized efficiently by CYP27A1 with hydroxylation at C25 or C27 producing metabolites potent in their ability to inhibit melanoma cell proliferation, supporting that L3 is a prohormone which can be activated by CYP-dependent hydroxylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Dejian Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Katie M Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Saowanee Jeayeng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Characterization of cytochrome P450 CYP109E1 from Bacillus megaterium as a novel vitamin D 3 hydroxylase. J Biotechnol 2016; 243:38-47. [PMID: 28043840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study the ability of CYP109E1 from Bacillus megaterium to metabolize vitamin D3 (VD3) was investigated. In an in vitro system using bovine adrenodoxin reductase (AdR) and adrenodoxin (Adx4-108), VD3 was converted by CYP109E1 into several products. Furthermore, a whole-cell system in B. megaterium MS941 was established. The new system showed a conversion of 95% after 24h. By NMR analysis it was found that CYP109E1 catalyzes hydroxylation of VD3 at carbons C-24 and C-25, resulting in the formation of 24(S)-hydroxyvitamin D3 (24S(OH)VD3), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)VD3) and 24S,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24S,25(OH)2VD3). Through time dependent whole-cell conversion of VD3, we identified that the formation of 24S,25(OH)2VD3 by CYP109E1 is derived from VD3 via the intermediate 24S(OH)VD3. Moreover, using docking analysis and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified important active site residues capable of determining substrate specificity and regio-selectivity. HPLC analysis of the whole-cell conversion with the I85A-mutant revealed an increased selectivity towards 25-hydroxylation of VD3 compared with the wild type activity, resulting in an approximately 2-fold increase of 25(OH)VD3 production (45mgl-1day-1) compared to wild type (24.5mgl-1day-1).
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6
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Shi R, Wu J, Meng C, Ma B, Wang T, Li Y, Ma Y. Cyp3a11-mediated testosterone-6β-hydroxylation decreased, while UGT1a9-mediated propofol O-glucuronidation increased, in mice with diabetes mellitus. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:433-443. [PMID: 27514509 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The db/db mouse is one of the most popular animal models for type 2 diabetes mellitus, but changes in the activities of important P450s and UGTs are still not completely clear. This study was designed to investigate the alterations of major hepatic cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronyltransferase enzymes in db/db mice. Mouse liver microsomes (MLMs) were obtained from male db/db mice and their wild type littermates. After incubation of the substrates separately with MLMs, the samples were pooled and analysed by high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system for the simultaneous study of nine phase I metabolic reactions and three glucuronidation conjugation reactions to determine the activity of the metabolic enzymes. Compared with normal controls, the Clint estimate for testosterone-6β-hydroxylation was lower (46%) (p < 0.05), while the Vmax and Clint estimates for propofol O-glucuronidation were 5-fold higher (p < 0.01) in the liver microsomes from db/db mice. There was no significant difference in phase I metabolic reactions of phenacetin-O-deethylation, coumarin-7-hydroxylation, bupropion-hydroxylation, omeprazole-5-hydroxylation, dextromethorphan-O-demethylation, tolbutamide-4-hydroxylation, chlorzoxazone-6-hydroxylation and midazolam-1-hydroxylation and in glucuronidation reactions of estradiol 3-O-glucuronidation, and 3-azido-3-deoxythymidine glucuronidation. The data suggest that, in db/db mice, the activity of Cyp3a11, catalysing testosterone-6β-hydroxylation, decreased, while the activity of UGT1a9, catalysing propofol O-glucuronidation, increased. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingliang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Cheng CYS, Slominski AT, Tuckey RC. Hydroxylation of 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 by human CYP3A4. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 159:131-41. [PMID: 26970587 PMCID: PMC4821771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
