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Vasanthan RJ, Pradhan S, Thangamuthu MD. Emerging Aspects of Triazole in Organic Synthesis: Exploring its Potential as a Gelator. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:456-512. [PMID: 36221871 DOI: 10.2174/1570179420666221010094531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) - commonly known as the "click reaction" - serves as the most effective and highly reliable tool for facile construction of simple to complex designs at the molecular level. It relates to the formation of carbon heteroatomic systems by joining or clicking small molecular pieces together with the help of various organic reactions such as cycloaddition, conjugate addition, ring-opening, etc. Such dynamic strategy results in the generation of triazole and its derivatives from azides and alkynes with three nitrogen atoms in the five-membered aromatic azole ring that often forms gel-assembled structures having gelating properties. These scaffolds have led to prominent applications in designing advanced soft materials, 3D printing, ion sensing, drug delivery, photonics, separation, and purification. In this review, we mainly emphasize the different mechanistic aspects of triazole formation, which includes the synthesis of sugar-based and non-sugar-based triazoles, and their gel applications reported in the literature for the past ten years, as well as the upcoming scope in different branches of applied sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabecca Jenifer Vasanthan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Sheersha Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Mohan Das Thangamuthu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
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2
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Bettadj FZY, Benchouk W. Computer-aided analysis for identification of novel analogues of ketoprofen based on molecular docking, ADMET, drug-likeness and DFT studies for the treatment of inflammation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:9915-9930. [PMID: 36444967 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2148750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Computer-based drug design is increasingly used in strategies for discovering new molecules for therapeutic purposes. The targeted drug is ketoprofen (KTP), which belongs to the family of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are widely used for the treatment of pain, fever, inflammation and certain types of cancers. In an attempt to rationalize the search for 72 new potential anti-inflammatory compounds on the COX-2 enzyme, we carried out an in silico protocol that successfully combines molecular docking towards COX-2 receptor (5F1A), ADMET pharmacokinetic parameters, drug-likeness rules and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP). It was found that six of the compounds analyzed satisfy with the associated values to physico-chemical properties as key evaluation parameters for the drug-likeness and demonstrate a hydrophobic character which makes their solubility in aqueous media difficult and easy in lipids. All the compounds presented good ADMET profile and they showed an interaction with the amino acids responsible for anti-inflammatory activity of the COX-2 isoenzyme. The calculation of the MEP of the six analogues reveals new preferential sites involving the formation of new bonds. Consequently, this result allowed us to understand the origin of the potential increase in the anti-inflammatory activity of the candidates. Finally, it was obtained that six compounds have a binding mode, binding energy, and stability in the active site of COX-2 like the reference drug ketoprofen, suggesting that these compounds could become a powerful candidate in the inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zohra Yasmine Bettadj
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Wafaa Benchouk
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
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Sharma S, Mittal N, Banik BK. Chemistry and Therapeutic Aspect of Triazole: Insight into the Structure-activity Relationship. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2702-2720. [PMID: 37916492 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128271288231023045049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The triazole ring is a highly significant heterocycle that occurs naturally in many commodities and is a common feature in pharmaceuticals. Recently, heterocyclic compounds and their derivatives have been getting a lot of attention in medicinal chemistry because they have a lot of pharmacological and biological potential. For example, a lot of drugs have nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties. The triazole ring is often used as a bio-isostere of the oxadiazole nucleus. The oxygen atom in the oxadiazole nucleus is replaced by nitrogen in the triazole analogue. This article explores the pharmacological properties of the triazole moiety, including but not limited to antibacterial, analgesic, anticonvulsant, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antimalarial, antioxidant, antiviral, and other properties. Additionally, we discuss the diverse multi- target pharmacological activities exhibited by triazole-based compounds. Based on a literature review, it is evident that triazole-based chemicals hold significant potential for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Lords University, Alwar 301028, India
| | - Nitin Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Lords University, Alwar 301028, India
| | - Bimal Krishna Banik
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Mahore A, Kamboj P, Kaleem M, Amir M. Therapeutic management of arthritis: A review on structural and target‐based approaches. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200182. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Mahore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research New Delhi India
| | - Payal Kamboj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research New Delhi India
