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Karatt TK, Sathiq MA, Laya S, Philip M, Karakka Kal AK, Subhahar MB. Investigation of in vitro generated metabolites of GLPG0492 using equine liver microsomes for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 36762383 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
An effective alternative to testosterone therapy is selective androgen receptor modulators, a class of compounds that has a tissue-specific effect on muscle and bone. These drugs, which enhance performance, pose a severe abuse risk in competitive sports. GLPG0492 is one of the selective androgen receptor modulators discovered in recent decades. This compound has a unique tissue-specific action for muscle and bone against steroid receptors and acts as a partial agonist for androgen receptors. This study examined GLPG0492 and its metabolites in vitro using equine liver microsomes. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was utilized to determine the probable structures of detected metabolites. This study identified 39 metabolites of GLPG0492 (21 phase I and 18 phase II). The hydroxylation of GLPG0492 results in monohydroxylated and dihydroxylated metabolites. Additionally, the study detected dissociated side chains (3-methyl and 4-(hydroxymethyl)) and corresponding hydroxylated metabolites. A series of glucuronic acid- and sulfonic acid-conjugated analogs of GLPG0492 were detected during phase II of the study. The findings might help in the detection of GLPG0492 and the elucidation of its illegal use in equestrian sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Anwar Sathiq
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Kanno Y, Saito N, Saito R, Kosuge T, Shizu R, Yatsu T, Hosaka T, Nemoto K, Kato K, Yoshinari K. Differential DNA-binding and cofactor recruitment are possible determinants of the synthetic steroid YK11-dependent gene expression by androgen receptor in breast cancer MDA-MB 453 cells. Exp Cell Res 2022; 419:113333. [PMID: 36030969 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Recently, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), which bind to AR and act in a tissue/effect-specific manner, have been developed, but the selective mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the selective mechanism using the synthetic steroid YK11, which showed AR-mediated gene-selective transactivation. In the AR-positive human breast cancer MDA-MB-453 cells, different patterns of AR-mediated target gene expression and AR recruitment to their enhancer regions were observed between DHT and YK11. A docking study suggested the helices 11 and 12 was moved by the sterically hindered C17-group of YK11. Furthermore, the mutational studies of AR Gln902 and mammalian two-hybrid assays suggested different cofactor recruitment between DHT and YK11. The results of this study suggest that gene selective regulation by SARMs results from differential DNA-binding and/or cofactor recruitment by ligands. These results provide novel insights into the mechanism of action of SARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kanno
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan; Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Nao Saito
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Ryota Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kosuge
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryota Shizu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Yatsu
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takuomi Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kiyomitsu Nemoto
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kato
- Department of organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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Zhang S, Tian H, Sun Y, Li X, Wang W, Ru S. Brightened body coloration in female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) serves as an in vivo biomarker for environmental androgens: The example of 17β-trenbolone. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112698. [PMID: 34450427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In vivo testing systems for environmental androgens are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of male-specific brightened body coloration in female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to serve as an in vivo biomarker of environmental androgens using 17β-trenbolone as an example. The high bioaccumulation of 17β-trenbolone in the skin of female guppies suggests that it is a potential target tissue of environmental androgens. The coloration index, pigment cell ultrastructure, pigment levels, sexual attractiveness, and reproductive capability of female guppies were analyzed following 28 days of exposure to 20 ng/L, 200 ng/L, and 2000 ng/L 17β-trenbolone. Increases in the coloration index caused by 17β-trenbolone exposure were attributable to increased pteridine and melanin levels. Decreases in the sexual attractiveness, number of offspring, and survival rate of offspring suggested that the changes in body coloration translated into adverse outcomes. Finally, mRNA sequencing indicated that 17β-trenbolone increased pteridine levels by activating genomic effects of androgen receptor on xanthine dehydrogenase and increased melanin levels by exerting non-genomic effects targeting microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein 1 that were mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase and calcium signaling pathways. We have derived a robust adverse outcome pathway of environmental androgens, and our findings suggest that indicators at different biological levels related to brightened body coloration in female guppies can serve as less-invasive or noninvasive in vivo biomarkers of short-term exposure to environmental androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqiu Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Xuefu Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
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4
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Omics applications in the fight against abuse of anabolic substances in cattle: challenges, perspectives and opportunities. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Machek SB, Cardaci TD, Wilburn DT, Willoughby DS. Considerations, possible contraindications, and potential mechanisms for deleterious effect in recreational and athletic use of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in lieu of anabolic androgenic steroids: A narrative review. Steroids 2020; 164:108753. [PMID: 33148520 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are testosterone and testosterone-derivative compounds sporadically employed by athletes and increasingly used recreationally to acquire a competitive edge or improve body composition. Nevertheless, users are subject to undesired side effects majorly associated with tissue-specific androgen receptor (AR) binding-mediated actions. More recently, selective AR modulators (SARMs) have gained popularity towards delivering androgen-associated anabolic actions with hopes of minimal androgenic effects. While several SARMs are in preclinical and clinical phases intended for demographics subject to hypogonadism, muscle wasting, and osteoporosis, several athletic organizations and drug testing affiliates have realized the increasingly widespread use of SARMs amongst competitors and have subsequently banned their use. Furthermore, recreational users are haphazardly acquiring these compounds from the internet and consuming doses several times greater than empirically reported. Unfortunately, online sources are rife with potential contamination, despite a prevailing public opinion suggesting SARMs are innocuous AAS alternatives. Considering each agent has a broad range of supporting evidence in both human and non-human models, it is important to comprehensively evaluate the current literature on commercially available SARMs to gain better understanding of their efficacy and if they can truly be considered a safer AAS alternative. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the current evidence regarding AAS and SARM mechanisms of action, demonstrate the efficacy of several prominent SARMs in a variety of scientific trials, and theorize on the wide-ranging contraindications and potential deleterious effects, as well as potential future directions regarding acute and chronic SARM use across a broad range of demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Machek
- Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation. Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Thomas D Cardaci
- Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation. Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dylan T Wilburn
- Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation. Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- Mayborn College of Health Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA.
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Fonseca GWPD, Dworatzek E, Ebner N, Von Haehling S. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for muscle wasting in ongoing clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:881-891. [PMID: 32476495 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1777275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle wasting is a frequent clinical problem encountered in patients with chronic diseases. Increased levels of inflammatory markers play a role in the imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Although testosterone has long been proposed as a treatment for patients with muscle wasting, undesirable side effects have raised concerns about prostatic hypertrophy in men as well as virilization in women. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have demonstrated similar results like testosterone at improving lean body mass (LBM) with less side effects on androgen-dependent tissue. AREAS COVERED This review outlines the ongoing clinical development in the field of SARMs and their effectiveness in improving body composition and physical function. The included articles were collected at pubmed.gov and analyzed integrally. EXPERT OPINION There is an unmet clinical need for safe and effective anabolic compounds such as SARMs. Despite the effect on LBM shown by SARMs in phase II clinical trials, results on improved physical function and muscle strength are still lacking and long-term outcomes have to be assessed in these patients. Moreover, there is a need to determine the effect of resistance exercise training and protein intake associated with SARMs in the treatment of patients with muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Wesley Peixoto Da Fonseca
- Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School , São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elke Dworatzek
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin, Germany.,Departement of Muscle Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association , Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Ebner
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center , Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center , Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen , Göttingen, Germany
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned‐substance review – Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:7-26. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research ‐ Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research ‐ Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne Germany
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