20S-Hydroxyvitamin D3 [20(OH)D3] is the biologically active major product of the action of CYP11A1 on vitamin D3 and is present in human plasma. 20(OH)D3 displays similar therapeutic properties to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], but without causing hypercalcaemia and therefore has potential for development as a therapeutic drug. CYP24A1, the kidney mitochondrial P450 involved in inactivation of 1,25(OH)2D3, can hydroxylate 20(OH)D3 at C24 and C25, with the products displaying more potent inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation than 20(OH)D3. CYP3A4 is the major drug-metabolising P450 in liver endoplasmic reticulum and can metabolise other active forms of vitamin D, so we examined its ability to metabolise 20(OH)D3. We found that CYP3A4 metabolises 20(OH)D3 to three major products, 20,24R-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,24R(OH)2D3], 20,24S-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,24S(OH)2D3] and 20,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,25(OH)2D3]. 20,24R(OH)2D3 and 20,24S(OH)2D3, but not 20,25(OH)2D3, were further metabolised to trihydroxyvitamin D3 products by CYP3A4 but with low catalytic efficiency. The same three primary products, 20,24R(OH)2D3, 20,24S(OH)2D3 and 20,25(OH)2D3, were observed for the metabolism of 20(OH)D3 by human liver microsomes, in which CYP3A4 is a major CYP isoform present. Addition of CYP3A family-specific inhibitors, troleandomycin and azamulin, almost completely inhibited production of 20,24R(OH)2D3, 20,24S(OH)2D3 and 20,25(OH)2D3 by human liver microsomes, further supporting that CYP3A4 plays the major role in 20(OH)D3 metabolism by microsomes. Since both 20,24R(OH)2D3 and 20,25(OH)2D3 have previously been shown to display enhanced biological activity in inhibiting melanoma cell proliferation, our results show that CYP3A4 further activates, rather than inactivates, 20(OH)D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Lin Z, Marepally SR, Ma D, Kim TK, Oak AS, Myers LK, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Miller DD, Li W. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Metabolite 20S,23S-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its 23R Epimer. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5102-8. [PMID: 27070779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D3 metabolite, 20S,23S-dihydroxyvitamin D3, was chemically synthesized for the first time and identified to be the same as the enzymatically produced metabolite. The C23 absolute configurations of both 20S,23S/R-dihydroxyvitamin D3 epimers were unambiguously assigned by NMR and Mosher ester analysis. Their kinetics of CYP27B1 metabolism were investigated during the production of their 1α-hydroxylated derivatives. Bioactivities of these products were compared in terms of vitamin D3 receptor activation, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongtao Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , 881 Madison Avenue, Room 561, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Srinivasa R Marepally
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , 881 Madison Avenue, Room 561, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Dejian Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , 881 Madison Avenue, Room 561, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Allen Sw Oak
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Linda K Myers
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,VA Medical Center at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , 881 Madison Avenue, Room 561, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , 881 Madison Avenue, Room 561, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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Detection of novel CYP11A1-derived secosteroids in the human epidermis and serum and pig adrenal gland. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14875. [PMID: 26445902 PMCID: PMC4597207 DOI: 10.1038/srep14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether novel pathways of vitamin D3 (D3) and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) metabolism initiated by CYP11A1 and previously characterized in vitro, occur in vivo, we analyzed samples of human serum and epidermis, and pig adrenals for the presence of intermediates and products of these pathways. We extracted human epidermis from 13 individuals and sera from 13 individuals and analyzed them by LC/qTOF-MS alongside the corresponding standards. Pig adrenal glands were also analyzed for these steroids and secosteroids. Epidermal, serum and adrenal samples showed the presence of D3 hydroxy-derivatives corresponding to 20(OH)D3, 22(OH)D3, 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, 20,22(OH)2D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 20,24(OH)2D3, 20,25(OH)2D3, 20,26(OH)2D3, 1,20,23(OH)3D3 and 17,20,23(OH)3D3, plus 1,20(OH)2D3 which was detectable only in the epidermis. Serum concentrations of 20(OH)D3 and 22(OH)D3 were only 30- and 15-fold lower than 25(OH)D3, respectively, and at levels above those required for biological activity as measured in vitro. We also detected 1,20,24(OH)3D3, 1,20,25(OH)3D3 and 1,20,26(OH)3D3 in the adrenals. Products of CYP11A1 action on 7DHC, namely 22(OH)7DHC, 20,22(OH)27DHC and 7-dehydropregnenolone were also detected in serum, epidermis and the adrenal. Thus, we have detected novel CYP11A1-derived secosteroids in the skin, serum and adrenal gland and based on their concentrations and biological activity suggest that they act as hormones in vivo.