| | - Mohammad Kaleem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research New Delhi India
| | - Mohammad Amir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research New Delhi India
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Mićović T, Katanić Stanković JS, Bauer R, Nöst X, Marković Z, Milenković D, Jakovljević V, Tomović M, Bradić J, Stešević D, Stojanović D, Maksimović Z. In vitro, in vivo and in silico evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman (Lamiaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115201. [PMID: 35358622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal properties of hyssop have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times, inter alia, in diseases/conditions with an inherent inflammatory process. AIM OF THE STUDY Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of hyssop herb preparations (essential oil and methanol extracts) in vivo, in vitro and in silico. MATERIALS AND METHODS For in vitro testing of essential oils and extracts of hyssop herb, the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme assays were used. In vivo anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts (at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) was assessed using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test. Molecular docking and dynamics were used for in silico testing of the inhibitory activity of chlorogenic (CA) and rosmarinic (RA) acids, as the dominant compounds in the tested methanol extracts against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. RESULTS Significant inhibitory activity was shown in the COX-2 test regarding extracts (essential oils did not exhibit any significant activity). Namely, all analyzed extracts, at a concentration of 20 μg/mL, showed a percentage of inhibition of COX-2 enzyme (54.04-63.04%), which did not indicate a statistically significant difference from the positive control of celecoxib (61.60%) at a concentration of 8.8 μM. In vivo testing showed that all methanol extracts of hyssop herb, at the highest test dose of 200 mg/kg in the third and fourth hours, after carrageenan administration, exhibited a statistically significant (p < 0.05) inhibitory effect on the increase in rat paw edema in relation to control. This activity is comparable or higher in relation to the reference substance, indomethacin, at a concentration of 8 mg/kg. The preliminary in silico results suggest that investigated compounds (RA and CA) showed better inhibitory activity against COX-1 and COX-2 than standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), ibuprofen, as evident from the free binding energy (ΔGbind in kJ mol-1). The binding energies of the docked compounds to COX-1 and -2 were found to be in the range between -47.4 and -49.2 kJ mol-1. Ibuprofen, as the one NSAID, for the same receptors targets, showed remarkably higher binding energy (ΔGbind = -31.3 kJ mol-1 to COX-1, and ΔGbind = -30.9 kJ mol-1 to COX-2). CONCLUSION The results obtained not only support the traditional use of hyssop herb in inflammatory conditions in folk medicine, but also open the door to and the need for further in vivo testing of extracts in order to examine the molecular mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity in living systems and possibly develop a new anti-inflammatory drug or supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Mićović
- Institute for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro, Bulevar Ivana Crnojevića 64a, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Jelena S Katanić Stanković
- Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Science, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Beethovenstrasse 8, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Xuehong Nöst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Beethovenstrasse 8, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Zoran Marković
- Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Science, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dejan Milenković
- Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Science, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Human Pathology, First Moscow State Medical University I. M. Sechenov, Trubetskaya street 8, str. 2, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Tomović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Bradić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Danijela Stešević
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Džordža Vašingtona bb, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Danilo Stojanović
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Maksimović
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Naji AM, Abdula AM, Nief OA, Abdullah EK. Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Molecular Docking Study of Benzooxadiazole Derivatives. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht16.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of new1,2,5-oxadiazole compounds derived from 4-chloro-7-nitro-benzo 1,2,5-oxadiazole was synthesized using different organic procedures. The resulting derivatives were chemically characterized and their structures were confirmed by FT-IR and NMR analysis. All the compounds were also evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against four types of pathogenic bacteria: S.aureus, S.epidermidis (as gram-negative bacteria), E.coli, Klebsiella spp. (as gram-positive bacteria) and the fungus Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion method. The synthesized oxadiazole derivatives exhibited significant antibacterial and moderate antifungal activities. Exploring the binding between the potent synthesized derivative 8 within the active site of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, the target enzyme for the antimicrobial agents was achieved using Autodock 4.2 package. The interaction modes of the generated conformers inside the binding pocket were found to enhance the in vitro results, and strongly recommended the new derivatives as promising antimicrobial agents.