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Lin Z, Marepally SR, Ma D, Myers LK, Postlethwaite AE, Tuckey RC, Cheng CYS, Kim TK, Yue J, Slominski AT, Miller DD, Li W. Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities of 20S,24S/R-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Epimers and Their 1α-Hydroxyl Derivatives. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7881-7. [PMID: 26367019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive vitamin D3 metabolites 20S,24S-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20S,24S(OH)2D3] and 20S,24R-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20S,24R(OH)2D3] were chemically synthesized and confirmed to be identical to their enzymatically generated counterparts. The absolute configurations at C24 and its influence on the kinetics of 1α-hydroxylation by CYP27B1 were determined. Their corresponding 1α-hydroxyl derivatives were subsequently produced. Biological comparisons of these products showed different properties with respect to vitamin D3 receptor activation, anti-inflammatory activity, and antiproliferative activity, with 1α,20S,24R(OH)2D3 being the most potent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,VA Medical Center at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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Mosa A, Neunzig J, Gerber A, Zapp J, Hannemann F, Pilak P, Bernhardt R. 2β- and 16β-hydroxylase activity of CYP11A1 and direct stimulatory effect of estrogens on pregnenolone formation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 150:1-10. [PMID: 25746800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of steroid hormones in vertebrates is initiated by the cytochrome P450 CYP11A1, which performs the side-chain cleavage of cholesterol thereby producing pregnenolone. In this study, we report a direct stimulatory effect of the estrogens estradiol and estrone onto the pregnenolone formation in a reconstituted in vitro system consisting of purified CYP11A1 and its natural redox partners. We demonstrated the formation of new products from 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), androstenedione, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) during the in vitro reaction catalyzed by CYP11A1. In addition, we also established an Escherichia coli-based whole-cell biocatalytic system consisting of CYP11A1 and its redox partners to obtain sufficient yields of products for NMR-characterization. Our results indicate that CYP11A1, in addition to the previously described 6β-hydroxylase activity, possesses a 2β-hydroxylase activity towards DOC and androstenedione as well as a 16β-hydroxylase activity towards DHEA. We also showed that CYP11A1 is able to perform the 6β-hydroxylation of testosterone, a reaction that has been predominantly attributed to CYP3A4. Our results are the first evidence that sex hormones positively regulate the overall production of steroid hormones suggesting the need to reassess the role of CYP11A1 in steroid hormone biosynthesis and its substrate-dependent mechanistic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mosa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - J Neunzig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - A Gerber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - J Zapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - F Hannemann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - P Pilak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - R Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Tieu EW, Li W, Chen J, Kim TK, Ma D, Slominski AT, Tuckey RC. Metabolism of 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by rat and human CYP24A1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 149:153-65. [PMID: 25727742 PMCID: PMC4380815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CYP11A1 hydroxylates vitamin D3 producing 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 [20(OH)D3] and 20S,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,23(OH)2D3] as the major and most characterized metabolites. Both display immuno-regulatory and anti-cancer properties while being non-calcemic. A previous study indicated 20(OH)D3 can be metabolized by rat CYP24A1 to products including 20S,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,24(OH)2D3] and 20S,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, with both producing greater inhibition of melanoma colony formation than 20(OH)D3. The aim of this study was to characterize the ability of rat and human CYP24A1 to metabolize 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3. Both isoforms metabolized 20(OH)D3 to the same dihydroxyvitamin D species with no secondary metabolites being observed. Hydroxylation at C24 produced both enantiomers of 20,24(OH)2D3. For rat CYP24A1 the preferred initial site of hydroxylation was at C24 whereas the human enzyme preferred C25. 20,23(OH)2D3 was initially metabolized to 20S,23,24-trihydroxyvitamin D3 and 20S,23,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 by rat and human CYP24A1 as determined by NMR, with both isoforms showing a preference for initial hydroxylation at C25. CYP24A1 was able to further oxidize these metabolites in a series of reactions which included the cleavage of C23-C24 bond, as indicated by high resolution mass spectrometry of the products, analogous to the catabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3 via the C24-oxidation pathway. Similar catalytic efficiencies were observed for the metabolism of 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 by human CYP24A1 and were lower than for the metabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3. We conclude that rat and human CYP24A1 metabolizes 20(OH)D3 producing only dihydroxyvitamin D3 species as products which retain biological activity, whereas 20,23(OH)2D3 undergoes multiple oxidations which include cleavage of the side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine W Tieu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, South College, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dejian Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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