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Asadi P, Alvani M, Hajhashemi V, Rostami M, Khodarahmi G. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking study on triazine based derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kumar S, Khokra SL, Yadav A. Triazole analogues as potential pharmacological agents: a brief review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021; 7:106. [PMID: 34056014 PMCID: PMC8148872 DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A large number of studies have recently reported that, because of their significant biological and pharmacological properties, heterocyclic compounds and their derivatives have attracted a strong interest in medicinal chemistry. The triazole nucleus is one of the most important heterocycles which has a feature of natural products as well as medicinal agents. Heterocyclic nitrogen is abundantly present in most medicinal compounds. The derivatization of triazole ring is based on the phenomenon of bio-isosteres in which substituted the oxygen atom of oxadiazole nucleus with nitrogen triazole analogue. Main text This review focuses on recent synthetic procedure of triazole moiety, which comprises of various pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitubercular, anthelmintic, antioxidant, antimalarial, antiviral, etc.. Conclusion This review highlights the current status of triazole compounds as different multi-target pharmacological activities. From the literature survey, triazole is the most widely used compound in different potential activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119 India
| | - Sukhbir Lal Khokra
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119 India
| | - Akash Yadav
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119 India
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Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of Hg(II), Fe(III) complexes with 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-triazole derivatives from L-methionine. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Hassan SSU, Zhang WD, Jin HZ, Basha SH, Priya SVSS. In-silico anti-inflammatory potential of guaiane dimers from Xylopia vielana targeting COX-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:484-498. [PMID: 32876526 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1815579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural products of herbal origin are prodigious to display diverse pharmacological activities. In the present study, five guaiane-type sesquiterpene dimers, xylopidimers A - E (1-5), isolated from Xylopia vielana species were tested against COX-2 protein target (PDB: 1CX2), a potent target for anti-inflammatory agents. To better understand the pharmacological properties of all these compounds, in this work, a systemic in silico study was performed on xylopidimers A-E using molecular docking, ADMET analysis and MD simulations. During ADMET predictions the two compounds xylopidimer C, D displayed best results as compared to others. The compound xylopidimer C was further evaluated for its MD simulations and its molecular interactions with COX2 complex showed clear interactions with active gorge of the enzyme through hydrogen bonding as well as hydrophobic contacts. The xylopidimer C has shown the best binding potential with -10.57Kcal/mol energy with 17.92 nano molar of predicted inhibition constant better than Ibuprofen and Felbinac. These findings provide enough significant information for designing and developing novel targeted base anti-inflammatory drugs from guaiane dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shams Ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui-Zi Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | | | - S V S Sasi Priya
- Innovative Informatica Technologies, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India
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Johari S, Sharma A, Sinha S, Das A. Integrating pharmacophore mapping, virtual screening, density functional theory, molecular simulation towards the discovery of novel apolipoprotein (apoE ε4) inhibitors. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 79:83-90. [PMID: 30743160 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM An integrated protocol of virtual screening involving molecular docking, pharmacophore probing, and simulations was established to identify small novel molecules targeting crucial residues involved in the variant apoE ε4 to mimic its behavior as apoE2 thereby eliminating the amyloid plaque accumulation and facilitating its clearance. MATERIALS AND METHODS An excellent ligand-based and structure-based approach was made to identify common pharmacophoric features involving structure-based docking with respect to apoE ε4 leading to the development of apoE ε4 inhibitors possessing new scaffolds. An effort was made to design multiple-substituted triazine derivatives series bearing a novel scaffold. A structure-based pharmacophore mapping was developed to explore the binding sites of apoE ε4 which was taken into consideration. Subsequently, virtual screening, ADMET, DFT searches were at work to narrow down the proposed hits to be forwarded as a potential drug likes candidates. Further, the binding patterns of the best-proposed hits were studied and were forwarded for molecular dynamic simulations of 10 ns for its structural optimization. RESULTS Selectivity profile for the most promising candidates was studied, revealing significantly C13 and C15 to be the most potent compounds. The proposed hits can be forwarded for further study against apoE ε4 involved in neurological disorder Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Johari
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Studies, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India.
| | - Ashwani Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Electrochemistry UMR CNRS - P7 7591, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Studies, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Aparoop Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
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